Pith. sign in

REVIEW 4 major objections 4 minor 142 references

Tidal Structures Around Edge-On Galaxies in Deep Imaging Surveys

T0 review · 4 major / 4 minor · reviewed 2026-08-01 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read At a typical r-band depth of 28.6 mag arcsec⁻², roughly 6 percent of edge-on disk galaxies show tidal debris, and the fraction climbs with stellar mass — a result that matches modern high-resolution simulations but not older ones.

desk verdict Solid large-sample measurement of tidal feature incidence in edge-on galaxies; headline ~6% is well-supported at DESI depth but remains hostage to single-group visual classification, a caveat the authors themselves state. read the letter →

arxiv 2607.16664 v1 pith:FUR3AFK3 submitted 2026-07-18 astro-ph.GA

Kyle R. Adams , Aleksandr Mosenkov , Jonah Seguine , Lydia Stacey , Thea Spigarelli , Jonah George This is my paper · ORCID
classification astro-ph.GA
keywords tidalstructureslowsurfacebrightnessedge-ongalaxiesgalaxyinteractionscosmologicalsimulationsgalacticcirrusvisualclassificationmergerdebris
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper tries to establish a reliable census of low-surface-brightness tidal structures around edge-on disk galaxies using the two largest catalogs available, processed with a homogeneous pipeline and visually classified. It finds that only about 6% of galaxies in completeness-limited subsamples of both catalogs host such features, despite earlier simulations predicting 20–40%. The paper argues this low fraction is real, not a detection failure: it rises with stellar mass (11–15% for galaxies above 10^10.5 solar masses), is consistent with previous surveys of similar depth, and matches the latest high-resolution cosmological simulations. If correct, it means survey depth, galaxy mass, and numerical resolution — not just interaction history — determine how often we see tidal debris, and that current census numbers are lower limits.

What carries the argument

The key machinery is the combination of (1) two large, independently constructed catalogs of edge-on disk galaxies (EGIS, EGIPS) selected by morphology and separately completeness-limited; (2) a uniform image-processing pipeline optimized for faint diffuse emission, with careful artifact and cirrus handling; and (3) a visually defined taxonomy of tidal features (tails, streams, shells, plumes, fans, bridges, arcs, loops, satellite debris) that is deliberately lumped into a single 'has any tidal feature' statistic. The quantitative anchor is the r-band surface-brightness depth of 28.6 mag arcsec⁻², the same depth as the Stripe 82 pilot survey and the depth at which mock observations from mode

What would settle it

Take a random subset of ~500 galaxies from the EGIS complete sample and have them re-classified blind by an independent team (or by the same team after a wash-out period), using the same processed images; if the disagreement in 'any tidal feature' exceeds ~3% and shifts the incidence outside ~4–8%, the 6% estimate is not robust. More decisive: inject synthetic tidal features of known surface brightness into the DESI images and measure the recovery fraction; if the recovery fraction at 28.6 mag arcsec⁻² is well below ~0.6 for the faintest detectable features, then the observed 6% is a detection

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that at an r-band surface-brightness depth of ~28.6 mag arcsec⁻², the incidence of LSB tidal features around edge-on disk galaxies is about 6% (6.4% in the EGIS completeness-limited subsample and 6.2% in EGIPS), not the 20–40% claimed by many older simulations. The paper shows that restricting to complete subsamples yields consistent values across two independent catalogs, that the fraction increases steeply with stellar mass, and that deeper HSC/APO data reveal additional features, implying the observed fraction is a lower limit. The paper concludes that modern high-resolution simulations with realistic mock observations reproduce the observed incidence, whereas older,

Load-bearing premise

The entire census rests on the assumption that visual inspection by one research group, with a ~3% disagreement rate borrowed from another study, reliably detects and correctly rejects tidal features at 28.6 mag arcsec⁻²; if shared biases systematically miss faint features (or flag cirrus/artifacts), the 6% fraction shifts, and the paper's own extrapolation to deeper data indicates the true fraction could be higher.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • If the ~6% figure is right, then at current survey depth only about 1 in 16 edge-on disk galaxies shows detectable merger debris, making low-surface-brightness tidal features a minority phenomenon at z~0.05.
  • The measured increase of tidal fraction with stellar mass (to 11–15% above ~10^10.5 M_sun) means any fair comparison between surveys or simulations must control for stellar mass, not just depth.
  • The leap from ~6% to ~9.6% when extrapolating to HSC-like depth implies that forthcoming deeper surveys (e.g., LSST) should recover significantly more tidal features, and that published fractions are lower limits.
  • The agreement between the two independent catalogs and with modern high-resolution simulations supports the view that realistic galaxy-formation physics suppresses long-lived, easily detectable tidal debris, contrary to earlier theoretical predictions.
  • The deeper APO follow-up showing hidden extensions and new structures in individual galaxies suggests that current classification yields only a partial view of the outer stellar envelope, motivating deeper imaging of complete samples.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If survey depth is the dominant lever, then the ~6% value should not be treated as an intrinsic merger-rate measurement; instead, the paper's own extrapolation suggests the intrinsic incidence could be closer to ~10% or higher at LSST depths, and the mass-dependent trend will be sharpened.
  • A testable extension: run the same pipeline on mock images with known injected tidal features and measure the recovery fraction as a function of surface brightness and stellar mass; this would convert the visual-classification fractions into a completeness-corrected incidence, which the paper does not provide.
  • The convergence between the 6% observation and modern simulation predictions implies that older 20–40% predictions were inflated by numerical resolution and simplified physics, which in turn suggests that simulations should now be used to predict the mass- and redshift-dependence of tidal feature visibility rather than just the mean fraction.
  • Another consequence: if deeper data preferentially reveal coherent streams and shells in galaxies already flagged as feature hosts, then the morphological classification (tails vs shells vs loops) may be less meaningful than the paper assumes; lumping all categories into one 'any feature' statistic is a reasonable first step, but a physical decomposition awaits kinematic follow-up.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

4 major / 4 minor

Summary. The paper presents a statistical study of low-surface-brightness (LSB) tidal structures in two large samples of edge-on disk galaxies: 5606 EGIS galaxies and 14,237 EGIPS galaxies, using DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys data, supplemented by HSC-SSP and targeted APO follow-up. After homogeneous image processing optimized for faint diffuse emission, tidal features are identified through visual inspection and classified into standard morphological categories. The authors report detection rates of 5.8% (EGIS) and 4.8% (EGIPS) in the full samples, and 6.4% and 6.2% in completeness-limited subsamples. They extrapolate that full HSC coverage would increase the fraction to 9.6±1.4% (EGIS) or 9.4±1.4% (EGIPS). The central claim is that at a typical DESI r-band surface-brightness depth of 28.6 mag arcsec^-2, the incidence of LSB tidal structures is ~6%, consistent with some recent high-resolution simulations (e.g., TNG50 at ~7%) but lower than many earlier simulation predictions of 20–40%. The paper discusses projection, classification, redshift, and stellar-mass biases, and compares with observational and theoretical literature.

Significance. If the ~6% incidence figure is robust, this would be an important anchor for galaxy evolution studies: a large, homogeneous census of tidal structures in edge-on galaxies, with two independent catalogs, a public classification catalog, and a direct comparison to modern cosmological simulations. The paper also highlights the critical role of imaging depth and galaxy mass in measuring merger/tidal statistics, and the APO follow-up demonstrates that shallow survey images can miss or fragment extended features. The public catalog and reproducible processing pipeline are useful community resources. The main significance rests on the accuracy of the visual classification and the representativeness of the depth corrections; these are the weakest points and need to be addressed before the headline number can be taken at face value.

major comments (4)
  1. [Section 5.2, Section 6.2, Table 3] The headline incidence rates (6.4% EGIS, 6.2% EGIPS) are produced entirely by visual classification by a single research group. The paper acknowledges in Section 6.2 that shared biases are difficult to quantify, but the only uncertainty quoted is a ~3% inter-observer disagreement rate from Bridge et al. (2010), which is not a measure of systematic sensitivity at DESI depth, for edge-on galaxies, or for this taxonomy. The two samples were classified by the same team, so their agreement does not control for a shared threshold. Because the central claim is a specific absolute fraction, the absence of an independent blind reclassification or a mock-injection completeness test is load-bearing. At minimum, the headline should be presented as a lower limit with an explicit statement of the unknown systematic bias.
  2. [Section 6.2, depth extrapolation] The HSC-SSP depth comparison uses only 10.4% of the EGIS sample (597 galaxies) to derive 19 additional detections and an extrapolated full-coverage fraction of 9.6±1.4%, a ~60% relative increase over the headline 6.4%. This extrapolation assumes the HSC-overlap subset is representative of the entire sample in galaxy mass, redshift, and morphology; no test of this assumption is provided. If the HSC footprint preferentially covers more massive or lower-redshift galaxies, the extrapolation would be biased. This uncertainty directly affects the interpretation of the result as a measurement at a fixed DESI depth versus an intrinsic incidence, and the paper should state clearly that the observed 6–7% is a depth-limited lower limit, not a corrected incidence.
  3. [Sections 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3] The image-processing choices for DR10 vs DR9 and PDR3 vs PDR2 are described qualitatively: for 'a subset of cases' with overly aggressive sky subtraction, the authors reverted to earlier data releases, but the number of such cases, the selection criteria, and the effect on the final images are not quantified. This makes the effective depth and the uniformity of the processed sample unclear and could affect which diffuse structures are visible. The authors should provide statistics on how many images were reverted, how the decision was made, and ideally a comparison of classifications with and without the reversion.
  4. [Section 6.6, comparison to simulations] The comparison with TNG50 at ~7% (Miró-Carretero et al. 2025) is used as a key conclusion, but the manuscript does not state whether the simulation mock sample matches the completeness-limited EGIS/EGIPS selection in stellar mass, redshift, inclination, or surface-brightness limit, nor whether the same classification taxonomy and visual-inspection procedure were applied. Without this information, the formal agreement between 6.4% and ~7% could be fortuitous. The authors should either specify the selection and detection methodology of the simulation comparison or soften the claim of quantitative agreement.
minor comments (4)
  1. [Section 4.3] The field of view of ARCTIC is written as '7.85 arcmin2'; use 'arcmin^2' (or square arcminutes) for consistency with the rest of the paper.
  2. [Reference [15]] The title of Aihara et al. (2022) appears to have a typo: 'Ublications' should be 'Publications'.
  3. [Section 6.3] The Mann–Whitney U test p-values are reported as p=0.355 (EGIS) and p=6.4e-4 (EGIPS). The differing significance is not discussed; a brief interpretation of why EGIS does not show a significant redshift offset while EGIPS does would help the reader.
  4. [Figure 8] The caption states the average difference between observed and intrinsic surface brightness is '~0.05 for EGIS' without specifying units; please clarify whether this is in mag arcsec^-2 and whether the same applies to the EGIPS sample (which is not shown in the figure).

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 2.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the ~6% incidence is a new measured fraction; the only self-referential element is the same-group pilot methodology, which is not load-bearing.

full rationale

The central claim (6.4% EGIS, 6.2% EGIPS) is a direct count from visual classification of processed DESI/HSC images, not a quantity derived from a model fitted to the data. The comparison with simulations (TNG50 ~7%, older simulations 20–40%) is an external benchmark, not an input to the measurement. The HSC extrapolation to ~9.6% is a transparent statistical scaling of 19 additional detections from a 10.4% coverage subset, not a hidden fit. The only self-citation of note is Skryabina et al. [48] (same group's pilot study), which is used for methodology and as a comparison point; it does not supply the headline incidence or force the result. The paper itself flags the main limitation—'the use of a single research group introduces the possibility of shared biases' (Section 6.2)—but that is a correctness/robustness concern, not a circularity. Therefore no load-bearing circular step exists.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 3 assumptions · 0 invented entities

No new physical entities are introduced. The central claim relies on the reliability of visual classification as a proxy for true tidal structures and on the completeness/representativeness of the input catalogs. There are no free parameters fitted to produce the incidence rates; the rates are straightforward counts.

assumptions (3)
  • domain assumption Tidal features identified through visual inspection correspond to genuine tidal debris rather than artifacts, cirrus, or background fluctuations.
    The entire classification rests on this premise. The paper mitigates with multiple classifiers and cirrus screening but states the classification is inherently subjective (Section 5.2, 6.2).
  • domain assumption The EGIS and EGIPS catalogs are representative, statistically complete samples of edge-on disk galaxies at z~0.05, with completeness limits as described (major-axis diameter >28 arcsec for EGIS, r-band semi-major axis >6 arcsec for EGIPS).
    The incidence fractions are only meaningful relative to the parent sample. The catalogs were built by visual/CNN selection, and incompleteness could bias the fraction (Section 2).
  • domain assumption Cosmological surface-brightness dimming is negligible for these samples (mean factor 1.14 and 1.1 in EGIS and EGIPS).
    The paper argues this in Section 6.3; if incorrect, redshift-dependent detection biases could change the incidence comparison.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Tidal Structures Around Edge-On Galaxies in Deep Imaging Surveys." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/FUR3AFK3

@misc{pith2026260716664,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Tidal Structures Around Edge-On Galaxies in Deep Imaging Surveys},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/FUR3AFK3}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2607.16664}
}
abstract

We present a statistical study of low-surface-brightness (LSB) tidal structures in two large samples of edge-on disk galaxies. Our primary sample comprises 5606 galaxies from the Edge-on Galaxies In SDSS (EGIS) catalog, analyzed using imaging from the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys, supplemented by Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP) data and deep Apache Point Observatory (APO) follow-up observations for selected objects. To assess the robustness of our results, we also examine an independent sample of 14,237 galaxies from the Edge-on Galaxies in the Pan-STARRS survey (EGIPS) catalog. All images were processed using a homogeneous procedure optimized for the detection of faint diffuse emission. Tidal structures were identified through visual inspection and classified into established morphological categories, with careful treatment of imaging artifacts and galactic cirrus contamination. We detected tidal features in 324 EGIS galaxies and 690 EGIPS galaxies, corresponding to incidence rates of 5.8% and 4.8%, respectively. Restricting the analysis to completeness-limited subsamples yields consistent fractions of 6.4% and 6.2%. At a typical DESI $r$-band surface-brightness depth of 28.6 mag arcsec$^{-2}$ these values are consistent with previous observational studies but lower than predictions from many cosmological simulations. Recent high-resolution simulations, however, produce incidence rates much closer to those measured here, suggesting that numerical resolution, realistic modeling of observational and instrumental effects, and galaxy formation physics are all critical for accurately predicting the abundance of LSB tidal structures.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2607.16664 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Distribution of photometric depth (surface brightness) across all wavebands of the DESI data for the sample galaxies, measured within a 10′′ × 10′′ box at the 3σ level [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Examples of galaxies with different types of LSB tidal features in the EGIS catalog. The target galaxy region enclosed by the r-band 25 mag arcsec−2 isophote shows a DESI RGB composite (grz), while the surrounding area displays an enhanced coadded image constructed from the g, r, and i bands (where available), emphasizing the faint tidal structures. All the images were rotated so that the galaxy’s major axis is orie… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Examples of galaxies exhibiting different types of LSB tidal features in the EGIPS catalog. The image presentation is identical to that of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_3.png] view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (11 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Cont [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_4.png]
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Cont [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p017_4.png]
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Cont [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p018_4.png]
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: APO images presented with DESI and RGB DESI images (created using g, r, and z bands) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p019_4.png]
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Examples of Galactic cirrus with relative brightness levels classified as dim (left), moderate (middle), and bright (right). Each image is centered on a galaxy from the EGIS catalog. The green bars indicate angular scales of 30′′ . Using this procedure, we identified 5…
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: compares the IR intensity distributions for fields with and without optical cirrus con￾tamination. As expected, contaminated fields exhibit systematically higher IR intensities on average, reflecting enhanced cold dust emission. However, the two distributions show subs…
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Comparison of image depth for the same galaxy in DESI (a) and HSC-SSP (b). A faint tidal stream is visible in the HSC-SSP image as an arc extending below the galactic plane, while it remains undetected in the shallower DESI data. The influence of the photometric depth …
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Distribution of the measured median surface brightness in the r band within high-confidence tidal features in the EGIS sample. The distribution is overlaid with the intrinsic surface brightness, corrected for cosmological dimming. A small offset between the observed an…
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: shows the spectroscopic redshift distributions of galaxies with and without tidal features for the EGIS and EGIPS samples. For both samples, galaxies hosting tidal features are systematically shifted toward lower redshifts compared to galaxies without such features. Th…
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Stellar mass distribution for galaxies from the EGIS (a) and the EGIPS (b) samples calculated using WISE mid-infrared photometry. Both plots compare the masses of complete galaxies with tidal features and those without [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p025_10.png]
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Tidal fraction for galaxies divided into stellar mass bins for the complete EGIS and EGIPS samples. The error bars represent the 1σ binomial uncertainties. The points are offset slightly to prevent overlap. 6.5. Comparison to Observational Studies To place our results…

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

142 extracted references · 40 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    Stellar Tidal Streams in Spiral Galaxies of the Local Volume: A Pilot Survey with Modest Aperture Telescopes.Astron

    Martínez-Delgado, D.; Gabany, R.J.; Crawford, K.; Zibetti, S.; Majewski, S.R.; Rix, H.W.; Fliri, J.; Carballo- Bello, J.A.; Bardalez-Gagliuffi, D.C.; Peñarrubia, J.; et al. Stellar Tidal Streams in Spiral Galaxies of the Local Volume: A Pilot Survey with Modest Aperture Telescopes.Astron. J.2010,140, 962–967

    2010

  2. [2]

    Ultra-Low Surface Brightness Imaging with the Dragonfly Telephoto Array.Publ

    Abraham, R.G.; van Dokkum, P .G. Ultra-Low Surface Brightness Imaging with the Dragonfly Telephoto Array.Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac.2014,126, 55. https://doi.org/10.1086/674875

    doi:10.1086/674875 2014

  3. [3]

    The haloes and environments of nearby galaxies (HERON)—I

    Rich, R.M.; Mosenkov, A.; Lee-Saunders, H.; Koch, A.; Kormendy, J.; Kennefick, J.; Brosch, N.; Sales, L.; Bullock, J.; Burkert, A.; et al. The haloes and environments of nearby galaxies (HERON)—I. Imaging, sample characteristics, and envelope diameters.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2019,490, 1539–1569. https: //doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2106

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2106 2019

  4. [4]

    Beyond 31 mag arcsec−2: The Frontier of Low Surface Brightness Imaging with the Largest Optical Telescopes.Astrophys

    Trujillo, I.; Fliri, J. Beyond 31 mag arcsec−2: The Frontier of Low Surface Brightness Imaging with the Largest Optical Telescopes.Astrophys. J.2016,823, 123. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/823/2/123

    doi:10.3847/0004-637x/823/2/123 2016

  5. [5]

    Introducing the LBT Imaging of Galactic Halos and Tidal Structures (LIGHTS) survey

    Trujillo, I.; D’Onofrio, M.; Zaritsky, D.; Madrigal-Aguado, A.; Chamba, N.; Golini, G.; Akhlaghi, M.; Sharbaf, Z.; Infante-Sainz, R.; Román, J.; et al. Introducing the LBT Imaging of Galactic Halos and Tidal Structures (LIGHTS) survey. A preview of the low surface brightness Universe to be unveiled by LSST.Astron. Astrophys.2021,654, A40. https://doi.org/...

    doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141603 2021

  6. [6]

    Low surface brightness structures from annotated deep CFHT images: effects of the host galaxy’s properties and environment.Mon

    Sola, E.; Duc, P .A.; Urbano, M.; Richards, F.; Paiement, A.; Bílek, M.; Yıldız, M.K.; Boselli, A.; Côté, P .; Cuillandre, J.C.; et al. Low surface brightness structures from annotated deep CFHT images: effects of the host galaxy’s properties and environment.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2025,541, 3015–3042. https: //doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf1139

    doi:10.1093/mnras/staf1139 2025

  7. [7]

    Ultra-Deep Imaging: Structure of Disks and Haloes

    Knapen, J.H.; Trujillo, I. Ultra-Deep Imaging: Structure of Disks and Haloes. InOutskirts of Galaxies; Springer International Publishing: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2017; Volume. 434, p. 255. https://doi.org/10.1007/ 978-3-319-56570-5_8

    2017

  8. [8]

    Deep Imaging of Diffuse Light Around Galaxies and Clusters: Progress and Challenges

    Mihos, J.C. Deep Imaging of Diffuse Light Around Galaxies and Clusters: Progress and Challenges.arXiv 2019, arXiv:1909.09456. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1909.09456

    work page Pith review arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.1909.09456 2019

Show all 142 references
  1. [9]

    First Results from the Dragonfly Telephoto Array: The Apparent Lack of a Stellar Halo in the Massive Spiral Galaxy M101.Astrophys

    van Dokkum, P .G.; Abraham, R.; Merritt, A. First Results from the Dragonfly Telephoto Array: The Apparent Lack of a Stellar Halo in the Massive Spiral Galaxy M101.Astrophys. J. Lett.2014,782, L24. https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/782/2/L24

    2014 doi

  2. [10]

    The Huntsman Telescope.arXiv2019, arXiv:1911.11579

    Spitler, L.R.; Longbottom, F.D.; Alvarado-Montes, J.A.; Bazkiaei, A.E.; Caddy, S.E.; Gee, W.T.; Horton, A.; Lee, S.; Prole, D.J. The Huntsman Telescope.arXiv2019, arXiv:1911.11579

    1911 arXiv

  3. [11]

    The IAC Stripe 82 Legacy Project: A wide-area survey for faint surface brightness astronomy.Mon

    Fliri, J.; Trujillo, I. The IAC Stripe 82 Legacy Project: A wide-area survey for faint surface brightness astronomy.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2016,456, 1359–1373. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv2686

    2016 doi

  4. [12]

    Hidden depths in the local Universe: The Stellar Stream Legacy Survey

    Martínez-Delgado, D.; Cooper, A.P .; Román, J.; Pillepich, A.; Erkal, D.; Pearson, S.; Moustakas, J.; Laporte, C.F.P .; Laine, S.; Akhlaghi, M.; et al. Hidden depths in the local Universe: The Stellar Stream Legacy Survey. Astron. Astrophys.2023,671, A141. https://doi.org/10.1...

    2023 doi

  5. [13]

    Tidal features as tracers of galaxy merger histories: The colours of tidal features in HSC-SSP.Mon

    Desmons, A.; Brough, S.; Canepa, L.; Khalid, A. Tidal features as tracers of galaxy merger histories: The colours of tidal features in HSC-SSP.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2026,546, stag203. https://doi.org/10.1093/ mnras/stag203

    2026

  6. [14]

    Overview of the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys.Astron

    Dey, A.; Schlegel, D.J.; Lang. Overview of the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys.Astron. J.2019,157, 168. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab089d

    2019 doi

  7. [15]

    Third data release of the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program

    Aihara, H.; AlSayyad, Y.; Ando, M.; Armstrong, R.; Bosch, J.; Egami, E.; Furusawa, H.; Furusawa, J.; Harasawa, S.; Harikane, Y.; et al. Third data release of the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program. Ublications Astron. Soc. Jpn.2022,74, 247–272. https://doi.org/10.1093/...

    2022 doi

  8. [16]

    LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products.Astrophys

    Ivezi´ c, Ž.; Kahn, S.M.; Tyson, J.A.; Abel, B.; Acosta, E.; Allsman, R.; Alonso, D.; AlSayyad, Y.; Anderson, S.F.; Andrew, J.; et al. LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products.Astrophys. J.2019,873, 111. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab042c

    2019 doi

  9. [17]

    Preparing for low surface brightness science with the Vera C

    Martin, G.; Bazkiaei, A.E.; Spavone, M.; Iodice, E.; Mihos, J.C.; Montes, M.; Benavides, J.A.; Brough, S.; Carlin, J.L.; Collins, C.A.; et al. Preparing for low surface brightness science with the Vera C. Rubin Observatory: Characterization of tidal features from mock images.M...

    2022 doi

  10. [18]

    A Stellar Stream around the Spiral Galaxy Messier 61 in Rubin First Look Imaging.Res

    Romanowsky, A.J.; Martínez-Delgado, D.; Donatiello, G.; Miró-Carretero, J.; Laine, S. A Stellar Stream around the Spiral Galaxy Messier 61 in Rubin First Look Imaging.Res. Notes Am. Astron. Soc.2025,9, 292. https://doi.org/10.3847/2515-5172/ae1829. 39 of 45

    2025 doi

  11. [19]

    A Long Tidal Feature Extending from a Low-redshift Galaxy Revealed in Rubin Data Preview 1 Imaging.Res

    Johnson, V .; Romanowsky, A.J. A Long Tidal Feature Extending from a Low-redshift Galaxy Revealed in Rubin Data Preview 1 Imaging.Res. Notes Am. Astron. Soc.2026,10, 5. https://doi.org/10.3847/2515-5172/ ae34b1

    2026 doi

  12. [20]

    Galactic Bridges and Tails.Astrophys

    Toomre, A.; Toomre, J. Galactic Bridges and Tails.Astrophys. J.1972,178, 623–666. https://doi.org/10.1086/ 151823

    1972

  13. [21]

    On the formation and dynamics of shells around elliptical galaxies.Astrophys

    Quinn, P .J. On the formation and dynamics of shells around elliptical galaxies.Astrophys. J.1984,279, 596–609. https://doi.org/10.1086/161924

    1984 doi

  14. [22]

    Probing the merger history of red early-type galaxies with their faint stellar substructures.Astron

    Mancillas, B.; Duc, P .A.; Combes, F.; Bournaud, F.; Emsellem, E.; Martig, M.; Michel-Dansac, L. Probing the merger history of red early-type galaxies with their faint stellar substructures.Astron. Astrophys.2019, 632, A122. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936320

    2019 doi

  15. [23]

    The influence of interactions and minor mergers on the structure of galactic disks I

    Schwarzkopf, U.; Dettmar, R.J. The influence of interactions and minor mergers on the structure of galactic disks I. Observations and disk models.Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser.2000,144, 85–121. https: //doi.org/10.1051/aas:2000340

    doi

  16. [24]

    The nature and origins of the low surface brightness outskirts of massive, central galaxies in Subaru HSC .Mon

    Jackson, T.M.; Pasquali, A.; La Barbera, F.; More, S.; Grebel, E.K. The nature and origins of the low surface brightness outskirts of massive, central galaxies in Subaru HSC .Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2023, 520, 1155–1172. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad131

    2023 doi

  17. [25]

    Extragalactic stellar tidal streams: Observations meet simulation.Astron

    Miró-Carretero, J.; Gómez-Flechoso, M.A.; Martínez-Delgado, D.; Cooper, A.P .; Roca-Fàbrega, S.; Akhlaghi, M.; Pillepich, A.; Kuijken, K.; Erkal, D.; Buck, T.; et al. Extragalactic stellar tidal streams: Observations meet simulation.Astron. Astrophys.2025,700, A176. https://do...

    2025 doi

  18. [26]

    The EAGLE project: Simulating the evolution and assembly of galaxies and their environments.Mon

    Schaye, J.; Crain, R.A.; Bower, R.G.; Furlong, M.; Schaller, M.; Theuns, T.; Dalla Vecchia, C.; Frenk, C.S.; McCarthy, I.G.; Helly, J.C.; et al. The EAGLE project: Simulating the evolution and assembly of galaxies and their environments.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2015,446, 521–5...

    2015 doi

  19. [27]

    First results from the TNG50 simulation: The evolution of stellar and gaseous discs across cosmic time.Mon

    Pillepich, A.; Nelson, D.; Springel, V .; Pakmor, R.; Torrey, P .; Weinberger, R.; Vogelsberger, M.; Marinacci, F.; Genel, S.; van der Wel, A.; et al. First results from the TNG50 simulation: The evolution of stellar and gaseous discs across cosmic time.Mon. Not. R. Astron. So...

    2019

  20. [28]

    A Structural and Dynamical Study of Late-Type, Edge-on Galaxies

    Dalcanton, J.J.; Bernstein, R.A. A Structural and Dynamical Study of Late-Type, Edge-on Galaxies. II. Vertical Color Gradients and the Detection of Ubiquitous Thick Disks.Astron. J.2002,124, 1328–1359. https://doi.org/10.1086/342286

    2002 doi

  21. [29]

    Flattening and truncation of stellar discs in edge-on spiral galaxies.Mon

    Kregel, M.; van der Kruit, P .C.; de Grijs, R. Flattening and truncation of stellar discs in edge-on spiral galaxies.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2002,334, 646–668. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05556.x

    2002

  22. [30]

    2MASS photometry of edge-on spiral galaxies—I

    Mosenkov, A.V .; Sotnikova, N.Y.; Reshetnikov, V .P . 2MASS photometry of edge-on spiral galaxies—I. Sample and general results.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2010,401, 559–576. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009 .15671.x

    2010

  23. [31]

    The Catalog of Edge-on Disk Galaxies from SDSS

    Bizyaev, D.V .; Kautsch, S.J.; Mosenkov, A.V .; Reshetnikov, V .P .; Sotnikova, N.Y.; Yablokova, N.V .; Hillyer, R.W. The Catalog of Edge-on Disk Galaxies from SDSS. I. The Catalog and the Structural Parameters of Stellar Disks.Astrophys. J.2014,787, 24. https://doi.org/10.108...

    2014 doi

  24. [32]

    The emergence of galactic thin and thick discs across cosmic history.Mon

    Tsukui, T.; Wisnioski, E.; Bland-Hawthorn, J.; Freeman, K. The emergence of galactic thin and thick discs across cosmic history.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2025,540, 3493–3522. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf6 04

    2025 doi

  25. [33]

    Through Thick and Thin: The Cosmic Evolution of Disk Scale Height

    Yu, S.Y.; Ho, L.C.; Tsukui, T.; Silverman, J.D.; Huertas-Company, M.; Koekemoer, A.M.; Franco, M.; Massey, R.; Yang, L.; Arango-Toro, R.C.; et al. Through Thick and Thin: The Cosmic Evolution of Disk Scale Height. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser.2026,283, 35. https://doi.org/10.3847/...

    2026 doi

  26. [34]

    Dragonfly Imaging of the Galaxy NGC 5907: A Different View of the Iconic Stellar Stream

    van Dokkum, P .; Gilhuly, C.; Bonaca, A.; Merritt, A.; Danieli, S.; Lokhorst, D.; Abraham, R.; Conroy, C.; Greco, J.P . Dragonfly Imaging of the Galaxy NGC 5907: A Different View of the Iconic Stellar Stream. Astrophys. J. Lett.2019,883, L32. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab40c9

    2019 doi

  27. [35]

    The haloes and environments of nearby galaxies (HERON)—II

    Mosenkov, A.; Rich, R.M.; Koch, A.; Brosch, N.; Thilker, D.; Román, J.; Müller, O.; Smirnov, A.; Usachev, P . The haloes and environments of nearby galaxies (HERON)—II. The outer structure of edge-on galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2020,494, 1751–1770. https://doi.org/10.10...

    2020 doi

  28. [36]

    The Dragonfly Edge-on Galaxies Survey: Shaping the Outer disk of NGC 4565 via Accretion

    Gilhuly, C.; Hendel, D.; Merritt, A.; Abraham, R.; Danieli, S.; Lokhorst, D.; Liu, Q.; van Dokkum, P .; Conroy, C.; Greco, J. The Dragonfly Edge-on Galaxies Survey: Shaping the Outer disk of NGC 4565 via Accretion. Astrophys. J.2020,897, 108. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab9b25

    2020 doi

  29. [37]

    Tilted outer and inner structures in edge-on galaxies?Mon

    Mosenkov, A.V .; Smirnov, A.A.; Sil’chenko, O.K.; Rich, R.M.; Reshetnikov, V .P .; Kormendy, J. Tilted outer and inner structures in edge-on galaxies?Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2020,497, 2039–2056. https: //doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa1885. 40 of 45

    2020 doi

  30. [38]

    A feather on the hat: Tracing the giant stellar stream around the Sombrero galaxy.Mon

    Martínez-Delgado, D.; Román, J.; Erkal, D.; Schirmer, M.; Roca-Fàbrega, S.; Laine, S.; Donatiello, G.; Jimenez, M.; Malin, D.; Carballo-Bello, J.A. A feather on the hat: Tracing the giant stellar stream around the Sombrero galaxy.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2021,506, 5030–5038. h...

    2021 doi

  31. [39]

    Stellar Halos from the The Dragonfly Edge-on Galaxies Survey.Astrophys

    Gilhuly, C.; Merritt, A.; Abraham, R.; Danieli, S.; Lokhorst, D.; Liu, Q.; van Dokkum, P .; Conroy, C.; Greco, J. Stellar Halos from the The Dragonfly Edge-on Galaxies Survey.Astrophys. J.2022,932, 44. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac6750

    2022 doi

  32. [40]

    The distribution of dust in edge-on galaxies: I

    Mosenkov, A.V .; Usachev, P .A.; Shakespear, Z.; Guerrette, J.; Baes, M.; Bianchi, S.; Xilouris, E.M.; Gontcharov, G.A.; Il’in, V .B.; Marchuk, A.A.; et al. The distribution of dust in edge-on galaxies: I. The global structure. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2022,515, 5698–5717. htt...

    2022 doi

  33. [41]

    A multi- wavelength analysis of M 81: Insight on the nature of Arp’s loop.Astron

    Sollima, A.; Gil de Paz, A.; Martinez-Delgado, D.; Gabany, R.J.; Gallego-Laborda, J.J.; Hallas, T. A multi- wavelength analysis of M 81: Insight on the nature of Arp’s loop.Astron. Astrophys.2010,516, A83. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201014085

    2010 doi

  34. [42]

    Probing interstellar turbulence in cirrus with deep optical imaging: no sign of energy dissipation at 0.01 pc scale

    Miville-Deschênes, M.A.; Duc, P .A.; Marleau, F.; Cuillandre, J.C.; Didelon, P .; Gwyn, S.; Karabal, E. Probing interstellar turbulence in cirrus with deep optical imaging: no sign of energy dissipation at 0.01 pc scale. Astron. Astrophys.2016,593, A4. https://doi.org/10.1051/...

    2016 doi

  35. [43]

    Galactic cirri in deep optical imaging .Astron

    Román, J.; Trujillo, I.; Montes, M. Galactic cirri in deep optical imaging .Astron. Astrophys.2020,644, A42. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936111

    2020 doi

  36. [44]

    Fractal dimension of optical cirrus in Stripe82.Mon

    Marchuk, A.A.; Smirnov, A.A.; Mosenkov, A.V .; Il’in, V .B.; Gontcharov, G.A.; Savchenko, S.S.; Román, J. Fractal dimension of optical cirrus in Stripe82.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2021,508, 5825–5841. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab2846

    2021 doi

  37. [45]

    Prospects for future studies using deep imaging: Analysis of individual Galactic cirrus filaments.Mon

    Smirnov, A.A.; Savchenko, S.S.; Poliakov, D.M.; Marchuk, A.A.; Mosenkov, A.V .; Il’in, V .B.; Gontcharov, G.A.; Román, J.; Seguine, J. Prospects for future studies using deep imaging: Analysis of individual Galactic cirrus filaments.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2023,519, 4735–4752...

    2023 doi

  38. [46]

    Quantitative morphology of galactic cirrus in deep optical imaging: Statistical structural analysis in a multiwavelength perspective.Astron

    Liu, Q.; Martin, P .G.; Abraham, R.G.; van Dokkum, P .; Hoekstra, H.; Miró-Carretero, J.; Bowman, W.P .; Janssens, S.R.; Chen, S.; Lokhorst, D.; et al. Quantitative morphology of galactic cirrus in deep optical imaging: Statistical structural analysis in a multiwavelength pers...

    2025 doi

  39. [47]

    Analysis of Galactic cirrus filaments in HSC-SSP high-resolution deep images using artificial neural networks.Astron

    Poliakov, D.M.; Smirnov, A.A.; Savchenko, S.S.; Marchuk, A.A.; Mosenkov, A.V .; Il’in, V .B.; Gontcharov, G.A.; Turichina, D.G.; Panasyuk, A.D. Analysis of Galactic cirrus filaments in HSC-SSP high-resolution deep images using artificial neural networks.Astron. Comput.2026,55,...

    2026

  40. [48]

    Tidal features and disc thicknesses of edge-on galaxies in the SDSS Stripe 82.Mon

    Skryabina, M.N.; Adams, K.R.; Mosenkov, A.V . Tidal features and disc thicknesses of edge-on galaxies in the SDSS Stripe 82.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2024,532, 883–902. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae1502

    2024 doi

  41. [49]

    The Seventh Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey.Astrophys

    Abazajian, K.N.; Adelman-McCarthy, J.K.; Agüeros, M.A.; Allam, S.S.; Allende Prieto, C.; An, D.; Anderson, K.S.J.; Anderson, S.F.; Annis, J.; Bahcall, N.A.; et al. The Seventh Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey.Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser.2009,182, 543–558. https://doi....

    2009 doi

  42. [50]

    The revised Flat Galaxy Catalogue.Bull

    Karachentsev, I.D.; Karachentseva, V .E.; Kudrya, Y.N.; Sharina, M.E.; Parnovskij, S.L. The revised Flat Galaxy Catalogue.Bull. Spec. Astrophys. Obs.1999,47, 5–185

    1999

  43. [51]

    The EFIGI catalogue of 4458 nearby galaxies with detailed morphology.Astron

    Baillard, A.; Bertin, E.; de Lapparent, V .; Fouqué, P .; Arnouts, S.; Mellier, Y.; Pelló, R.; Leborgne, J.F.; Prugniel, P .; Makarov, D.; et al. The EFIGI catalogue of 4458 nearby galaxies with detailed morphology.Astron. Astrophys.2011,532, A74. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-...

    2011 doi

  44. [52]

    de Vaucouleurs, G.; de Vaucouleurs, A.; Corwin, Herold G., J.; Buta, R.J.; Paturel, G.; Fouque, P .Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 1991

    1991

  45. [53]

    Galaxy Zoo 1: Data release of morphological classifications for nearly 900 000 galaxies.Mon

    Lintott, C.; Schawinski, K.; Bamford, S.; Slosar, A.; Land, K.; Thomas, D.; Edmondson, E.; Masters, K.; Nichol, R.C.; Raddick, M.J.; et al. Galaxy Zoo 1: Data release of morphological classifications for nearly 900 000 galaxies.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2011,410, 166–178. https...

    2011

  46. [54]

    An H I survey of Nilson dwarf galaxies

    Thuan, T.X.; Seitzer, P .O. An H I survey of Nilson dwarf galaxies. II. Statistical properties.Astrophys. J.1979, 231, 680–687. https://doi.org/10.1086/157232

    1979 doi

  47. [55]

    The edge-on Galaxies in the Pan-STARRS survey (EGIPS).Mon

    Makarov, D.; Savchenko, S.; Mosenkov, A.; Bizyaev, D.; Reshetnikov, V .; Antipova, A.; Tikhonenko, I.; Usachev, P .; Borisov, S.; Makarova, L.; et al. The edge-on Galaxies in the Pan-STARRS survey (EGIPS).Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2022,511, 3063–3075. https://doi.org/10.1093/mn...

    2022 doi

  48. [56]

    HyperLEDA

    Makarov, D.; Prugniel, P .; Terekhova, N.; Courtois, H.; Vauglin, I. HyperLEDA. III. The catalogue of extragalactic distances.Astron. Astrophys.2014,570, A13. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201423496

    2014 doi

  49. [57]

    Performance of Kitt Peak’s Mayall 4-meter telescope during DESI commissioning

    Meisner, A.M.; Abareshi, B.; Dey, A.; Rockosi, C.; Joyce, R.; Sprayberry, D.; Besuner, R.; Honscheid, K.; Kirkby, D.; Kong, H.; et al. Performance of Kitt Peak’s Mayall 4-meter telescope during DESI commissioning. 41 of 45 InProceedings of the Ground-Based and Airborne Instrum...

    2020

  50. [58]

    The Evolution of Tidal Debris

    Mihos, J.C. The Evolution of Tidal Debris. InProceedings of the Recycling Intergalactic and Interstellar Matter; Duc, P .A., Braine, J., Brinks, E., Eds.; IAU Symposium; Astronomical Society of the Pacific:San Francisco, CA, USA, 2004; Volume 217, p. 390. https://doi.org/10.48...

    2004 doi arXiv

  51. [59]

    Tides in Colliding Galaxies

    Duc, P .A.; Renaud, F. Tides in Colliding Galaxies. InLecture Notes in Physics; Souchay, J., Mathis, S., Tokieda, T., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2013; Volume 861, p. 327

    2013

  52. [60]

    The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Using tidal streams and shells to trace the dynamical evolution of massive galaxies.Mon

    Rutherford, T.H.; van de Sande, J.; Croom, S.M.; Valenzuela, L.M.; Remus, R.S.; D’Eugenio, F.; Vaughan, S.P .; Zovaro, H.R.M.; Casura, S.; Barsanti, S.; et al. The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Using tidal streams and shells to trace the dynamical evolution of massive galaxies.Mon. Not....

    2024 doi

  53. [61]

    Transformations of Galaxies

    Barnes, J.E. Transformations of Galaxies. I. Mergers of Equal-Mass Stellar Disks.Astrophys. J.1992,393, 484. https://doi.org/10.1086/171522

    1992 doi

  54. [62]

    Tidal Arms are Ubiquitous in Spiral Galaxies.Astron

    Byrd, G.G.; Howard, S. Tidal Arms are Ubiquitous in Spiral Galaxies.Astron. J.1992,103, 1089. https: //doi.org/10.1086/116128

    1992 doi

  55. [63]

    Physical Properties of Tidal Features of Interacting Disk Galaxies: Three- dimensional Self-consistent Models.Astrophys

    Oh, S.H.; Kim, W.T.; Lee, H.M. Physical Properties of Tidal Features of Interacting Disk Galaxies: Three- dimensional Self-consistent Models.Astrophys. J.2015,807, 73. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/807/1/ 73

    2015 doi

  56. [64]

    Census and classification of low-surface-brightness structures in nearby early-type galaxies from the MATLAS survey.Mon

    Bílek, M.; Duc, P .A.; Cuillandre, J.C.; Gwyn, S.; Cappellari, M.; Bekaert, D.V .; Bonfini, P .; Bitsakis, T.; Paudel, S.; Krajnovi´ c, D.; et al. Census and classification of low-surface-brightness structures in nearby early-type galaxies from the MATLAS survey.Mon. Not. R. A...

    2020 doi

  57. [65]

    Star clusters in tidal debris.Mon

    Rodruck, M.; Charlton, J.; Borthakur, S.; Chitre, A.; Durrell, P .R.; Elmegreen, D.; English, J.; Gallagher, S.C.; Gronwall, C.; Knierman, K.; et al. Star clusters in tidal debris.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2023,526, 2341–2364. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad2886

    2023 doi

  58. [66]

    Fossil Signatures of Ancient Accretion Events in the Halo.Astrophys

    Johnston, K.V .; Hernquist, L.; Bolte, M. Fossil Signatures of Ancient Accretion Events in the Halo.Astrophys. J.1996,465, 278. https://doi.org/10.1086/177418

    1996 doi

  59. [67]

    Starcounts Redivivus

    Majewski, S.R.; Siegel, M.H.; Kunkel, W.E.; Reid, I.N.; Johnston, K.V .; Thompson, I.B.; Landolt, A.U.; Palma, C. Starcounts Redivivus. III. A Possible Detection of the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy at B = −40 deg.Astron. J.1999,118, 1709–1718. https://doi.org/10.1086/301036

    1999 doi

  60. [68]

    The remnants of galaxy formation from a panoramic survey of the region around M31.Nature2009,461, 66–69

    McConnachie, A.W.; Irwin, M.J.; Ibata, R.A.; Dubinski, J.; Widrow, L.M.; Martin, N.F.; Côté, P .; Dotter, A.L.; Navarro, J.F.; Ferguson, A.M.N.; et al. The remnants of galaxy formation from a panoramic survey of the region around M31.Nature2009,461, 66–69. https://doi.org/10.1...

    doi

  61. [69]

    The ATLAS 3D project– XXIX

    Duc, P .A.; Cuillandre, J.C.; Karabal, E.; Cappellari, M.; Alatalo, K.; Blitz, L.; Bournaud, F. The ATLAS 3D project– XXIX. The new look of early-type galaxies and surrounding fields disclosed by extremely deep optical images.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2014,446, 120–143. https:/...

    2014 doi

  62. [70]

    Shell Galaxies: Kinematical Signature of Shells, Satellite Galaxy Disruption and Dynamical Friction

    Ebrova, I. Shell Galaxies: Kinematical Signature of Shells, Satellite Galaxy Disruption and Dynamical Friction. Ph.D Thesis, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic, 2013

    2013

  63. [71]

    Formation and incidence of shell galaxies in the Illustris simulation.Mon

    Pop, A.R.; Pillepich, A.; Amorisco, N.C.; Hernquist, L. Formation and incidence of shell galaxies in the Illustris simulation.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2018,480, 1715–1739. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty1932

    2018 doi

  64. [72]

    Shell-type Tidal Features Are More Frequently Detected in Slowly Rotating Early-type Galaxies than Stream- and Tail-type Features.Astrophys

    Yoon, Y.; Ko, J.; Chung, H.; Byun, W.; Chun, K. Shell-type Tidal Features Are More Frequently Detected in Slowly Rotating Early-type Galaxies than Stream- and Tail-type Features.Astrophys. J.2024,965, 158. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad34ad

    2024 doi

  65. [73]

    Status of shell galaxies

    Prieur, J.L. Status of shell galaxies. InDynamics and Interactions of Galaxies; Wielen, R., Ed.; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 1990; pp. 72–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75273-5

    1990 doi

  66. [74]

    The Formation of Shell Galaxies Similar to NGC 7600 in the Cold Dark Matter Cosmogony

    Cooper, A.P .; Martínez-Delgado, D.; Helly, J.; Frenk, C.; Cole, S.; Crawford, K.; Zibetti, S.; Carballo-Bello, J.A.; GaBany, R.J. The Formation of Shell Galaxies Similar to NGC 7600 in the Cold Dark Matter Cosmogony. Astrophys. J. Lett.2011,743, L21. https://doi.org/10.1088/2...

    2011 doi

  67. [75]

    Char- acterizing tidal features around galaxies in cosmological simulations.Mon

    Khalid, A.; Brough, S.; Martin, G.; Kimmig, L.C.; Lagos, C.D.P .; Remus, R.S.; Martinez-Lombilla, C. Char- acterizing tidal features around galaxies in cosmological simulations.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2024, 530, 4422–4445. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae1064

    2024 doi

  68. [76]

    Faint Tidal Features in Galaxies within the Canada- France-Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey Wide Fields.Astrophys

    Atkinson, A.M.; Abraham, R.G.; Ferguson, A.M.N. Faint Tidal Features in Galaxies within the Canada- France-Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey Wide Fields.Astrophys. J.2013,765, 28. https://doi.org/10.1088/ 0004-637X/765/1/28. 42 of 45

    2013

  69. [77]

    Atomic Hydrogen and Star Formation in the Bridge/Ring Interacting Galaxy Pair NGC 7714/7715 (Arp 284).Astrophys

    Smith, B.J.; Struck, C.; Pogge, R.W. Atomic Hydrogen and Star Formation in the Bridge/Ring Interacting Galaxy Pair NGC 7714/7715 (Arp 284).Astrophys. J.1997,483, 754–766. https://doi.org/10.1086/304286

    1997 doi

  70. [78]

    Arp 194: Evidence of Tidal Stripping of Gas and Cross-Fueling.Astron

    Marziani, P .; Dultzin-Hacyan, D.; D’Onofrio, M.; Sulentic, J.W. Arp 194: Evidence of Tidal Stripping of Gas and Cross-Fueling.Astron. J.2003,125, 1897–1907. https://doi.org/10.1086/368142

    2003 doi

  71. [79]

    Spirals, Bridges, and Tails: A Galaxy Evolution Explorer Ultraviolet Atlas of Interacting Galaxies.Astron

    Smith, B.J.; Giroux, M.L.; Struck, C.; Hancock, M. Spirals, Bridges, and Tails: A Galaxy Evolution Explorer Ultraviolet Atlas of Interacting Galaxies.Astron. J.2010,139, 1212–1241. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-625 6/139/3/1212

    2010 doi

  72. [80]

    Tails and bridges in the parabolic restricted three-body problem.Mon

    Barrabés, E.; Cors, J.M.; Garcia-Taberner, L.; Ollé, M. Tails and bridges in the parabolic restricted three-body problem.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2017,472, 2554–2568. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1990

    2017 doi

  73. [81]

    Dynamical friction and galaxy merging time-scales.Mon

    Boylan-Kolchin, M.; Ma, C.P .; Quataert, E. Dynamical friction and galaxy merging time-scales.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2008,383, 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12530.x

    2008

  74. [82]

    The Tidal Evolution of Local Group Dwarf Spheroidals

    Peñarrubia, J.; Navarro, J.F.; McConnachie, A.W. The Tidal Evolution of Local Group Dwarf Spheroidals. Astrophys. J.2008,673, 226–240. https://doi.org/10.1086/523686

    2008 doi

  75. [83]

    Tracing the Outer Structure of the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy:Detections at Angular Distances between 10° and 34°.Astrophys

    Mateo, M.; Olszewski, E.W.; Morrison, H.L. Tracing the Outer Structure of the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy:Detections at Angular Distances between 10° and 34°.Astrophys. J. Lett.1998,508, L55. https://doi.org/10.1086/311720

    1998 doi

  76. [84]

    Interpreting Debris from Satellite Disruption in External Galaxies

    Johnston, K.V .; Sackett, P .D.; Bullock, J.S. Interpreting Debris from Satellite Disruption in External Galaxies. Astrophys. J.2001,557, 137–149. https://doi.org/10.1086/321644

    2001 doi

  77. [85]

    A tidally distorted dwarf galaxy near NGC 4449.Nature2012,482, 192–194

    Rich, R.M.; Collins, M.L.M.; Black, C.M.; Longstaff, F.A.; Koch, A.; Benson, A.; Reitzel, D.B. A tidally distorted dwarf galaxy near NGC 4449.Nature2012,482, 192–194. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10837

    doi

  78. [86]

    Tidal disruption of dwarf spheroidal galaxies: The strange case of Crater II.Mon

    Sanders, J.L.; Evans, N.W.; Dehnen, W. Tidal disruption of dwarf spheroidal galaxies: The strange case of Crater II.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2018,478, 3879–3889. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty1278

    2018 doi

  79. [87]

    COUGS-DESI: A Catalog of Unusual Galaxies with Polar Structures in the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys.arXiv2026, arXiv:2601.02579

    Bahr, S.K.H.; Mosenkov, A.V .; Guerrette, J.A.; Jensen, I.H.; George, J.X.; Spigarelli, T.E.; Smith, R.P .; Burton, B.T.; Beckstead, K.W.; Seguine, J.D.; et al. COUGS-DESI: A Catalog of Unusual Galaxies with Polar Structures in the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys.arXiv2026, arXiv:...

    doi arXiv

  80. [88]

    The NASA/IPAC extragalactic database

    Helou, G.; Madore, B.F.; Schmitz, M.; Bicay, M.D.; Wu, X.; Bennett, J. The NASA/IPAC extragalactic database. InProceedings of the Databases and On-line Data in Astronomy; Albrecht, M.A., Egret, D., Eds.; Astrophysics and Space Science Library; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherla...

    1991 doi

  81. [89]

    Luminosity Profiles of Prominent Stellar Halos.J

    Ann, H.B.; Park, H.W. Luminosity Profiles of Prominent Stellar Halos.J. Korean Astron. Soc.2018,51, 73–88. https://doi.org/10.5303/JKAS.2018.51.4.73

    2018 doi

  82. [90]

    A Catalog of Detailed Visual Morphological Classifications for 14,034 Galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey.Astrophys

    Nair, P .B.; Abraham, R.G. A Catalog of Detailed Visual Morphological Classifications for 14,034 Galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey.Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser.2010,186, 427–456. https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-004 9/186/2/427

    2010 doi

  83. [91]

    Polar-bulge galaxies

    Reshetnikov, V .P .; Savchenko, S.S.; Mosenkov, A.V .; Sotnikova, N.Y.; Bizyaev, D.V . Polar-bulge galaxies. Astron. Lett.2015,41, 748–756. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063773715120117

    2015 doi

  84. [92]

    Colliding and merging galaxies

    Schweizer, F.; Whitmore, B.C.; Rubin, V .C. Colliding and merging galaxies. II. SO galaxies with polar rings. Astron. J.1983,88, 909–925. https://doi.org/10.1086/113377

    1983 doi

  85. [93]

    Global structure and formation of polar-ring galaxies.Astron

    Reshetnikov, V .; Sotnikova, N. Global structure and formation of polar-ring galaxies.Astron. Astrophys. 1997,325, 933–942. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9704047

    1997 doi arXiv

  86. [94]

    Formation of Polar Rings

    Rix, H.W.; Katz, N. Formation of Polar Rings. InProceedings of the Warped Disks and Inclined Rings around Galaxies; Casertano, S., Sackett, P .D., Briggs, F.H., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1991; p. 112

    1991

  87. [95]

    Cooling and the Longevity of Polar Rings.Astrophys

    Katz, N.; Rix, H.W. Cooling and the Longevity of Polar Rings.Astrophys. J. Lett.1992,389, L55. https: //doi.org/10.1086/186347

    1992 doi

  88. [96]

    Formation of Polar-Ring S0 Galaxies in Dissipative Galaxy Mergers.Astrophys

    Bekki, K. Formation of Polar-Ring S0 Galaxies in Dissipative Galaxy Mergers.Astrophys. J. Lett.1997, 490, L37–L40. https://doi.org/10.1086/311008

    1997 doi

  89. [97]

    Formation of a Polar Ring Galaxy in a Galaxy Merger.Astrophys

    Bekki, K. Formation of a Polar Ring Galaxy in a Galaxy Merger.Astrophys. J.1998,499, 635–649. https: //doi.org/10.1086/305680

    1998 doi

  90. [98]

    Formation of polar ring galaxies.Astron

    Bournaud, F.; Combes, F. Formation of polar ring galaxies.Astron. Astrophys.2003,401, 817–833. https: //doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20030150

    2003 doi

  91. [99]

    The Origin of Polar Ring Galaxies: Evidence for Galaxy Formation by Cold Accretion.Astrophys

    Macciò, A.V .; Moore, B.; Stadel, J. The Origin of Polar Ring Galaxies: Evidence for Galaxy Formation by Cold Accretion.Astrophys. J. Lett.2006,636, L25–L28. https://doi.org/10.1086/499778. 43 of 45

    2006 doi

  92. [100]

    The Formation of Polar Disk Galaxies.Astrophys

    Brook, C.B.; Governato, F.; Quinn, T.; Wadsley, J.; Brooks, A.M.; Willman, B.; Stilp, A.; Jonsson, P . The Formation of Polar Disk Galaxies.Astrophys. J.2008,689, 678–686. https://doi.org/10.1086/591489

    2008 doi

  93. [101]

    Unveiling the Nature of Polar-ring Galaxies from Deep Imaging.Res

    Mosenkov, A.V .; Reshetnikov, V .P .; Skryabina, M.N.; Shakespear, Z. Unveiling the Nature of Polar-ring Galaxies from Deep Imaging.Res. Astron. Astrophys.2022,22, 115003. 10.1088/1674-4527/ac8d82

    2022 doi

  94. [102]

    Lopsided spiral galaxies: Evidence for gas accretion.Astron

    Bournaud, F.; Combes, F.; Jog, C.J.; Puerari, I. Lopsided spiral galaxies: Evidence for gas accretion.Astron. Astrophys.2005,438, 507–520. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20052631

    2005 doi

  95. [103]

    Lopsided spiral galaxies.Phys

    Jog, C.J.; Combes, F. Lopsided spiral galaxies.Phys. Rep.2009,471, 75–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. physrep.2008.12.002

    2009 doi

  96. [104]

    Tracing Galaxy Formation with Stellar Halos

    Johnston, K.V .; Bullock, J.S.; Sharma, S.; Font, A.; Robertson, B.E.; Leitner, S.N. Tracing Galaxy Formation with Stellar Halos. II. Relating Substructure in Phase and Abundance Space to Accretion Histories.Astrophys. J.2008,689, 936–957. https://doi.org/10.1086/592228

    2008 doi

  97. [105]

    On feathers, bifurcations and shells: The dynamics of tidal streams across the mass scale

    Amorisco, N.C. On feathers, bifurcations and shells: The dynamics of tidal streams across the mass scale. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2015,450, 575–591. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv648

    2015 doi

  98. [106]

    Tidal debris morphology and the orbits of satellite galaxies.Mon

    Hendel, D.; Johnston, K.V . Tidal debris morphology and the orbits of satellite galaxies.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2015,454, 2472–2485. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv2035

    2015 doi

  99. [107]

    On the interpretation of ring galaxies: The binary ring system II Hz 4.Astrophys

    Lynds, R.; Toomre, A. On the interpretation of ring galaxies: The binary ring system II Hz 4.Astrophys. J. 1976,209, 382–388. https://doi.org/10.1086/154730

    1976 doi

  100. [108]

    Collisional Ring Galaxies.Fund

    Appleton, P .N.; Struck-Marcell, C. Collisional Ring Galaxies.Fund. Cosmic Phys.1996,16, 111–220

    1996

  101. [109]

    The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) Mission.Astrophys

    Neugebauer, G.; Habing, H.J.; van Duinen, R.; Aumann, H.H.; Baud, B.; Beichman, C.A.; Beintema, D.A.; Boggess, N.; Clegg, P .E.; de Jong, T.; et al. The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) Mission.Astrophys. J. Lett.1984,278, L1–L6. https://doi.org/10.1086/184209

    1984 doi

  102. [110]

    IRIS: A New Generation of IRAS Maps.Astrophys

    Miville-Deschênes, M.A.; Lagache, G. IRIS: A New Generation of IRAS Maps.Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser.2005, 157, 302–323. https://doi.org/10.1086/427938

    2005 doi

  103. [112]

    Fuzzy Galaxies or Cirrus? Decomposition of Galactic Cirrus in Deep Wide-field Images

    Liu, Q.; Abraham, R.; Martin, P .G.; Bowman, W.P .; Dokkum, P .v.; Danieli, S.; Patel, E.; Janssens, S.R.; Shen, Z.; Chen, S.; et al. Fuzzy Galaxies or Cirrus? Decomposition of Galactic Cirrus in Deep Wide-field Images. Astrophys. J.2025,979, 175. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-...

    2025 doi

  104. [113]

    Diffuse Galactic Light in the Field of the Translucent High Galactic Latitude Cloud MBM32.Astrophys

    Ienaka, N.; Kawara, K.; Matsuoka, Y.; Sameshima, H.; Oyabu, S.; Tsujimoto, T.; Peterson, B.A. Diffuse Galactic Light in the Field of the Translucent High Galactic Latitude Cloud MBM32.Astrophys. J.2013, 767, 80. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/80

    2013 doi

  105. [114]

    Dust Scattering in Turbulent Media: Correlation between the Scattered Light and Dust Column Density.Astrophys

    Seon, K.I.; Witt, A.N. Dust Scattering in Turbulent Media: Correlation between the Scattered Light and Dust Column Density.Astrophys. J. Lett.2013,778, L40. https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/778/2/L40

    2013 doi

  106. [115]

    The CFHTLS-Deep Catalog of Interacting Galaxies

    Bridge, C.R.; Carlberg, R.G.; Sullivan, M. The CFHTLS-Deep Catalog of Interacting Galaxies. I. Merger Rate Evolution to z = 1.2.Astrophys. J.2010,709, 1067–1082. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/709/2/1067

    2010 doi

  107. [116]

    Galaxy interactions in IllustrisTNG-100, I: The power and limitations of visual identification.Mon

    Blumenthal, K.A.; Moreno, J.; Barnes, J.E.; Hernquist, L.; Torrey, P .; Claytor, Z.; Rodriguez-Gomez, V .; Marinacci, F.; Vogelsberger, M. Galaxy interactions in IllustrisTNG-100, I: The power and limitations of visual identification.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2020,492, 2075–209...

    2020 doi

  108. [117]

    Strategies for optimal sky subtraction in the low surface brightness regime.Mon

    Watkins, A.E.; Kaviraj, S.; Collins, C.C.; Knapen, J.H.; Kelvin, L.S.; Duc, P .A.; Román, J.; Mihos, J.C. Strategies for optimal sky subtraction in the low surface brightness regime.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2024,528, 4289–

    2024

  109. [118]

    Characterization of low surface brightness structures in annotated deep images.Astron

    Sola, E.; Duc, P .A.; Richards, F.; Paiement, A.; Urbano, M.; Klehammer, J.; Bílek, M.; Cuillandre, J.C.; Gwyn, S.; McConnachie, A. Characterization of low surface brightness structures in annotated deep images.Astron. Astrophys.2022,662, A124. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-636...

    2022 doi

  110. [119]

    Tidal Features at 0.05 < z < 0.45 in the Hyper Suprime- Cam Subaru Strategic Program: Properties and Formation Channels.Astrophys

    Kado-Fong, E.; Greene, J.E.; Hendel, D.; Price-Whelan, A.M.; Greco, J.P .; Goulding, A.D.; Huang, S.; Johnston, K.V .; Komiyama, Y.; Lee, C.H.; et al. Tidal Features at 0.05 < z < 0.45 in the Hyper Suprime- Cam Subaru Strategic Program: Properties and Formation Channels.Astrop...

    2018 doi

  111. [120]

    Identification of tidal features in deep optical galaxy images with convolutional neural networks.Mon

    Domínguez Sánchez, H.; Martin, G.; Damjanov, I.; Buitrago, F.; Huertas-Company, M.; Bottrell, C.; Bernardi, M.; Knapen, J.H.; Vega-Ferrero, J.; Hausen, R.; et al. Identification of tidal features in deep optical galaxy images with convolutional neural networks.Mon. Not. R. Ast...

    2023 doi

  112. [121]

    Surface Brightness Evolution of Galaxies in the CANDELS GOODS Fields up to z ∼ 6: High-z Galaxies Are Unique or Remain Undetected.Astrophys

    Whitney, A.; Conselice, C.J.; Duncan, K.; Spitler, L.R. Surface Brightness Evolution of Galaxies in the CANDELS GOODS Fields up to z ∼ 6: High-z Galaxies Are Unique or Remain Undetected.Astrophys. J. 2020,903, 14. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abb824

    2020 doi

  113. [122]

    Morphological signatures of mergers in the TNG50 simulation and the Kilo-Degree Survey: The merger fraction from dwarfs to Milky Way-like galaxies.Mon

    Guzmán-Ortega, A.; Rodriguez-Gomez, V .; Snyder, G.F.; Chamberlain, K.; Hernquist, L. Morphological signatures of mergers in the TNG50 simulation and the Kilo-Degree Survey: The merger fraction from dwarfs to Milky Way-like galaxies.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2023,519, 4920–4937...

    2023

  114. [123]

    https://doi.org/10.26131/IRSA1

    Wright, E.L.; Eisenhardt, P .R.M.; Mainzer, A.K.; Ressler, M.E.; Cutri, R.M.; Jarrett, T.; Kirkpatrick, J.D.; Padgett, D.; McMillan, R.S.; Skrutskie, M.; et al.AllWISE Source Catalog; NASA IPAC DataSet, IRSA1; IPAC: Pasadena, CA, USA, 2019. https://doi.org/10.26131/IRSA1

    2019 doi

  115. [124]

    The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE): Mission Description and Initial On-orbit Performance.Astron

    Wright, E.L.; Eisenhardt, P .R.M.; Mainzer, A.K.; Ressler, M.E.; Cutri, R.M.; Jarrett, T.; Kirkpatrick, J.D.; Padgett, D.; McMillan, R.S.; Skrutskie, M.; et al. The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE): Mission Description and Initial On-orbit Performance.Astron. J.2010,...

    2010 doi

  116. [125]

    A New Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer Calibration of Stellar Mass.Astrophys

    Jarrett, T.H.; Cluver, M.E.; Taylor, E.N.; Bellstedt, S.; Robotham, A.S.G.; Yao, H.F.M. A New Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer Calibration of Stellar Mass.Astrophys. J.2023,946, 95. https://doi.org/10.3847/15 38-4357/acb68f

    2023 doi

  117. [126]

    STRRINGS: STReams in Residual Images of Nearby GalaxieS

    Sola, E.; Chemaly, D.; Belokurov, V .; Müller, O.; Ardern-Arentsen, A.; Davies, E.Y.; Laguna-Miralles, J.; Myeong, G.; Panagiotakis, K.; Zhang, H.; et al. STRRINGS: STReams in Residual Images of Nearby GalaxieS. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2025,544, 735–763. https://doi.org/10.10...

    2025 doi

  118. [127]

    The Origin of Faint Tidal Features around Galaxies in the RESOLVE Survey.Astrophys

    Hood, C.E.; Kannappan, S.J.; Stark, D.V .; Dell’Antonio, I.P .; Moffett, A.J.; Eckert, K.D.; Norris, M.A.; Hendel, D. The Origin of Faint Tidal Features around Galaxies in the RESOLVE Survey.Astrophys. J.2018,857, 144. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aab719

    2018 doi

  119. [128]

    Systematic search for tidal features around nearby galaxies

    Morales, G.; Martínez-Delgado, D.; Grebel, E.K.; Cooper, A.P .; Javanmardi, B.; Miskolczi, A. Systematic search for tidal features around nearby galaxies. I. Enhanced SDSS imaging of the Local Volume.Astron. Astrophys.2018,614, A143. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732271

    2018 doi

  120. [129]

    The Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S4G).Publ

    Sheth, K.; Regan, M.; Hinz, J.L.; Gil de Paz, A.; Menéndez-Delmestre, K.; Muñoz-Mateos, J.C.; Seibert, M.; Kim, T.; Laurikainen, E.; Salo, H.; et al. The Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S4G).Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac.2010,122, 1397–1414. https://doi.org/10.1086/657638

    2010 doi

  121. [130]

    Structure of Brightest Cluster Galaxies and Intracluster Light.Astrophys

    Kluge, M.; Neureiter, B.; Riffeser, A.; Bender, R.; Goessl, C.; Hopp, U.; Schmidt, M.; Ries, C.; Brosch, N. Structure of Brightest Cluster Galaxies and Intracluster Light.Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser.2020,247, 43. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab733b

    2020 doi

  122. [131]

    Siena Galaxy Atlas 2020.Astrophys

    Moustakas, J.; Lang, D.; Dey, A.; Juneau, S.; Meisner, A.; Myers, A.D.; Schlafly, E.F.; Schlegel, D.J.; Valdes, F.; Weaver, B.A.; et al. Siena Galaxy Atlas 2020.Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser.2023,269, 3. https://doi.org/10.3847/ 1538-4365/acfaa2

    2020

  123. [132]

    The TNG50-SKIRT Atlas: Post-processing methodology and first data release.Astron

    Baes, M.; Gebek, A.; Trˇ cka, A.; Camps, P .; van der Wel, A.; Abdurro’uf.; Andreadis, N.; Tulu, S.B.; Emana, A.T.; Fritz, J.; et al. The TNG50-SKIRT Atlas: Post-processing methodology and first data release.Astron. Astrophys.2024,683, A181. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202348418

    2024 doi

  124. [133]

    Introducing the NEWHORIZON simulation: Galaxy properties with resolved internal dynamics across cosmic time.Astron

    Dubois, Y.; Beckmann, R.; Bournaud, F.; Choi, H.; Devriendt, J.; Jackson, R.; Kaviraj, S.; Kimm, T.; Kraljic, K.; Laigle, C.; et al. Introducing the NEWHORIZON simulation: Galaxy properties with resolved internal dynamics across cosmic time.Astron. Astrophys.2021,651, A109. ht...

    2021 doi

  125. [134]

    A stream come true: Connecting tidal tails, shells, streams, and planes with galaxy kinematics and formation history.Astron

    Valenzuela, L.M.; Remus, R.S. A stream come true: Connecting tidal tails, shells, streams, and planes with galaxy kinematics and formation history.Astron. Astrophys.2024,686, A182. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004 -6361/202244758

    2024 doi

  126. [135]

    Linking the brightest stellar streams with the accretion history of Milky Way like galaxies.Mon

    Vera-Casanova, A.; Gómez, F.A.; Monachesi, A.; Gargiulo, I.; Pallero, D.; Grand, R.J.J.; Marinacci, F.; Pakmor, R.; Simpson, C.M.; Frenk, C.S.; et al. Linking the brightest stellar streams with the accretion history of Milky Way like galaxies.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2022,514,...

    2022 doi

  127. [136]

    The Copernicus Complexio: A high-resolution view of the small-scale Universe.Mon

    Hellwing, W.A.; Frenk, C.S.; Cautun, M.; Bose, S.; Helly, J.; Jenkins, A.; Sawala, T.; Cytowski, M. The Copernicus Complexio: A high-resolution view of the small-scale Universe.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2016, 457, 3492–3509. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw214

    2016 doi

  128. [137]

    First results from the TNG50 simulation: Galactic outflows driven by supernovae and black hole feedback.Mon

    Nelson, D.; Pillepich, A.; Springel, V .; Pakmor, R.; Weinberger, R.; Genel, S.; Torrey, P .; Vogelsberger, M.; Marinacci, F.; Hernquist, L. First results from the TNG50 simulation: Galactic outflows driven by supernovae and black hole feedback.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2019,49...

    2019 doi

  129. [138]

    The Auriga Project: The properties and formation mechanisms of disc galaxies across cosmic time.Mon

    Grand, R.J.J.; Gómez, F.A.; Marinacci, F.; Pakmor, R.; Springel, V .; Campbell, D.J.R.; Frenk, C.S.; Jenkins, A.; White, S.D.M. The Auriga Project: The properties and formation mechanisms of disc galaxies across cosmic time.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.2017,467, 179–207. https://d...

    2017 doi

  130. [139]

    [Astropy Collaboration] Astropy: A community Python package for astronomy.Astron

    Astropy Collaboration; Robitaille, T.P .; Tollerud, E.J.; Greenfield, P .; Droettboom, M.; Bray, E.; Aldcroft, T.; Davis, M.; Ginsburg, A.; Price-Whelan, A.M.; et al. [Astropy Collaboration] Astropy: A community Python package for astronomy.Astron. Astrophys.2013,558, A33. htt...

    2013 doi

  131. [140]

    [Astropy Collaboration] The Astropy Project: Building an Open-science Project and Status of the v2.0 Core Package.Astron

    Astropy Collaboration; Price-Whelan, A.M.; Sip˝ ocz, B.M.; Günther, H.M.; Lim, P .L.; Crawford, S.M.; Conseil, S.; Shupe, D.L.; Craig, M.W.; Dencheva, N.; et al. [Astropy Collaboration] The Astropy Project: Building an Open-science Project and Status of the v2.0 Core Package.A...

    2018 doi

  132. [141]

    [Astropy Collaboration] The Astropy Project: Sustaining and Growing a Community-oriented Open-source Project and the Latest Major Release (v5.0) of the Core Package.Astrophys

    Astropy Collaboration; Price-Whelan, A.M.; Lim, P .L.; Earl, N.; Starkman, N.; Bradley, L.; Shupe, D.L.; Patil, A.A.; Corrales, L.; Brasseur, C.E.; et al. [Astropy Collaboration] The Astropy Project: Sustaining and Growing a Community-oriented Open-source Project and the Lates...

    2022 doi

  133. [142]

    https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1340699

    Bradley, L.; Sipocz, B.; Robitaille, T.; Vinícius, Z.; Tollerud, E.; Deil, C.; Barbary, K.; Günther, H.M.; Cara, M.; Busko, I.; et al.Astropy/Photutils: v0.5; 2018, Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1340699. Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note:The statements, opinions and data co...

    2018 doi

  134. [4306]

    https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae236

    doi

Pith tools

Reviewed August 1, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.