Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale

As of 7 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 52 of 52 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2607.27490.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2607.27490 v1

Coverage vector

measured 52 of 52 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.177728Z

measured 52 of 52 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

52 of 52 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy0
unresolved51
parse uncertain1
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation af59bb77-062d-413b-a197-81e43e03393c · outbound

This paper cites Proceedings of the Conference on Language Modeling , year =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Proceedings of the Conference on Language Modeling , year =

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.053935Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 509f5c51-fd38-4f3c-8c8b-d30da655d31e · outbound

This paper cites 2023 , eprint =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale 2023 , eprint =

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.057072Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6a567edf-dd8b-48d7-9c61-2000fe5d2525 · outbound

This paper cites and Ermon, Stefano and Finn, Chelsea , title =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale and Ermon, Stefano and Finn, Chelsea , title =

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.060825Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2ec58c74-9734-4b24-afb3-505602285a00 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Unresolved cited work

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.064263Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f3a45c87-7d72-4510-990f-18e691a54402 · outbound

This paper cites Towards Expert-Level Medical Question Answering with Large Language Models.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Towards Expert-Level Medical Question Answering with Large Language Models

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.067039Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7947f5a9-ca6b-4687-952a-1bbc1b22b3b2 · outbound

This paper cites 2023 , eprint =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale 2023 , eprint =

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.070178Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c53a625c-9473-4808-ba20-3b00dcc6a70d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.072774Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a1eeaa72-f0eb-42c7-abb3-eb162fe3d487 · outbound

This paper cites 2023 , eprint =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale 2023 , eprint =

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.075309Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e4f823a3-751c-40bc-b4b6-b53f5ff69f99 · outbound

This paper cites Don't Stop Pretraining: Adapt Language Models to Domains and Tasks , booktitle =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Don't Stop Pretraining: Adapt Language Models to Domains and Tasks , booktitle =

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.077765Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 986273d6-f239-4b16-a25a-03c8e668e9e3 · outbound

This paper cites Continual Pre-Training of Large Language Models: How to (re)warm your model?.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Continual Pre-Training of Large Language Models: How to (re)warm your model?

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.080396Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 850c17f4-0356-4606-beb8-abfb4168311b · outbound

This paper cites Curriculum Learning , booktitle =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Curriculum Learning , booktitle =

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.083418Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a7be28f8-f746-4263-b929-3ea6f4e5113e · outbound

This paper cites Bioinformatics , volume =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Bioinformatics , volume =

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.085661Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 74e70529-6d14-4480-b415-23b9182ae024 · outbound

This paper cites ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare , volume =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare , volume =

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.087751Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5cfdd480-c6e6-416e-8391-9d2b2ae11bd7 · outbound

This paper cites 2023 , eprint =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale 2023 , eprint =

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.090335Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8734f04c-dd24-4700-a379-d0e111d99917 · outbound

This paper cites and Papaioannou, Jens-Michalis and Grundmann, Paul and Oberhauser, Tom and L.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale and Papaioannou, Jens-Michalis and Grundmann, Paul and Oberhauser, Tom and L

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.092751Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d2b7a0fc-397e-4ec2-8e17-5226851ec826 · outbound

This paper cites and PourNejatian, Nima and Costa, Anthony B.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale and PourNejatian, Nima and Costa, Anthony B

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.095551Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7dbf616e-1e52-494f-a36d-21655d7cdd1f · outbound

This paper cites Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems , volume =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems , volume =

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.098082Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3aa9aff0-1a0c-4729-bbcc-fb1f3c525d18 · outbound

This paper cites Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence , volume =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence , volume =

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.100208Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bf56b900-f098-411f-8590-8148ad39a5e0 · outbound

This paper cites Zephyr: Direct Distillation of.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Zephyr: Direct Distillation of

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.102571Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8ce28b29-a1d5-4616-bf4f-f881ff3fa93d · outbound

This paper cites 2024 , eprint =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale 2024 , eprint =

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.104964Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0be58f24-e658-4152-9a09-b692978084bd · outbound

This paper cites Applied Sciences , volume =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Applied Sciences , volume =

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.107682Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d72b609f-3f0e-4dee-8da5-7d45e96f8ded · outbound

This paper cites Proceedings of the Conference on Health, Inference, and Learning , pages =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Proceedings of the Conference on Health, Inference, and Learning , pages =

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.109742Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e33f24ff-b4c7-4eed-bab8-3d1ec0907c7b · outbound

This paper cites Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages =

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.111865Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3f25c250-f751-4680-94f0-e35e64468dbf · outbound

This paper cites Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations , year =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations , year =

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.114315Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 732a8921-9480-4163-a70a-13032bbf1674 · outbound

This paper cites Transactions on Machine Learning Research , year =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Transactions on Machine Learning Research , year =

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.116633Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 234831dc-4dab-431d-8f58-8dfdfa67a0cb · outbound

This paper cites Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems , volume =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems , volume =

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.119029Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cba44512-d17e-4b7e-bbe3-ac7be77a9e4d · outbound

This paper cites Neurocomputing , volume =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Neurocomputing , volume =

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.121742Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6d21a2fd-21eb-48f5-9ab5-9ccd97a57079 · outbound

This paper cites 2020 , eprint =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale 2020 , eprint =

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.124022Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ec7bc80a-97ef-4246-b90e-7dae6b97955e · outbound

This paper cites and Rosenberg, William M.C.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale and Rosenberg, William M.C

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.126221Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 03aed383-d878-4698-8e5f-d8de349149bd · outbound

This paper cites Nature Medicine , volume =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Nature Medicine , volume =

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.128068Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1a0dd9f1-9f71-468d-81c2-df4005d8bf32 · outbound

This paper cites 2023 , eprint =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale 2023 , eprint =

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.130415Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 32498d9f-7317-41bc-a964-f331d3d6169d · outbound

This paper cites and Ba, Jimmy and Krishnan, Rahul G.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale and Ba, Jimmy and Krishnan, Rahul G

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.132999Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2230d76c-897d-4e67-8735-9b2eb8ea525a · outbound

This paper cites 2024 , eprint =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale 2024 , eprint =

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.135139Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9d1812f9-a057-4178-a44a-0d4c04699bc9 · outbound

This paper cites and Leike, Jan and Brown, Tom B.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale and Leike, Jan and Brown, Tom B

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.137021Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 40a662bf-fa98-4d9e-b266-f4b152d259a3 · outbound

This paper cites , title =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale , title =

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.139221Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d26a040d-32d6-4ae5-8749-1abef593aa15 · outbound

This paper cites Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics , pages =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics , pages =

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.141276Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1c45be34-969b-4ecf-8706-6c511495fe14 · outbound

This paper cites Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations , pages =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations , pages =

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.143181Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f4cb9609-4175-4653-8ec8-69f130ee7f09 · outbound

This paper cites Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages =

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.145683Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e4fe33de-b2b6-4e7f-98ed-a012ecf14003 · outbound

This paper cites Billion-Scale Similarity Search with.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Billion-Scale Similarity Search with

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.147744Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4b4265bc-7af1-4d90-82ec-da03ca1c8510 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Unresolved cited work

Reference 40

Resolution: parse uncertain; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.149568Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d447e08b-27cd-4038-80a1-c0303d96b00b · outbound

This paper cites , title =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale , title =

Reference 41

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.151866Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a537ddb1-5592-42e7-9f69-d8d7e3d733f0 · outbound

This paper cites 2019 , howpublished =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale 2019 , howpublished =

Reference 42

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.153877Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d057c323-a71a-48b8-bfda-5e46b809e0ef · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Unresolved cited work

Reference 43

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.156624Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 27ca4026-2ad8-42c7-ae32-df0e25c6ca89 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Unresolved cited work

Reference 44

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.159320Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 60a9be3e-bcb8-4e2e-8c34-0109b71f6373 · outbound

This paper cites and Zhou, Denny , title =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale and Zhou, Denny , title =

Reference 45

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.161813Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4bbc9c68-5f1c-45cd-838b-cbeedf34b023 · outbound

This paper cites and Chi, Ed and Narang, Sharan and Chowdhery, Aakanksha and Zhou, Denny , title =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale and Chi, Ed and Narang, Sharan and Chowdhery, Aakanksha and Zhou, Denny , title =

Reference 46

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.163790Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 656c3fdd-c215-44f6-a147-a52fc7838d19 · outbound

This paper cites and Finn, Chelsea , title =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale and Finn, Chelsea , title =

Reference 47

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.165858Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b57d35e4-3784-4b5e-b505-27255229bcef · outbound

This paper cites Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems , volume =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems , volume =

Reference 48

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.167930Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3f5799f0-63ff-4eb3-9cbf-c9daffb92775 · outbound

This paper cites Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technology.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technology

Reference 49

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.169968Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d6c5608b-5e86-4370-96ea-ef79a1676d5c · outbound

This paper cites , journal =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale , journal =

Reference 50

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.172753Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3568e027-2b4b-4b8c-8e07-d9da4aa518eb · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Unresolved cited work

Reference 51

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.175194Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c5ba057f-6dbd-400e-9e4a-56473909897e · outbound

This paper cites Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL 2023 , year =.

MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL 2023 , year =

Reference 52

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:02:04.177728Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.