A Social Norms Approach to Youth Social Media Design

Jaewon Kim

arxiv: 2607.01807 · v1 · pith:U7YF7HIKnew · submitted 2026-07-02 · 💻 cs.HC

A Social Norms Approach to Youth Social Media Design

JaeWon Kim This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-07-03 07:01 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 💻 cs.HC

keywords social normsyouthsocial mediaplatform designpluralistic ignoranceauthentic expressiondesign interventions

0 comments

The pith

Youth social media behavior is driven by platform norms that create pluralistic ignorance, overriding private desires for authentic expression.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper argues that the mismatch between what young people say they want on social media and how they actually behave stems from social norms, not personal failings. Platform norms lead youth to follow behaviors they privately reject because they assume others expect it. Design features for privacy or connection only work if the surrounding norms reinforce them, so relational goals must be handled as collective signals. A broad societal norm that defines social media as mainstream platforms limits options to fixing those existing sites. These points together call for building an independent platform whose features make trusted connections the explicit purpose of the space.

Core claim

Platform norms constrain individual behavior, producing a pluralistic ignorance in which youth enact norms they privately reject. Design interventions are shaped by existing norms, so relational goals such as privacy must be treated as social norms rather than individual settings. A societal norm equating social media with mainstream platforms confines policy and design to mitigating those platforms rather than envisioning alternatives. These claims support engaging youth to design and build an evidence-based independent platform that signals building trusted connections as the space's purpose.

What carries the argument

Social norms approach that treats platform norms and pluralistic ignorance as the governing constraints on youth engagement.

If this is right

Design interventions succeed or fail depending on the normative environment around them.
Privacy and trust features must be implemented as social norms rather than personal settings.
Policy efforts should move beyond fixing mainstream platforms to support alternative spaces.
An independent platform with consistent signals for trusted connections can reduce pluralistic ignorance.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

If normative constraints are lifted, youth may shift toward the authentic behaviors they already claim to prefer.
The same normative dynamics could shape engagement on other digital platforms or with adult users.
Direct tests could compare user behavior on a norms-aware platform versus standard ones while holding technical features constant.

Load-bearing premise

The main obstacle to authentic engagement is normative pressure from platforms and peers rather than technical, economic, or developmental factors that would remain even if norms changed.

What would settle it

Measure whether redesigning a platform to alter perceived norms increases authentic self-expression and trust behaviors among youth, or whether those behaviors stay absent even after the normative shift.

read the original abstract

Young people consistently say they want authentic self-expression, less judgment, and more interpersonal trust on social media, yet they rarely manage to engage that way. My dissertation argues that the obstacle is normative rather than individual: how youth engage is governed less by personal choice than by platform norms, peer perception, and beliefs about how others behave. I take a social norms approach to youth social media design organized around three claims. First, platform norms constrain individual behavior, producing a pluralistic ignorance in which youth enact norms they privately reject. Second, design interventions are themselves shaped by existing norms, so whether a feature works depends on the environment around it, which means relational goals such as privacy must be treated as social norms rather than individual settings. Third, a societal norm about what ``social media'' is -- equating it with a few mainstream platforms -- confines policy and design to mitigating those platforms rather than actively envisioning supportive alternatives. Together these claims motivate my dissertation research: engaging youth directly in designing and building an evidence-based independent platform whose features consistently signal that building trusted connections is what the space is for.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

Conceptual argument applying social norms theory to youth social media, pushing for independent platforms via co-design, but stays at the hypothesis stage with no data.

read the letter

The core of this is a three-claim framework: platform norms create pluralistic ignorance so youth perform behaviors they don't privately want; design features get shaped by those same norms; and the cultural definition of social media as mainstream platforms blocks thinking about alternatives. It uses that to motivate youth co-design of a new platform that signals trusted connections as the default.

The structure is straightforward and pulls in established ideas like pluralistic ignorance without stretching them. Treating privacy and relational goals as social norms rather than individual controls is a useful shift for design thinking. The third claim about societal definitions limiting the design space is the part that feels least covered elsewhere. It leads cleanly to a research plan instead of stopping at critique.

The limitation is that none of the claims are tested here. This reads as a proposal for empirical work rather than results, so there's no evidence on whether norm perceptions are the main driver or if the suggested features would actually move them. Other factors like platform business models or developmental stages could be equally important, but they aren't weighed. The argument assumes norms are load-bearing without showing why.

This is for HCI researchers focused on youth platforms and alternative designs. Someone looking for a norms lens on why current interventions fall short would find the framing usable.

It should go to peer review. The logic holds together and the proposal is concrete enough to generate discussion and guide follow-up studies.

Referee Report

1 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript claims that youth desire authentic self-expression on social media but are constrained by normative factors (platform norms, peer perception, beliefs about others) rather than individual choice. It advances three claims: (1) platform norms produce pluralistic ignorance where youth enact rejected norms; (2) design interventions are shaped by existing norms, requiring relational goals like privacy to be treated as social norms; (3) a societal norm equating social media with mainstream platforms limits policy and design to mitigation rather than alternatives. These motivate proposed youth co-design of an independent platform whose features signal trusted connections.

Significance. If the proposed empirical work substantiates the claims, the framing would contribute to HCI by integrating social norms theory into platform design, offering an alternative to harm-mitigation approaches and potentially enabling platforms that better support users' private preferences for authentic engagement.

major comments (1)

[Abstract] Abstract: The three claims are presented as the motivation for the dissertation without accompanying empirical evidence, specific citations to supporting literature on social norms or youth social media use, or preliminary data, which is load-bearing for establishing the normative obstacle as the primary driver and for justifying the proposed platform design.

minor comments (1)

The abstract could specify the planned methods for the youth co-design study and how the platform features will be tested for effects on perceived norms.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their detailed feedback on the manuscript. We address the major comment below.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: The three claims are presented as the motivation for the dissertation without accompanying empirical evidence, specific citations to supporting literature on social norms or youth social media use, or preliminary data, which is load-bearing for establishing the normative obstacle as the primary driver and for justifying the proposed platform design.

Authors: We agree that the abstract, due to length constraints, does not include specific citations or preliminary data. The full manuscript draws on established social norms literature (e.g., pluralistic ignorance studies) and youth social media research to motivate the claims, but these are not referenced in the abstract itself. As this is a dissertation proposal, the core empirical evidence will be generated by the proposed work rather than presented upfront. We will revise the abstract to incorporate 2-3 key citations to social norms theory and relevant youth studies, while clarifying that the platform design is motivated by the literature synthesis. This revision will be made without altering the abstract's overall length or focus. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity identified

full rationale

The manuscript is a dissertation proposal that frames three conceptual claims about social norms as motivations for future empirical work (youth co-design of an independent platform). These claims are presented as hypotheses rather than as results derived from equations, fitted parameters, or internal data within the paper. No mathematical derivations, self-citations of load-bearing uniqueness theorems, ansatzes smuggled via prior work, or renamings of known results appear in the structure. The argument is self-contained as a hypothesis-generating stance without any step that reduces by construction to its own inputs.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

Abstract-only review; no equations, data, or derivations available. The framework assumes social norms theory applies directly to platform design without additional premises stated.

axioms (1)

domain assumption Youth behavior on social media is governed primarily by perceived norms rather than individual preferences or platform affordances alone.
Stated in the opening of the abstract as the central obstacle.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5711 in / 1218 out tokens · 29338 ms · 2026-07-03T07:01:20.307529+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

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Hayes, Alexis Hiniker, Wendy Ju, Florian Floyd Mueller, Hua Shen, Sowmya Somanath, Casey Fiesler, and Yasmine Kotturi

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JaeWon Kim, Robert Wolfe, Ramya Bhagirathi Subramanian, Mei-Hsuan Lee, Jessica Colnago, and Alexis Hiniker. 2025. Trust-enabled privacy: social media designs to support adolescent user boundary regulation. InProceedings of the Twenty-First USENIX Conference on Usable Privacy and Security(Seattle, WA, USA)(SOUPS ’25). USENIX Association, USA, Article 27, 20 pages

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I Just Don’t Care Enough To Be Interested

Rotem Landesman, Jina Yoon, JaeWon Kim, Daniela E Munoz Lopez, Lucia Magis- Weinberg, Alexis Hiniker, and Katie Davis. 2024. “I Just Don’t Care Enough To Be Interested”: Teens’ Moment-By-Moment Experiences on Instagram. In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual ACM Interaction Design and Children Conference. ACM, New York, NY, USA. doi:10.1145/3628516.3655812

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[1] [1]

Albert Bandura. 2001. SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY: An Agentic.Annu. Rev. Psychol.52 (2001), 1–26

2001

[2] [2]

Berkowitz

Alan D. Berkowitz. 2005. An Overview of the Social Norms Approach. InChang- ing the Culture of College Drinking: A Socially Situated Health Communication Campaign, Linda C. Lederman and Lea P. Stewart (Eds.). Hampton Press, Cresskill, NJ, 193–214

2005

[3] [3]

2017.Norms in the wild: How to diagnose, measure, and change social norms

Cristina Bicchieri. 2017.Norms in the wild: How to diagnose, measure, and change social norms. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/ 9780190622046.001.0001

work page doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/ 2017

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Cialdini, Raymond R

Robert B. Cialdini, Raymond R. Reno, and Carl A. Kallgren. 1990. A Focus Theory of Normative Conduct: Recycling the Concept of Norms to Reduce Littering in Public Places.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology58, 6 (1990), 1015–1026. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.1015

work page doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.1015 1990

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You Go Through So Many Emotions Scrolling Through Instagram

Katie Davis, Rotem Landesman, Jina Yoon, JaeWon Kim, Daniela E Muñoz Lopez, Lucía Magis-Weinberg, and Alexis Hiniker. 2025. “You Go Through So Many Emotions Scrolling Through Instagram”: How Teens Use Instagram To Regulate Their Emotions. InACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’25). ACM

2025

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boyd and Nicole B

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work page doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x 2007

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work page doi:10.1145/3555153 2022

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JaeWon Kim. 2026. Designing Youth Social Media through Problem Space Attune- ment. InDesigning Interactive Systems Conference (DIS Companion ’26). Associa- tion for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA. doi:10.1145/3802974.3807979

work page doi:10.1145/3802974.3807979 2026

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JaeWon Kim. 2026. Mapping the Design Space for Youth Social Media: A Frame- work Centered on Friendship Building. InProceedings of the 25th Annual ACM Interaction Design and Children Conference (IDC ’26). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1406–1409. doi:10.1145/3773077.3813777

work page doi:10.1145/3773077.3813777 2026

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JaeWon Kim, Hyunsung Cho, Fannie Liu, and Alexis Hiniker. 2026. Social Media Should Feel Like Minecraft, Not Instagram: Youth Visions for Meaningful Social Connections through Fictional Inquiry. arXiv:2502.06696 [cs.HC] https://arxiv. org/abs/2502.06696

work page arXiv 2026

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JaeWon Kim, Soobin Cho, Robert Wolfe, Jishnu Hari Nair, and Alexis Hiniker. 2025. Privacy as Social Norm: Systematically Reducing Dysfunctional Privacy Concerns on Social Media.Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.9, 2, Article CSCW151 (May 2025), 39 pages. doi:10.1145/3711049

work page doi:10.1145/3711049 2025

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JaeWon Kim and Alexis Hiniker. 2026. Social Understanding, Placeness, and Identity Alignment: A Design Framework for Friendship-Supportive Youth Social Media. InProceedings of the 25th Interaction Design and Children Conference (IDC ’26). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA. doi:10.1145/ 3773077.3812190

work page arXiv 2026

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Kelly, and Alexis Hiniker

JaeWon Kim, Thea Klein-Balajee, Ryan M. Kelly, and Alexis Hiniker

[17] [17]

Third Place

Discord’s Design Encourages "Third Place" Social Media Experiences. arXiv:2501.09951 [cs.HC] https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.09951

work page arXiv

[18] [18]

Hayes, Alexis Hiniker, Wendy Ju, Florian Floyd Mueller, Hua Shen, Sowmya Somanath, Casey Fiesler, and Yasmine Kotturi

JaeWon Kim, Jiaying Liu, Lindsay Popowski, Cassidy Pyle, Ahmer Arif, Gillian R. Hayes, Alexis Hiniker, Wendy Ju, Florian Floyd Mueller, Hua Shen, Sowmya Somanath, Casey Fiesler, and Yasmine Kotturi. 2025. Design for Hope: Cultivating Deliberate Hope in the Face of Complex Societal Challenges. InCompanion Publication of the 2025 Conference on Computer-Supp...

work page doi:10.1145/3715070.3748287 2025

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Kelly, Angela Y

JaeWon Kim, Lindsay Popowski, Anna Fang, Cassidy Pyle, Guo Freeman, Ryan M. Kelly, Angela Y. Lee, Fannie Liu, Angela D. R. Smith, Alexandra To, and Amy X. Zhang. 2024. Envisioning New Futures of Positive Social Technology: Beyond Paradigms of Fixing, Protecting, and Preventing. InCompanion Publication of CSCW Companion ’26, October 10–14, 2026, Salt Lake ...

work page doi:10.1145/3678884.3681833 2024

[20] [20]

Sharing, Not Showing Off

JaeWon Kim, Robert Wolfe, Ishita Chordia, Katie Davis, and Alexis Hiniker. 2024. "Sharing, Not Showing Off": How BeReal Approaches Authentic Self-Presentation on Social Media Through Its Design.Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.8, CSCW2, Article 370 (Nov. 2024), 32 pages. doi:10.1145/3686909

work page doi:10.1145/3686909 2024

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JaeWon Kim, Robert Wolfe, Ramya Bhagirathi Subramanian, Mei-Hsuan Lee, Jessica Colnago, and Alexis Hiniker. 2025. Trust-enabled privacy: social media designs to support adolescent user boundary regulation. InProceedings of the Twenty-First USENIX Conference on Usable Privacy and Security(Seattle, WA, USA)(SOUPS ’25). USENIX Association, USA, Article 27, 20 pages

2025

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I Just Don’t Care Enough To Be Interested

Rotem Landesman, Jina Yoon, JaeWon Kim, Daniela E Munoz Lopez, Lucia Magis- Weinberg, Alexis Hiniker, and Katie Davis. 2024. “I Just Don’t Care Enough To Be Interested”: Teens’ Moment-By-Moment Experiences on Instagram. In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual ACM Interaction Design and Children Conference. ACM, New York, NY, USA. doi:10.1145/3628516.3655812

work page doi:10.1145/3628516.3655812 2024

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Angela Y Lee, Hannah Mieczkowski, Nicole B Ellison, and Jeffrey T Hancock

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ACM Hum.-Comput

The Algorithmic Crystal: Conceptualizing the Self through Algorithmic Per- sonalization on TikTok.Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.6, CSCW2 (November 2022), 1–22. doi:10.1145/3555601

work page doi:10.1145/3555601 2022

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Elizabeth Levy Paluck, Hana Shepherd, and Peter M Aronow. 2016. Changing climates of conflict: A social network experiment in 56 schools.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.113, 3 (Jan. 2016), 566–571. doi:10.1073/pnas.1514483113

work page doi:10.1073/pnas.1514483113 2016

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Laughing so I don’t cry

Anastasia Schaadhardt, Yue Fu, Cory Gennari Pratt, and Wanda Pratt. 2023. “Laughing so I don’t cry”: How TikTok users employ humor and compassion to connect around psychiatric hospitalization. InProceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Vol. 14. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1–13. doi:10.1145/3544548.3581559

work page doi:10.1145/3544548.3581559 2023

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Madeleine Steeds, Sarah Clinch, Carolina Are, Genavee Brown, Ben Dalton, Lexi Webster, Alice Wilson, and Dawn Woolley. 2025. Queer joy on social media: Exploring the expression and facilitation of queer joy in online platforms. In Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1–19. doi:10.1145/370659...

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