Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment

As of 16 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 46 of 46 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2608.03020.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2608.03020 v2

Coverage vector

measured 46 of 46 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.949214Z

measured 46 of 46 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

46 of 46 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy2
unresolved44
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 631bf206-d05d-4891-832f-ca97e85240a4 · outbound

This paper cites Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.786703Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 142bec6b-51ad-4623-be72-53c7f7e1725f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Unresolved cited work

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.791299Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5605a064-e636-4279-b1c5-7eaf3ce156f8 · outbound

This paper cites Kingma and Jimmy Ba.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Kingma and Jimmy Ba

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.794873Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0d51fbfa-06a3-484f-9e3c-0373d0951997 · outbound

This paper cites Lee, Danqi Chen, and Sanjeev Arora.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Lee, Danqi Chen, and Sanjeev Arora

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.798801Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fbb818b9-ae4f-4088-8078-b596ef286250 · outbound

This paper cites Hu, Yelong Shen, Phillip Wallis, Zeyuan Allen-Zhu, Yuanzhi Li, Shean Wang, Lu Wang, and Weizhu Chen.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Hu, Yelong Shen, Phillip Wallis, Zeyuan Allen-Zhu, Yuanzhi Li, Shean Wang, Lu Wang, and Weizhu Chen

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.802302Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 44c8f3a9-ff57-4095-a658-3934eff437dc · outbound

This paper cites Parameter-efficient transfer learning for NLP.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Parameter-efficient transfer learning for NLP

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.805993Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7f1321bc-de16-4154-9b3f-1fef2732994f · outbound

This paper cites Prefix-Tuning: Optimizing continuous prompts for generation.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Prefix-Tuning: Optimizing continuous prompts for generation

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.809779Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bbcd4ee6-be17-4c14-ab03-4eda1a582351 · outbound

This paper cites The power of scale for parameter-efficient prompt tuning.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment The power of scale for parameter-efficient prompt tuning

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.813316Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3ca50dc5-081c-40ce-99d7-1064c8660c80 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.816551Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4c363633-3597-489b-8ff3-e244701ab5f8 · outbound

This paper cites Duchi, Michael I.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Duchi, Michael I

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.819710Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation aeafd935-998b-459e-ae0b-c74162b7d808 · outbound

This paper cites Random gradient-free minimization of convex functions.F oundations of Computational Mathematics, 17(2):527–566, 2017.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Random gradient-free minimization of convex functions.F oundations of Computational Mathematics, 17(2):527–566, 2017

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.823214Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c2d8c668-594e-49f7-9a75-f2429e69d128 · outbound

This paper cites Lillicrap, Daniel Cownden, Douglas B.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Lillicrap, Daniel Cownden, Douglas B

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.826828Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f27881a4-5c10-44d6-b871-182671cbd130 · outbound

This paper cites Direct feedback alignment provides learning in deep neural networks.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Direct feedback alignment provides learning in deep neural networks

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.830134Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cb56d0f1-cb63-4c17-8fc8-cb40390a22e7 · outbound

This paper cites Align, then memorise: The dynamics of learning with feedback alignment.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Align, then memorise: The dynamics of learning with feedback alignment

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.833586Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ee80ebe1-25c0-4e2c-b10b-c3b6629caefe · outbound

This paper cites Greedy layerwise learning can scale to ImageNet.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Greedy layerwise learning can scale to ImageNet

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.836918Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8b050b05-b7c3-4829-a5f4-66317c81fe61 · outbound

This paper cites Training neural networks with local error signals.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Training neural networks with local error signals

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.840442Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 62fb0c58-7a33-4391-aff3-bcf7af332c07 · outbound

This paper cites The Forward-Forward Algorithm: Some Preliminary Investigations.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment The Forward-Forward Algorithm: Some Preliminary Investigations

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.844115Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9ec6d5dc-deb5-423d-baa1-99dbc57a6c40 · outbound

This paper cites TinyBERT: Distilling BERT for natural language understanding.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment TinyBERT: Distilling BERT for natural language understanding

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.847944Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5e0d4c12-be23-4aba-8696-7d0d441a7326 · outbound

This paper cites Measuring the intrinsic dimension of objective landscapes.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Measuring the intrinsic dimension of objective landscapes

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.851357Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1543f109-1849-43d4-8a84-326edeedebb9 · outbound

This paper cites Intrinsic dimensionality explains the effectiveness of language model fine-tuning.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Intrinsic dimensionality explains the effectiveness of language model fine-tuning

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.854954Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b05f4384-3934-4d8b-bfc8-1f5219d4d20f · outbound

This paper cites GaLore: Memory-efficient LLM training by gradient low-rank projection.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment GaLore: Memory-efficient LLM training by gradient low-rank projection

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.858426Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 277c855f-f9a7-48fe-8f89-08402e959a5e · outbound

This paper cites Full parameter fine-tuning for large language models with limited resources.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Full parameter fine-tuning for large language models with limited resources

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.861883Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9d9e9498-de70-4c6f-8ae0-96b2a2b2947c · outbound

This paper cites QLoRA: Efficient finetuning of quantized LLMs.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment QLoRA: Efficient finetuning of quantized LLMs

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.865412Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5cea7834-fbd8-4ae5-a5cc-06d66d17b47e · outbound

This paper cites Training Deep Nets with Sublinear Memory Cost.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Training Deep Nets with Sublinear Memory Cost

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.869158Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bcd2b845-74b3-4d60-b521-8b2cac4d1059 · outbound

This paper cites BAdam: A memory efficient full parameter optimization method for large language models.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment BAdam: A memory efficient full parameter optimization method for large language models

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.873008Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3437beb2-631d-4df8-8f52-2cae8c7402ec · outbound

This paper cites Zeroth-order fine-tuning of LLMs in random subspaces.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Zeroth-order fine-tuning of LLMs in random subspaces

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.876454Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ca6ccbec-1ddf-4db6-a435-1aca23e031e0 · outbound

This paper cites Enhancing zeroth-order fine-tuning for language models with low-rank structures.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Enhancing zeroth-order fine-tuning for language models with low-rank structures

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.879718Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7f0f2972-cfe1-4ef0-ab90-4b2c84cdbb5f · outbound

This paper cites Sparse MeZO: Less parameters for better performance in zeroth-order LLM fine-tuning.arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.15751, 2024.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Sparse MeZO: Less parameters for better performance in zeroth-order LLM fine-tuning.arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.15751, 2024

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.883916Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7afc7eba-0ec7-4f30-b88b-73d5082ff50d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Unresolved cited work

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.887275Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 05a22ae0-9ca6-48dc-a0c7-05cc433c7776 · outbound

This paper cites Direct feedback alignment scales to modern deep learning tasks and architectures.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Direct feedback alignment scales to modern deep learning tasks and architectures

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.890576Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0773eda4-9f32-4ece-889f-42632381c53f · outbound

This paper cites Scaling forward gradient with local losses.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Scaling forward gradient with local losses

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.893829Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9dbf09f7-3522-46c2-8064-14862f6118ea · outbound

This paper cites Qwen2.5 Technical Report.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Qwen2.5 Technical Report

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.897404Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 08014809-f910-4e34-ad11-d67fe484bbd2 · outbound

This paper cites SmolLM2: When Smol Goes Big -- Data-Centric Training of a Small Language Model.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment SmolLM2: When Smol Goes Big -- Data-Centric Training of a Small Language Model

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.901234Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b404dc39-cc62-4a0f-aa73-2c5676ebeeef · outbound

This paper cites Manning, Andrew Ng, and Christopher Potts.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Manning, Andrew Ng, and Christopher Potts

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.905157Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f1b02a18-0b3d-480c-9f4f-68dda2a63227 · outbound

This paper cites BoolQ: Exploring the surprising difficulty of natural yes/no questions.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment BoolQ: Exploring the surprising difficulty of natural yes/no questions

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.908704Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 673c40bb-644d-430d-a4df-95482c7cebff · outbound

This paper cites Think you have Solved Question Answering? Try ARC, the AI2 Reasoning Challenge.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Think you have Solved Question Answering? Try ARC, the AI2 Reasoning Challenge

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.912256Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 12eefdcf-0dec-43f3-afd3-c74dc52e93fb · outbound

This paper cites Can a suit of armor conduct electricity? a new dataset for open book question answering.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Can a suit of armor conduct electricity? a new dataset for open book question answering

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.915844Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8e530c2a-aab7-4ec2-87c9-5844dd3c9343 · outbound

This paper cites HellaSwag: Can a machine really finish your sentence? InProceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 4791–4800, 2019.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment HellaSwag: Can a machine really finish your sentence? InProceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 4791–4800, 2019

Reference 38

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:46.146917Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation e26c86bd-c1fe-4ffc-9baa-49261b1a92a1 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Unresolved cited work

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.923179Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3da240c6-21fa-4347-a264-7ea9c1d83d98 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Unresolved cited work

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.926699Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 22881123-6737-42b9-ba24-f3dff55a672c · outbound

This paper cites Local Targets.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Local Targets

Reference 41

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:46.121446Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation cbca87f5-330e-4fb4-8705-21d4c0996f76 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Unresolved cited work

Reference 42

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.934691Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 24352c46-ea9c-49bd-b32f-080e27578802 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Unresolved cited work

Reference 43

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.938203Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6eb8999c-2ca3-460a-8e88-afb417496faf · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Unresolved cited work

Reference 44

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.941983Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c9ba3ddc-dee8-45bf-ba31-60771c948537 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Unresolved cited work

Reference 45

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.945763Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 55d9b137-76dd-42a8-a62c-98db7384dcdb · outbound

This paper cites Related Work,.

LoCA: Forward-Only LLM Tuning after One-Shot Calibration with Local Credit Assignment Related Work,

Reference 46

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T14:57:45.949214Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.