Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space

As of 16 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 40 of 40 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2608.07786.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2608.07786 v1

Coverage vector

measured 40 of 40 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.248210Z

measured 40 of 40 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

40 of 40 outbound references displayed

verified exact4
verified fuzzy8
unresolved28
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 191af9f6-d7a9-40a9-8679-737b00e9f69a · outbound

This paper cites Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:42.997771Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b9af0d40-357f-4959-a5a8-3e8f669bff26 · outbound

This paper cites 3: independent-origin (Scenario 1), same- series (Scenario 2), and shared-base (Scenario 3).

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space 3: independent-origin (Scenario 1), same- series (Scenario 2), and shared-base (Scenario 3)

Reference 2

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:44.908578Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 09389d7b-9ce7-4225-9f54-7f4589390743 · outbound

This paper cites We distinguish two subcategories based on fine-grained variation sources.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space We distinguish two subcategories based on fine-grained variation sources

Reference 3

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:44.867259Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 3ba5c4e5-3667-4f84-85bf-e5d93230d7e5 · outbound

This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space The Llama 3 Herd of Models

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.028307Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8751b4d1-d92e-41d1-abdd-3d4635c20d02 · outbound

This paper cites DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.036136Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d976947b-ea7c-4d61-b02e-a2f74b8430ea · outbound

This paper cites A2 summarizes the proposed Subspace Alignment algorithm.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space A2 summarizes the proposed Subspace Alignment algorithm

Reference 8

Resolution: verified exact; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.408530Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 07c007f2-54a6-49a8-be2a-9d7c49ec8dee · outbound

This paper cites Hide and Seek: Fingerprinting Large Language Models with Evolutionary Learning.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space Hide and Seek: Fingerprinting Large Language Models with Evolutionary Learning

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.048657Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c0455ac1-17bd-4354-8688-57499095f5b9 · outbound

This paper cites The universal weight subspace hypothesis.arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.05117,.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space The universal weight subspace hypothesis.arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.05117,

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.055311Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5cee4766-358d-47ad-a606-e5b045f593bb · outbound

This paper cites Principal angles between subspaces in an a-based scalar product: algorithms and perturbation estimates.SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 23(6):2008–2040,.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space Principal angles between subspaces in an a-based scalar product: algorithms and perturbation estimates.SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 23(6):2008–2040,

Reference 11

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:44.970627Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 366e1189-552f-4043-8e38-d94cf9b5a073 · outbound

This paper cites Tulu 3: Pushing Frontiers in Open Language Model Post-Training.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space Tulu 3: Pushing Frontiers in Open Language Model Post-Training

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.072996Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e992be82-1eaa-44a5-948d-51d350f67cca · outbound

This paper cites Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback.NeurIPS,.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback.NeurIPS,

Reference 15

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:44.949794Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 3eaf8913-6617-440a-a1e7-b289cf12f89f · outbound

This paper cites Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithms.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithms

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.092922Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 1624a781-ca1a-431a-8b19-38091e45402e · outbound

This paper cites Sok: Large language model copyright auditing via fingerprinting.arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.19843,.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space Sok: Large language model copyright auditing via fingerprinting.arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.19843,

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.105960Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 86252118-3eb8-431d-9464-c86cb655fa25 · outbound

This paper cites Lora vs full fine-tuning: An illusion of equivalence.arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.21228,.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space Lora vs full fine-tuning: An illusion of equivalence.arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.21228,

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.112297Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4c7944b4-5c2a-4d4a-b281-385a25df8e47 · outbound

This paper cites Idiosyncrasies in Large Language Models.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space Idiosyncrasies in Large Language Models

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.117758Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4f9d6335-3a6e-4b96-b77b-be0645ae3b6b · outbound

This paper cites Natural fingerprints of large language models.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space Natural fingerprints of large language models

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.124176Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c7078f66-d676-4b8a-87d0-272b3a41e5b7 · outbound

This paper cites LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.129900Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f7516c1d-44f6-4f93-8e3c-ab1d39e3d960 · outbound

This paper cites RAFP: Identifying LLM Lineages via Rare-Region Fingerprints.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space RAFP: Identifying LLM Lineages via Rare-Region Fingerprints

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.136137Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c742a75b-9420-4c02-bd3a-afab4e9d5466 · outbound

This paper cites Gradient-Based Model Fingerprinting for LLM Similarity Detection and Family Classification.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space Gradient-Based Model Fingerprinting for LLM Similarity Detection and Family Classification

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.142908Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cf0faf0e-5970-4810-bc4b-b77656ad1e62 · outbound

This paper cites Qwen2.5-Math Technical Report: Toward Mathematical Expert Model via Self-Improvement.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space Qwen2.5-Math Technical Report: Toward Mathematical Expert Model via Self-Improvement

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.149137Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cf80386e-e483-4b99-8a91-5c52ea2e1b95 · outbound

This paper cites Qwen3 Technical Report.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space Qwen3 Technical Report

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.160889Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ed520134-c3f9-4306-8f1d-40af0ad72324 · outbound

This paper cites A fingerprint for large language models.arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.01235,.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space A fingerprint for large language models.arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.01235,

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.168798Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 21281fa1-442c-4dfd-ba75-8bbc2f9de499 · outbound

This paper cites Intrinsic Fingerprint of LLMs: Continue Training is NOT All You Need to Steal A Model!.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space Intrinsic Fingerprint of LLMs: Continue Training is NOT All You Need to Steal A Model!

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.175034Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d8cfb7dd-ff73-4d23-bf9b-fd09ce86d33f · outbound

This paper cites Awm: Accurate weight- matrix fingerprint for large language models.arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.06738,.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space Awm: Accurate weight- matrix fingerprint for large language models.arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.06738,

Reference 29

Resolution: verified exact; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.801686Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 7f07be93-c449-4394-a018-3455bb4ee0a4 · outbound

This paper cites Self: A robust singular value and eigenvalue approach for llm fingerprinting.arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.03620,.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space Self: A robust singular value and eigenvalue approach for llm fingerprinting.arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.03620,

Reference 30

Resolution: verified exact; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.714013Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation f20510f4-77d5-4c60-b3cc-236aafbdf3cc · outbound

This paper cites REEF: Representation Encoding Fingerprints for Large Language Models.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space REEF: Representation Encoding Fingerprints for Large Language Models

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.193233Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2b8f7976-0297-484e-880a-d25b38bd1177 · outbound

This paper cites Tamm: Triadapter multi-modal learning for 3d shape understanding.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space Tamm: Triadapter multi-modal learning for 3d shape understanding

Reference 32

Resolution: verified exact; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.596548Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation b801753e-71a4-4d9a-8c5c-b499f39f19dc · outbound

This paper cites The path not taken: Rlvr provably learns off the principals.arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.08567,.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space The path not taken: Rlvr provably learns off the principals.arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.08567,

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.203941Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9c19463a-61a9-464d-b3f6-12941b7d7500 · outbound

This paper cites Angles between subspaces and their tangents.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space Angles between subspaces and their tangents

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.209874Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 62fcf291-08fb-490b-8b2b-cd0e964c667d · outbound

This paper cites The complete set comprises 27 model pairs across diverse model families: Qwen cross-family pairs (7 pairs): • Qwen/Qwen2.5-7B vs.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space The complete set comprises 27 model pairs across diverse model families: Qwen cross-family pairs (7 pairs): • Qwen/Qwen2.5-7B vs

Reference 37

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:44.887788Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation a2612305-dbfa-450e-b224-1a3acdab6fdd · outbound

This paper cites • Gradient clipping: max norm 1.0.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space • Gradient clipping: max norm 1.0

Reference 40

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:44.846766Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation c1d3aad4-c779-4368-b89a-ecc00a242e69 · outbound

This paper cites Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technology.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technology

Reference 1980

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.022436Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d1047bd2-f543-4555-8b5e-fdcf49286358 · outbound

This paper cites Blackbox model provenance via palimpsestic membership inference.arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.19796,.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space Blackbox model provenance via palimpsestic membership inference.arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.19796,

Reference 2002

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.066892Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f3047de3-afa7-4fbf-89d0-774d5f5038b2 · outbound

This paper cites Experiment setup is consistent with Fig.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space Experiment setup is consistent with Fig

Reference 2012

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:44.928207Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 121801ab-278a-4a21-832b-760f4b6c90ab · outbound

This paper cites Forgetting to forget: Attention sink as a gateway for backdooring llm unlearning.arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.17021,.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space Forgetting to forget: Attention sink as a gateway for backdooring llm unlearning.arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.17021,

Reference 2017

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.100292Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b1c8cdb7-4964-4f33-9c65-e78969c67226 · outbound

This paper cites Black-box access is insufficient for rigorous ai audits.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space Black-box access is insufficient for rigorous ai audits

Reference 2021

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:44.991985Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 7b17ddef-8072-4f86-84d9-8a80a469ef07 · outbound

This paper cites Detecting Stylistic Fingerprints of Large Language Models.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space Detecting Stylistic Fingerprints of Large Language Models

Reference 2022

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.004115Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1df5ad64-06aa-4adf-9680-3102a72e0571 · outbound

This paper cites Model provenance testing for large language models.arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.00706,.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space Model provenance testing for large language models.arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.00706,

Reference 2023

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.080439Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e8e29b1f-c4bb-45c5-af18-6f5c7121a9f3 · outbound

This paper cites RAFT: Reward rAnked FineTuning for Generative Foundation Model Alignment.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space RAFT: Reward rAnked FineTuning for Generative Foundation Model Alignment

Reference 2024

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.016245Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 30dbdda2-230d-4856-b221-79cd0d983d7a · outbound

This paper cites Does Math Reasoning Improve General LLM Capabilities? Understanding Transferability of LLM Reasoning.

Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space Does Math Reasoning Improve General LLM Capabilities? Understanding Transferability of LLM Reasoning

Reference 2025

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:17:43.042560Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

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