Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text

As of 7 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 44 of 44 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2607.26309.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2607.26309 v1

Coverage vector

measured 44 of 44 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:10.854012Z

measured 44 of 44 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

44 of 44 outbound references displayed

verified exact9
verified fuzzy0
unresolved35
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 74edd934-8f13-4d5c-8abc-bd428b454dc7 · outbound

This paper cites Bayesian topic regres- sion for causal inference.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Bayesian topic regres- sion for causal inference

Reference 1

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-01T00:21:45.317069Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 32bd7989-6eb8-4ce8-90b7-87a43689a920 · outbound

This paper cites LEACE: Perfect linear concept erasure in closed form.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text LEACE: Perfect linear concept erasure in closed form

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:05.512768Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 41a2e937-29e1-4eb4-b64d-a625de6f5e52 · outbound

This paper cites Blei and John D.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Blei and John D

Reference 3

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-01T00:21:45.110217Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 49c6b86e-80ef-4bee-811f-a45f1513e8fa · outbound

This paper cites Blei, Andrew Y.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Blei, Andrew Y

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:05.747105Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a39a14d5-94b2-4352-a1a4-6368ecf15ee6 · outbound

This paper cites Choosing the number of topics in lda models — a monte carlo comparison of selection criteria.Journal of Machine Learning Research, 25(79):1–30, 2024.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Choosing the number of topics in lda models — a monte carlo comparison of selection criteria.Journal of Machine Learning Research, 25(79):1–30, 2024

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:05.839641Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 51c56923-dfbc-4a83-a803-bec974b8f846 · outbound

This paper cites Dealing with limited overlap in estimation of average treatment effects.Biometrika, 96(1):187–199, 2009.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Dealing with limited overlap in estimation of average treatment effects.Biometrika, 96(1):187–199, 2009

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:05.973512Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 124e84ce-6941-49e2-973e-a2557b45c916 · outbound

This paper cites Fong, Justin Grimmer, Margaret E.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Fong, Justin Grimmer, Margaret E

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:06.069341Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a9fdf2bd-8c2f-43af-84db-9dae4313585a · outbound

This paper cites Discovery of treatments from text corpora.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Discovery of treatments from text corpora

Reference 8

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-01T00:21:44.683031Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation a499b3e3-4ba5-4bc3-b0b3-cb696261d23e · outbound

This paper cites Causal inference with latent treatments.American Journal of Political Science, 67(2):374–389, 2023.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Causal inference with latent treatments.American Journal of Political Science, 67(2):374–389, 2023

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:06.353849Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3648b602-9879-42f0-a775-3b16bdb388f2 · outbound

This paper cites topicmodels: An r package for fitting topic models.Journal of Statistical Software, 40(13):1–30, 2011.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text topicmodels: An r package for fitting topic models.Journal of Statistical Software, 40(13):1–30, 2011

Reference 10

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-01T00:21:44.527361Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation b3250aeb-cfb2-42ae-be2d-798245d224f6 · outbound

This paper cites Causal estimation for text data with (apparent) overlap violations,.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Causal estimation for text data with (apparent) overlap violations,

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:06.865474Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c33b88a6-1fab-47dc-8245-dd623a6decd7 · outbound

This paper cites John Harker.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text John Harker

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:07.061197Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5273c699-e551-4b75-8473-b8156b46c562 · outbound

This paper cites Bridging Language and Items for Retrieval and Recommendation: Benchmarking LLMs as Semantic Encoders.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Bridging Language and Items for Retrieval and Recommendation: Benchmarking LLMs as Semantic Encoders

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:07.129674Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 197bc682-51ce-42da-b30e-e728e24b9606 · outbound

This paper cites an essay on the logical foundations of survey sampling, part one.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text an essay on the logical foundations of survey sampling, part one

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:07.157312Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f2b9205c-9bb7-4704-be2b-36e0cce9f30f · outbound

This paper cites Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1978.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1978

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:07.183717Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3fdb517c-46b7-4bc9-be95-19970320588d · outbound

This paper cites Using text-based causal inference to disentangle factors influencing online review ratings.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Using text-based causal inference to disentangle factors influencing online review ratings

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:07.295000Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 15f10490-1fff-41e6-bb6d-c268984719cb · outbound

This paper cites Sentiment analysis and subjectivity.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Sentiment analysis and subjectivity

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:07.379874Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 990664b7-01b9-4571-ad64-13f32a8acf34 · outbound

This paper cites Estimating the effect of exercising on users’ online behavior.Proceedings of the International AAAI Con- ference on Web and Social Media, 11(1):734–738, May 2017.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Estimating the effect of exercising on users’ online behavior.Proceedings of the International AAAI Con- ference on Web and Social Media, 11(1):734–738, May 2017

Reference 19

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-01T00:21:44.334941Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation a010ff83-1e8e-404b-8a07-db3dc2755a98 · outbound

This paper cites Matching with text data: An experimental evaluation of methods for matching documents and of measuring match quality.Political Analysis, 28(4):445–468, 2020.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Matching with text data: An experimental evaluation of methods for matching documents and of measuring match quality.Political Analysis, 28(4):445–468, 2020

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:07.602656Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0a9764cc-1635-45c2-8e55-cd67aa0dcf45 · outbound

This paper cites Leveraging text data for causal inference using electronic health records.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Leveraging text data for causal inference using electronic health records

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:07.772949Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 66666f5f-3c61-44f3-b221-5c4511edc429 · outbound

This paper cites PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:07.858898Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 692f83a1-fbda-4566-af22-12fd8ae0b808 · outbound

This paper cites Pedregosa, G.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Pedregosa, G

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:07.960067Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a89ee87e-9515-42cc-a411-e96d0fbde2ab · outbound

This paper cites Causal effects of linguistic properties.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Causal effects of linguistic properties

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:08.073807Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 486f027d-29a9-4383-8c6b-7235c48d48c5 · outbound

This paper cites Roberts, Brandon M.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Roberts, Brandon M

Reference 25

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-01T00:21:44.030555Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation b7126c74-32b4-4059-9964-1747cabadc9d · outbound

This paper cites Robins, Andrea Rotnitzky, and Lue Ping Zhao.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Robins, Andrea Rotnitzky, and Lue Ping Zhao

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:08.468819Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 535342fd-4790-4f33-a418-3a7f1629682c · outbound

This paper cites Rosenbaum and Donald B.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Rosenbaum and Donald B

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:08.598088Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6771ba19-a210-4408-9cac-732824d8f5f2 · outbound

This paper cites DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:08.739233Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 97389a6c-a8d0-4539-810a-8db4faff7ee1 · outbound

This paper cites Estimating causal effects of tone in online debates.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Estimating causal effects of tone in online debates

Reference 29

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-01T00:21:43.835966Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 2b5366d0-ec10-402c-90d5-0a6d7377c341 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:08.990884Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 34ce0c1e-c233-4f51-930d-9d79cd4bf898 · outbound

This paper cites A design-based solution for causal inference with text: Can a language model be too large?,.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text A design-based solution for causal inference with text: Can a language model be too large?,

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:09.109532Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f300b8ae-3c30-4cbc-b4d3-205686bc4fce · outbound

This paper cites Adapting text embeddings for causal inference.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Adapting text embeddings for causal inference

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:09.400451Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8f573399-d503-419e-9fa9-b44ac2b9359a · outbound

This paper cites HuggingFace's Transformers: State-of-the-art Natural Language Processing.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text HuggingFace's Transformers: State-of-the-art Natural Language Processing

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:09.523762Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1a25f878-812e-47c9-a9be-3bb141e5fc66 · outbound

This paper cites Detecting politeness in natural language.The R Journal, 10(2):489–502, 2018.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Detecting politeness in natural language.The R Journal, 10(2):489–502, 2018

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:09.659886Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 85905a8f-d9db-4daa-807e-3066d87c03a9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Unresolved cited work

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:09.853257Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b63ff1a2-ebd8-4683-a771-d31b2ba32e3c · outbound

This paper cites We apply the same data split as in our masking approach, training on the train data and testing on the test data.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text We apply the same data split as in our masking approach, training on the train data and testing on the test data

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:10.009234Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0cff86b6-f4ec-4ca6-b3d0-3f2b9b01a791 · outbound

This paper cites Again, we use the same training and test split our masking procedure employs.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Again, we use the same training and test split our masking procedure employs

Reference 41

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:10.203185Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2c2d125d-cf6e-4c7e-b091-702a3713163e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Unresolved cited work

Reference 42

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:10.394366Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 257a6c17-8d6a-47e0-91ab-6927583e2ef3 · outbound

This paper cites Many estimated propensity scores are degenerate (exactly 0 or 1); not doing so leads to unstable andNaNATE estimates.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Many estimated propensity scores are degenerate (exactly 0 or 1); not doing so leads to unstable andNaNATE estimates

Reference 43

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:10.507644Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a77db00e-c8d5-4775-9982-1853d80380ca · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Unresolved cited work

Reference 44

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:10.676272Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fedfbc1a-bd7f-4997-890b-6f9b8e988ca8 · outbound

This paper cites D.7 Evaluation on Masked Text Section 3.2 introduced the design choice to train on masked text but evaluate on the original document.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text D.7 Evaluation on Masked Text Section 3.2 introduced the design choice to train on masked text but evaluate on the original document

Reference 45

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:10.854012Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 01cff87a-587b-4e43-adad-62c5fc3cca96 · outbound

This paper cites doi: 10.18653/v1/2021.naacl-main.323.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text doi: 10.18653/v1/2021.naacl-main.323

Reference 2021

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-01T00:21:44.213018Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation f04c06d9-a0c3-4bfa-ab9c-68b184d00a11 · outbound

This paper cites URL https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text URL https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10

Reference 2022

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-01T00:21:44.894668Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 37c5cbf9-667f-4eaf-aafe-d65c0f7c79ee · outbound

This paper cites Causal Estimation for Text Data with (Apparent) Overlap Violations.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Causal Estimation for Text Data with (Apparent) Overlap Violations

Reference 2023

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:07.005367Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a2b076f3-a5d3-4f53-8c63-8210ebb30a0b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Confounder Trap: Treatment-Encoding Representations in Causal Inference with Text Unresolved cited work

Reference 2025

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T00:17:09.261602Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.