Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

BioSecBench-Refusal: A paired metric for performance and alignment in agentic biosecurity risk assessment

As of 21 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 18 of 18 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2607.05462.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2607.05462 v2

Coverage vector

measured 18 of 18 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-02T08:40:02.287760Z

measured 19 of 19 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:46.265255Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

18 of 18 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy0
unresolved18
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation d384b008-2e2e-43db-b408-b551fddda966 · outbound

This paper cites National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2004.

BioSecBench-Refusal: A paired metric for performance and alignment in agentic biosecurity risk assessment National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2004

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T08:40:00.098844Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 39a70f28-9f1b-4ec2-b488-80bb5cb05a69 · outbound

This paper cites National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2017.

BioSecBench-Refusal: A paired metric for performance and alignment in agentic biosecurity risk assessment National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2017

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T08:40:00.134183Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6b9e0e47-26a6-421b-bfc5-f755d3b92984 · outbound

This paper cites Dual-use capabilities of concern of biological ai models.PLoS computational biology, 21(5):e1012975, 2025.

BioSecBench-Refusal: A paired metric for performance and alignment in agentic biosecurity risk assessment Dual-use capabilities of concern of biological ai models.PLoS computational biology, 21(5):e1012975, 2025

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T08:40:00.233913Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c67ffb25-5c1c-4775-9cb2-948c37a53336 · outbound

This paper cites Without safeguards, ai-biology integration risks accelerating future pandemics.Frontiers in Microbiology, 16:1734561, 2026.

BioSecBench-Refusal: A paired metric for performance and alignment in agentic biosecurity risk assessment Without safeguards, ai-biology integration risks accelerating future pandemics.Frontiers in Microbiology, 16:1734561, 2026

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T08:40:00.339262Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4c5da5f1-170b-4360-8613-82f41e5c35e8 · outbound

This paper cites Amoresystematicapproach tobiologicalrisk.Science, 350(6267):1471– 1473, 2015.

BioSecBench-Refusal: A paired metric for performance and alignment in agentic biosecurity risk assessment Amoresystematicapproach tobiologicalrisk.Science, 350(6267):1471– 1473, 2015

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T08:40:00.508136Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1cc5df35-b94a-4bd0-811f-bd354fcd353e · outbound

This paper cites Ai and biosecurity: The need for governance.Science, 385(6711):831–833, 2024.

BioSecBench-Refusal: A paired metric for performance and alignment in agentic biosecurity risk assessment Ai and biosecurity: The need for governance.Science, 385(6711):831–833, 2024

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T08:40:00.625882Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 30969c73-855e-4d75-a19a-2b8928b73ed0 · outbound

This paper cites Safe rlhf: Safe reinforcement learning from human feedback.

BioSecBench-Refusal: A paired metric for performance and alignment in agentic biosecurity risk assessment Safe rlhf: Safe reinforcement learning from human feedback

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T08:40:00.725802Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cdc04368-7212-42bb-8b91-ced90d6f3a52 · outbound

This paper cites Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback.

BioSecBench-Refusal: A paired metric for performance and alignment in agentic biosecurity risk assessment Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T08:40:00.874555Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 66e68d66-88cf-47d2-bbba-08fbd9c6ca77 · outbound

This paper cites Constitutional Classifiers: Defending against Universal Jailbreaks across Thousands of Hours of Red Teaming.

BioSecBench-Refusal: A paired metric for performance and alignment in agentic biosecurity risk assessment Constitutional Classifiers: Defending against Universal Jailbreaks across Thousands of Hours of Red Teaming

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T08:40:01.040573Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 50545031-c1f4-4743-aa23-a925afdc9c76 · outbound

This paper cites Constitutional classifiers++: Efficient production-grade defenses against universal jailbreaks.arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.04603, 2026.

BioSecBench-Refusal: A paired metric for performance and alignment in agentic biosecurity risk assessment Constitutional classifiers++: Efficient production-grade defenses against universal jailbreaks.arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.04603, 2026

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T08:40:01.212247Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 22a13f1a-389d-48ae-8847-14d41dbd3c08 · outbound

This paper cites OR-Bench: An Over-Refusal Benchmark for Large Language Models.

BioSecBench-Refusal: A paired metric for performance and alignment in agentic biosecurity risk assessment OR-Bench: An Over-Refusal Benchmark for Large Language Models

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T08:40:01.376681Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9e8cf392-3063-4472-94f6-bd8b27376ef6 · outbound

This paper cites RefusalBench: Why Refusal Rate Misranks Frontier LLMs on Biological Research Prompts.

BioSecBench-Refusal: A paired metric for performance and alignment in agentic biosecurity risk assessment RefusalBench: Why Refusal Rate Misranks Frontier LLMs on Biological Research Prompts

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T08:40:01.438522Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3d143714-d751-42ed-8b9d-637afcdbfd16 · outbound

This paper cites Virology Capabilities Test (VCT): A Multimodal Virology Q&A Benchmark.

BioSecBench-Refusal: A paired metric for performance and alignment in agentic biosecurity risk assessment Virology Capabilities Test (VCT): A Multimodal Virology Q&A Benchmark

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T08:40:01.603035Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8d67474a-2cb4-4c6c-9a27-9182a942ebfd · outbound

This paper cites ABC-Bench: An Agentic Bio-Capabilities Benchmark for Biosecurity.

BioSecBench-Refusal: A paired metric for performance and alignment in agentic biosecurity risk assessment ABC-Bench: An Agentic Bio-Capabilities Benchmark for Biosecurity

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T08:40:01.758723Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bb6475ac-3285-4fb4-8402-048fc826bbcb · outbound

This paper cites Agentic baim-llm evaluation (able): Benchmarking llm use of protein design tools.

BioSecBench-Refusal: A paired metric for performance and alignment in agentic biosecurity risk assessment Agentic baim-llm evaluation (able): Benchmarking llm use of protein design tools

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T08:40:01.896381Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fc9bdb47-95ec-4ede-908c-b74d8bdf314f · outbound

This paper cites The WMDP Benchmark: Measuring and Reducing Malicious Use With Unlearning.

BioSecBench-Refusal: A paired metric for performance and alignment in agentic biosecurity risk assessment The WMDP Benchmark: Measuring and Reducing Malicious Use With Unlearning

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T08:40:02.078354Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6d94eb5d-0d27-4422-93e1-e40d82b1bac7 · outbound

This paper cites Biothreat benchmark generation framework for evaluating frontier AI models I: The task-query architecture.arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.08130, 2025.

BioSecBench-Refusal: A paired metric for performance and alignment in agentic biosecurity risk assessment Biothreat benchmark generation framework for evaluating frontier AI models I: The task-query architecture.arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.08130, 2025

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T08:40:02.132739Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b1e59ba0-0b3b-461b-a902-6db2aed35248 · outbound

This paper cites Peptide inhibitors of theα-cobratoxin–nicotinic acetylcholine receptor interaction.Journal of medicinal chemistry, 63(22):13709–13718, 2020.

BioSecBench-Refusal: A paired metric for performance and alignment in agentic biosecurity risk assessment Peptide inhibitors of theα-cobratoxin–nicotinic acetylcholine receptor interaction.Journal of medicinal chemistry, 63(22):13709–13718, 2020

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T08:40:02.287760Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation 61cadd07-2158-4827-9e20-a046b634833a · inbound

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation cites this paper.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation BioSecBench-Refusal: A paired metric for performance and alignment in agentic biosecurity risk assessment

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:46.265255Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.