Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-15T22:15:10.622938Z
Paper Citation Record · LEDGER
As of 16 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 65 of 65 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2608.12842.
A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.
Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-15T22:15:10.622938Z
One-hop event checks from named stored sources.
Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00
Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links
A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.
Source: cited_works
65 of 65 outbound references displayed
External citation measurements
No source-named external measurement is stored.
Observation bbe4926f-f097-417d-9e8a-15b763f94dbc · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Task vector quantization for memory-efficient model merging,
Reference 1
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 6dd877a2-3143-48c7-b13d-2d501a9e10c5 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Parameter competition balancing for model merging,
Reference 2
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 33a4ebb4-d396-4f24-97ba-c7807dfb83b1 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Toward Effective Model Merging in Semantic Segmen- tation,
Reference 3
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 2200b1f0-be9b-44ec-a8f0-6a57186fc174 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Deep Model Fusion: A Survey,
Reference 4
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation e9fb9e96-9b7f-4162-9e37-5da3a2bb6b25 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Dataless Knowledge Fusion by Merging Weights of Language Models,
Reference 5
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation abc7d0c3-8377-4496-8d06-e447ca02f17b · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Evolutionary optimization of model merging recipes,
Reference 6
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 26d521ac-47b7-4bc2-bba4-d009372cda7a · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Editing models with task arithmetic,
Reference 7
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation c7882b4f-ac03-4b10-90f0-1d05ea54fea8 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Adamerging: Adaptive model merging for multi- task learning,
Reference 8
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation ee3386dd-0dae-49e3-a7f5-2340065283ed · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Whoever started the interference should end it: Guiding data-free model merging via task vectors,
Reference 9
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation d45af402-7512-4b92-8b5c-4ec6302ee8b6 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Channel merging: Preserving specialization for merged experts,
Reference 10
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 7b3fb521-9618-47bf-9183-e738c99f6902 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Mergebench: A benchmark for merging domain-specialized LLMs,
Reference 11
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation f85d8fae-0096-4c39-b118-7faf82535391 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Language models are super mario: Absorbing abilities from homologous models as a free lunch,
Reference 12
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 90e032a4-b9f8-46f2-a6ae-89f078daf778 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation TIES- Merging: Resolving Interference When Merging Models,
Reference 13
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 89b0cc6a-01b0-406e-b101-9ab2f3b4fd9e · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Model breadcrumbs: Scaling multi- task model merging with sparse masks,
Reference 14
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation f40a4f64-8fa8-4d32-a7e4-a8855c6c078d · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Localize-and-Stitch: Efficient Model Merging via Sparse Task Arithmetic,
Reference 15
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 62c9b841-d8a9-4cc7-bb8c-868867353b09 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Pruning and quantization for deep neural network acceleration: A survey,
Reference 16
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 02061807-045b-4dfb-a6a5-f872ec73864d · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Knowledge composition using task vectors with learned anisotropic scaling,
Reference 17
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 9a4f40de-bc1d-458b-aa6b-36ad32c746b3 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Learn to merge: Meta-learning for adaptive multi-task model merging,
Reference 18
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation ab7f93ad-6ef0-4586-b1cc-68c9a6dd9c3e · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Averaging weights leads to wider optima and better generalization,
Reference 19
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 6e6db414-8619-4060-bfee-dd8d929fa007 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Model soups: averaging weights of multiple fine- tuned models improves accuracy without increasing inference time,
Reference 20
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 449ebed5-0c79-487b-8413-426a39147ccc · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Merging Models with Fisher- Weighted Averaging,
Reference 21
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 067e8b91-3bc9-4868-9b9f-a9a3a26a9bb7 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Multi-Task Model Merging via Adaptive Weight Disentanglement
Reference 22
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation e66e60ef-67d7-4a98-a2cd-8da1df472d42 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Modeling multi-task model merging as adaptive projective gradient descent,
Reference 23
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation f473ba77-6f97-4873-a7a7-ecbdc9929aaf · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Representation surgery in model merging with proba- bilistic modeling,
Reference 24
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 7150f574-fe8e-4042-bc2e-ad1d6aa8e465 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Localizing task information for improved model merging and com- pression,
Reference 25
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 0dcb386b-4b59-4d08-aebc-a8c503d8efff · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Dropout: a simple way to prevent neural networks from overfit- ting,
Reference 26
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation b7bf7b3a-04ed-4407-bf2d-83cc9604b868 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation BERT busters: Outlier dimensions that disrupt transformers,
Reference 27
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation d814395c-5a92-4302-9b4e-75d6ab078282 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Outlier Dimen- sions that Disrupt Transformers are Driven by Frequency,
Reference 28
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 273fa4f3-be0a-4dee-9bf2-674d2811f99d · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Outlier weighed layerwise sparsity (OWL): a missing secret sauce for pruning LLMs to high sparsity,
Reference 29
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation a6081797-95d2-49fc-98f4-fe264ff82b54 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Learning n:m fine-grained structured sparse neural networks from scratch,
Reference 30
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 4676f095-9456-408a-a51f-bb62ecb9fc95 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Structured Pruning Learns Compact and Accurate Models,
Reference 31
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 0afccf73-acdf-463d-811e-f6a0f8e5b267 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Completely derandomized self- adaptation in evolution strategies,
Reference 32
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation ce537473-0a55-4b03-b726-2e79d4d79f2e · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Open llm leaderboard,
Reference 33
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 2ce9f17c-b6f0-4a14-934b-756bda1b0f79 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Mistral 7B
Reference 34
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation e9b35433-4f5d-4039-8ac4-f7d50fd69e9c · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Think you have Solved Question Answering? Try ARC, the AI2 Reasoning Challenge
Reference 35
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 5eb0e630-1326-4f2e-b9a6-fe05887c1f7d · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Hellaswag: Can a machine really finish your sentence?
Reference 36
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation deed67e1-f0bc-49b9-b811-ff42eacaa4c4 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation MMLU-Pro: A More Robust and Challenging Multi-Task Language Understanding Benchmark
Reference 37
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation d665f01a-2b99-4740-925f-0266d09a0196 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation TruthfulQA: Measuring How Models Mimic Human Falsehoods,
Reference 38
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation ccb4d6f6-34b2-4bf6-8963-265f5ce214e4 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Winogrande: An adversarial winograd schema challenge at scale,
Reference 39
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation c2d450a1-c59b-4896-92ad-e62b832b5209 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problems
Reference 40
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 87aaa833-0cfa-4eb8-a043-175a13b2224a · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Open llm leaderboard v2,
Reference 41
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation ed13bfe8-1d4a-442f-8d47-5c36c926679f · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Qwen2.5 Technical Report
Reference 42
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 2172882c-f8c2-4cde-bc0a-562f40ecbc1c · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Instruction-Following Evaluation for Large Language Models
Reference 43
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 80ddd53f-2996-40ee-92c9-168f4ed89506 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Challenging BIG-Bench Tasks and Whether Chain-of-Thought Can Solve Them
Reference 44
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 1da6f259-d865-4987-bdf8-63f39a6a9d38 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Measuring Mathematical Problem Solving With the MATH Dataset
Reference 45
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 4e0db9cc-d7b3-47d6-8bba-b277fc33d1a3 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation GPQA: A Graduate-Level Google-Proof Q&A Benchmark
Reference 46
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation f1aa158d-0097-41b1-96dd-fb951a5b2eb6 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation MuSR: Testing the Limits of Chain-of-thought with Multistep Soft Reasoning
Reference 47
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 228e29ee-e8fb-43c5-ae5b-6f64d8591143 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation A framework for few-shot language model evaluation,
Reference 48
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 75f44b2a-a4db-4160-b60a-8af9ec370414 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach
Reference 49
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 4dd9137f-af3c-4a29-b435-060217069308 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Language models are unsupervised multitask learn- ers,
Reference 50
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 4aeef558-3112-44b1-a84a-66530f9cd88e · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Glue: A multi-task benchmark and analysis platform for natural lan- guage understanding,
Reference 51
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 31737bd9-1668-4e57-b10b-1956d422a22d · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Neural network accept- ability judgments,
Reference 52
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 3eaa67e6-73e0-4a7e-a12c-01c9a3f1d895 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation The repeval 2017 shared task: Multi-genre natural language inference with sentence representations,
Reference 53
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation d9e136dc-9025-47f9-9d3c-2878781823fb · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Automatically constructing a corpus of sen- tential paraphrases,
Reference 54
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 148bd1f9-0c4d-49aa-ab5c-8e5184defb58 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation The pascal recognising textual entailment challenge,
Reference 55
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation afdf93a2-58db-479d-b177-96b2488882c8 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation The second pascal recognising textual entailment challenge,
Reference 56
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 9a8eb261-5999-4111-b7bc-62b0f7e6d612 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation The third pascal recognizing textual entailment challenge,
Reference 57
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation e74b9a3d-a32d-4235-bf72-21765cb5b658 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation The fifth pascal recognizing textual entailment challenge
Reference 58
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 625257d9-280b-4546-b737-772daa097f6d · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Recursive deep models for semantic compositionality over a sentiment treebank,
Reference 59
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 710cddaa-ff76-4611-b56c-726f1fed4455 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Race: Large-scale reading comprehension dataset from examinations,
Reference 60
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 6073d17a-f7a1-4149-af05-235cbaac1d54 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Text
Reference 61
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 2a85a1e8-74f5-4430-932d-0173c201d876 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation FusionBench: A Unified Library and Comprehensive Benchmark for Deep Model Fusion,
Reference 62
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation 277cd47c-cfc3-4aab-b5e1-b859e7e04648 · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation raids-lab/crater,
Reference 63
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
Observation b82bc893-8092-410d-b2c9-1e461c81420d · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Beyond Task Vectors: Selective Task Arithmetic Based on Importance Metrics
Reference 64
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation afade97b-e1f6-4daf-b251-2769d61c251b · outbound
CABS+: Efficient and Scalable Model Merging via Conflict-Aware Sparsification and Adaptive Weight Allocation Unresolved cited work
Reference 2018
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.
No inbound Pith citation observations are available.