Pith. sign in

REVIEW 3 major objections 4 minor 227 references

Asymmetries in spatially unresolved 21-cm emission line profiles of isolated galaxies

T0 review · 3 major / 4 minor · reviewed 2026-08-01 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗

Pith's one-line read This paper shows that among isolated galaxies, lower-mass galaxies with lopsided 21-cm hydrogen profiles have higher specific star formation rates, a correlation predicted by cosmological simulations and pointing to stellar feedback as a dr

desk verdict Solid reference catalog of isolated galaxies with HI asymmetry measurements; the EAGLE-like sSFR trend is plausible but the S/N robustness test is missing. read the letter →

arxiv 2607.16700 v1 pith:2DUVEZQC submitted 2026-07-18 astro-ph.GA

Aditya Manuwal (1) , H. M. Hernández-Toledo (1) , J. A. Vázquez-Mata (1) , Diana Serrato Barrajas (1) , Aldo Rodríguez-Puebla (1) , Vladimir Ávila-Reese (1) , A. R. Calette (1) ((1) Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Instituto de Astronomía
show 3 more authors
A.P. 70-264 04510 CDMX México)
This is my paper
classification astro-ph.GA
keywords galaxies:ISMradiolines:interactionsevolutionmethods:dataanalysisHIasymmetryisolatedgalaxies21-cmline
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper sets out to build reliable reference samples of truly isolated galaxies with robust measurements of 21-cm line asymmetry, and to use them to identify the internal processes that distort neutral hydrogen disks. It assembles two samples of isolated galaxies from the UNAM-KIAS and AMIGA catalogs, applying careful beam-coverage, signal-to-noise, and velocity-resolution cuts, and measures a lopsidedness parameter A_l for each galaxy. Its central finding is a positive correlation between A_l and specific star formation rate for galaxies below about 10^10.3 solar masses, matching predictions from cosmological simulations for central galaxies; the paper interprets this as stellar feedback stirring the gas. If this is right, the released catalog becomes a standard control sample for environmental studies, and the low-mass correlation provides an observational handle on feedback-regulated gas disruption in isolated galaxies.

What carries the argument

The key object is the lopsidedness measure A_l, computed from the fluxes on the low- and high-velocity halves of the 21-cm profile about its systemic velocity, which ranges from 0 (perfect symmetry) to 1. The analysis also relies on a beam-coverage selection using the HI size-mass relation to ensure that the single-dish beam captures most of the neutral gas, and on signal-to-noise and velocity-channel cuts designed to keep noise from inflating A_l. The A_l measure carries the entire asymmetry analysis: its convergence properties under noise determine which galaxies can be trusted and therefore what trends can be claimed.

What would settle it

Take the released sample, keep only the galaxies with S/N above 60 (or apply a noise-debiasing correction), and recompute the median sSFR for the most versus least asymmetric quartiles below 10^10.3 Msun. If the positive offset disappears, the central claim fails; if it remains, the claim is confirmed. Alternatively, compare the A_l distribution of low-mass galaxies with high sSFR to a matched sample of low-sSFR galaxies at the same S/N.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The paper claims that in isolated galaxies, the lopsidedness of the integrated 21-cm profile (A_l, the fractional difference between the fluxes on the two velocity sides of the line) is a clean tracer of internal disturbance, and that its dominant driver depends on stellar mass. Based on 153 galaxies from UNAM-KIAS and 236 from AMIGA, it reports that A_l is independent of stellar mass, morphology, bar presence, HI fraction, and recent merger history, but that below M* ~ 10^10.3 Msun the most asymmetric galaxies have systematically higher specific star formation rates than their symmetric counterparts. The same behavior has been predicted for central galaxies in a large cosmological hydrodyna

Load-bearing premise

The claim that the S/N=10 cutoff yields reliable asymmetry measurements for the statistics used in this paper; the paper's own appendix shows that full convergence within 20% requires S/N about 60 over much of the asymmetry range, so if noise inflates A_l preferentially in low-mass, high-sSFR galaxies, the central correlation could be a noise artifact.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • If correct, the 389-galaxy catalog provides a reference set of isolated HI sources for comparing against galaxies in groups and clusters, where external perturbations are supposed to elevate asymmetry.
  • The low-mass sSFR-A_l correlation implies that stellar feedback can leave a measurable imprint on the global HI profile, not just on resolved kinematics.
  • The correlation gives modelers a direct test: galaxy formation simulations that predict the strength of feedback-driven outflows should reproduce the amplitude and mass dependence of the A_l-sSFR trend.
  • The null results (independence from bars, morphology, merger stage) simplify the interpretation of asymmetry in isolated systems: those properties do not need to be controlled for in environmental comparisons.
  • The paper's finding that isolated galaxies have higher HI fractions and lower star formation efficiencies than typical late-type centrals means that environmental references must use isolated samples, not field averages.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If the noise inflation at low S/N preferentially affects the lowest-mass galaxies (which also tend to have the highest sSFR), part of the reported correlation could be an artifact; re-analyzing with the S/N>60 subsample would settle this.
  • The beam-coverage cut, while correct on average, may exclude the most extended HI disks; if those disks are also the most asymmetric, the absolute A_l distribution in the released catalog could be biased low, affecting any quantitative comparison with simulations.
  • A natural extension would be to measure A_l for galaxies in the same mass range but in richer environments using the same pipeline; the difference in the sSFR-A_l slope between environments would directly isolate the external vs internal contribution.
  • If the correlation holds, it suggests that a simple proxy — sSFR — could be used to predict which isolated galaxies are likely to show lopsided HI, useful for target selection with future high-resolution radio facilities.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 4 minor

Summary. The paper compiles new samples of isolated galaxies from the UNAM-KIAS and AMIGA catalogs with H I 21-cm line profiles from five single-dish surveys (H I-MaNGA, NIBLES, KLUN, ALFALFA, xGASS). Quality cuts include near-complete beam coverage using the Wang et al. (2016) size–mass relation, S/N>10, at least 20 velocity channels, and m_r<15.2, yielding 153 and 236 galaxies respectively. The authors measure the lopsidedness A_l using the Busy-function edge method of Manuwal et al. (2022), and derive ancillary stellar, gas, morphological, merger, and halo properties for the released catalog. The main physical claims are that isolated galaxies are predominantly late-type, star-forming, H I-rich, low-SFE systems, that bar fractions resemble normal spirals, that merger fractions are unexpectedly high, and—the headline result—that more H I-asymmetric galaxies have higher sSFRs below M*~10^10.3 Msun, in agreement with EAGLE predictions for centrals.

Significance. If the central trend is robust, the paper delivers a valuable reference catalog for environmental studies of H I asymmetry and provides observational support for stellar-feedback-driven asymmetries in low-mass isolated galaxies. The catalog construction is careful: cross-matching across five surveys, explicit beam-coverage cuts, channel-resolution requirements, and public release of measurements and ancillary properties are clear strengths. The convergence tests in Appendix A are also a useful addition to the literature. However, the headline sSFR–asymmetry correlation rests on A_l values measured at S/N=10, and the paper’s own Appendix A shows that this threshold is only reliable for A_l≳0.05–0.06. Because low-mass, high-sSFR galaxies are plausibly closer to the S/N cut, a direct S/N-robustness check is needed before the EAGLE-agreement claim can be considered established.

major comments (3)
  1. [Sec. 3.1.3, Eq. (3); Appendix A, Figs. A3–A4; Sec. 4.6, Fig. 12] The S/N=10 threshold is load-bearing for the headline sSFR–A_l trend. Appendix A shows that full-range 20% convergence of A_l requires S/N≈60, and that at S/N=10 only A_l≳0.05–0.06 is reliable. If low-mass galaxies in the sample have lower S/N near the cut (plausible for fainter, more distant or H I-poor objects), noise will preferentially inflate their A_l and push them into the upper quartile used in Fig. 12, potentially manufacturing the positive sSFR correlation at M*<10^10.3 Msun. The current manuscript reports neither S/N distributions per mass bin nor a high-S/N subsample test for Fig. 12. I request (i) S/N versus M* plots, (ii) a rerun of the Fig. 12 quartile analysis restricted to S/N≥20 and S/N≥30, and (iii) explicit discussion of how many low-mass galaxies have A_l below the reliable threshold. This is directly testable with the released catalog and is essential to the abstrac
  2. [Sec. 4.6, Fig. 12] The quartile split in Fig. 12 is presented without error bars, without confidence intervals on the medians, and without stating the minimum number of galaxies per mass bin. The two panels show UNAM-KIAS and AMIGA separately, but 59 galaxies are shared between the samples (Sec. 3.1.4), so the panels are not fully independent; it is not stated whether the trend in Fig. 12 persists if shared objects are removed from one sample. Given that Fig. 12 is the main observational result, the authors should add bootstrap confidence intervals, report significance tests (e.g., KS or permutation) per mass bin, and show the trend for the independent subsamples. Without these, the visual separation in the low-mass bins is not yet quantitatively established.
  3. [Sec. 4.6 and Sec. 6] The interpretation that the low-mass sSFR–A_l correlation is caused by stellar-feedback-driven outflows relies on the EAGLE analysis of Manuwal et al. (2022), which uses the same A_l definition and the same edge-finding method as the present paper. This is a methodological lineage rather than circular reasoning, but the agreement is less independent than it might appear. The paper should state explicitly that the EAGLE prediction is generated with the same asymmetry pipeline, and should note that the observational trend is also consistent with other mechanisms that raise both sSFR and H I asymmetry (e.g., recent gas accretion) before settling on feedback. A brief acknowledgment of this degeneracy would make the conclusion appropriately cautious.
minor comments (4)
  1. [Fig. 12 caption] The caption says 'orange curve shows the median asymmetry' but the plotted quantity is median sSFR. Please correct to 'median sSFR'.
  2. [Throughout] The text uses 'Hiline' as a single word in many places; this is typographically inconsistent (e.g., 'H I line' or 'H I-line' would be clearer). Also, 'eagle' appears lowercase in the abstract and text; consider using 'EAGLE' consistently.
  3. [Appendix A, Fig. A4] The description of the color coding mentions green points for v_eff=10 km/s at v_res=1.2, 2.6, 5.5 and orange for v_res=1.4, but in the figure the color legend is not fully self-explanatory. A short caption expansion would help the reader follow which survey each resolution combination represents.
  4. [Sec. 5, Eq. (14)] The conversion A_l = |A_fr−1|/(A_fr+1) is correct, but the text refers to 'the asymmetry measure' without noting that A_fr in the original papers uses the ratio of integrated fluxes defined in different ways (e.g., high/low vs. low/high). Please state explicitly that the convention is consistent with Eq. (2) so that readers can verify the conversion.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 2.0 of 10

No significant circularity: self-citations are methodological lineage, and the EAGLE comparison is an independent test rather than a fitted input.

full rationale

The paper's derivation chain is observational: it assembles isolated-galaxy samples from UNAM-KIAS and AMIGA, retrieves single-dish HI spectra, measures the lopsidedness A_l (Eq. 1), applies S/N and velocity-channel cuts, and compares the sSFR of A_l quartiles to the EAGLE prediction from Manuwal et al. (2022). No parameter is fitted to reproduce the headline sSFR–asymmetry trend. The A_l definition and edge-finding method come from Manuwal et al. (2022), and the same measure is used in the EAGLE comparison; this is methodological consistency, not a circular reduction, because the observed A_l values are independent data and the EAGLE prediction is an external simulation output. The S/N=10 threshold is acknowledged in Appendix A and Sec. 3.1.3 to give only ~20% convergence for A_l ≳ 0.05 and to require S/N≈60 for full-range convergence; the paper justifies the lower cut partly with a cited expectation that very symmetric profiles are rare (Watts et al. 2020b; Glowacki et al. 2022; Manuwal et al. 2022). That is a robustness/correctness concern, not a logical equivalence: the observed sSFR–A_l relation is not constructed from that expectation, and the paper discloses the limitation. No uniqueness theorem is imported from the authors' prior work, and no ansatz is disguised as externally established fact. The self-citations are dense but load-bearing only as methodology and as an independent simulation comparison, so the central claim retains independent empirical content.

Assumptions & free parameters 3 free parameters · 7 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The paper is an observational catalog; it introduces no new particles, forces, or conserved quantities. Its central claims rest on a chain of external empirical relations and hand-chosen thresholds: the Wang+16 HI size–mass relation for beam coverage, the Manuwal+22 edge/asymmetry measurement, the Tinker+21 halo masses, the GSWLC-X2 SED calibration, and the Nevin+23 merger classifier. None of these is fitted to the paper's own conclusions, but each could bias the sample if wrong.

free parameters (3)
  • S/N cut = 10
    Choice of signal-to-noise threshold for sample inclusion; Appendix A shows S/N≈60 needed for convergence over the full A_l range, so this is a hand-chosen compromise.
  • Intrinsic disk thickness q = 0.2
    Fixed value used to convert b/a to inclination in Eq. (9); affects inclination corrections across the sample.
  • Beam coverage factor = 1
    Exclusion threshold D_beam/D_HI,pred <1 based on mean Wang+16 size–mass relation; controls which galaxies are considered fully covered.
assumptions (7)
  • domain assumption The Wang et al. (2016) HI size–mass relation and self-similar HI profiles hold for isolated galaxies and predict total HI diameter from catalog M_HI.
    Used to define the beam coverage cut in Sec. 3.1.2; if the relation fails for low-mass or extended disks, the sample is biased.
  • domain assumption Busy-function-fitted profile edges from Manuwal et al. (2022) approximate the noiseless line edges of observed single-dish spectra.
    Required to compute A_l and W95 in Sec. 3.1.3; biased edges would bias all asymmetry measurements.
  • domain assumption Unresolved HI profile asymmetry, measured by A_l, is a statistically unbiased population-level tracer of intrinsic HI asymmetry for randomly oriented galaxies.
    Acknowledged limitation in Sec. 3.1.3/4.2: a symmetric line does not imply a symmetric galaxy, and population comparisons are assumed valid.
  • domain assumption The Tinker (2021) group catalog provides accurate halo masses and central/satellite assignments for isolated galaxies at z<0.08.
    Used for halo masses and central status in Sec. 3.2.6; errors propagate into the accretion-rate inference.
  • domain assumption GSWLC-X2 SED-based stellar masses and SFRs remain on a consistent scale after cross-calibration relations from Durbala et al. (2020), Chang et al. (2015), and Siudek et al. (2024).
    Homogenization of M* and SFR in Sec. 3.2.1 affects mass cuts and the sSFR–asymmetry trend.
  • standard math Standard frequentist statistics (KS, Mood's median, Spearman rank, bootstrap) are appropriate for the sample sizes and selection.
    Many p-values are marginal (0.02–0.08) and multiple comparisons are not formally corrected; interpretations rely on these tests.
  • domain assumption The Nevin et al. (2023) LDA merger classifier with a probability threshold of 0.9 reliably separates mergers from non-mergers at the population level.
    Used for merger fractions in Sec. 3.2.5; the authors note it was not trained on flybys, so merger/flies classification is uncertain.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Asymmetries in spatially unresolved 21-cm emission line profiles of isolated galaxies." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/2DUVEZQC

@misc{pith2026260716700,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Asymmetries in spatially unresolved 21-cm emission line profiles of isolated galaxies},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/2DUVEZQC}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2607.16700}
}
abstract

The origin of asymmetry in the ${\rm H}\,{\scriptsize{\rm I}}$ of galaxies remains an elusive problem, largely due to the difficulties associated with distinguishing between its secular and external contributors. We have compiled a sample of local isolated galaxies from the UNAM-KIAS and the latest AMIGA samples with near-complete beam coverage and robust estimates of ${\rm H}\,{\scriptsize{\rm I}}$ line asymmetry. The ${\rm H}\,{\scriptsize{\rm I}}$ measurements are based on single-dish spectra sourced from five surveys: ${\rm H}\,{\scriptsize{\rm I}}$-MaNGA, NIBLES, KLUN, ALFALFA, and xGASS. Our galaxies tend to be late-type, star-forming centrals at all masses but exhibit slightly lower specific star formation rates (sSFRs) and higher ${\rm H}\,{\scriptsize{\rm I}}$ contents than expected. The latter is likely driven by lower star formation efficiency, weaker outflows, and additionally, higher accretion rate of gas onto the galaxy at $M_\star\lesssim 10^{10.3}\,\mathrm{M}_\odot$. AMIGA, however, shows systematically higher ${\rm H}\,{\scriptsize{\rm I}}$ masses than UNAM-KIAS, which we attribute to higher local densities probed by the latter. Furthermore, both samples show bar frequencies similar to normal spirals, indicating that the gravitational instabilities leading to bars predominantly stem from internal processes, as suggested by recent works. Our galaxies show unexpectedly high merger fractions, possibly due to sampling bias and/or the inability of the classification method to distinguish between flybys and encounters leading to coalescence. We also find higher sSFRs for asymmetric galaxies below $M_\star\sim 10^{10.3}\,\mathrm{M}_\odot$, in agreement with the predictions for centrals from the ${\scriptsize{\rm EAGLE}}$ simulation. We release the ${\rm H}\,{\scriptsize{\rm I}}$ measurements along with ancillary galaxy and halo properties for public use.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2607.16700 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. The relationships between H i lopsidedness and stellar mass for the isolated galaxies from UNAM-KIAS and AMIGA, shown in pink and blue, respectively. The curves are the medians and are only shown for mass bins with at least 10 points. The shaded regions show the bootstrapping errors on the medians. The open blue curve is for the AMIGA subsample without the galaxies in common with UNAM-KIAS (see the text). The wide p… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. presents the optical morphology against 𝑀★, where the morphology has been parameterised to follow the T-type scheme in Nair & Abraham (2010). The morphology distributions on the right clearly show that nearly all the galaxies span 1 ≤ T-type ≤ 8 (i.e. Sa to Sdm), with a median of ≈ 4.5 for AMIGA and 5 for UNAM￾KIAS. Our KS and Mood’s tests show that this offset between the samples, albeit small, is significant at th… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. H i lopsidedness plotted against galaxy inclination. The asymmetry is generally independent of inclination for our isolated samples, except for a slight positive correlation at 𝑖 ≳ 40◦ for UNAM-KIAS. The asymmetries are broadly consistent between the samples at low inclinations, but UNAM￾KIAS shows slightly lower asymmetries at 60◦ ≲ 𝑖 ≲ 70◦ . UNAM-KIAS also shows a minor preference towards lower inclinations compar… view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (12 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: H i line asymmetry plotted against stellar morphology (T-type). The asymmetry is agnostic to morphology and consistent between the samples for a given T-type. from early- to late-types, and find that the two morphological groups are virtually identical in this respect.…
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Spatial asymmetry of stars plotted against stellar mass. The top panel shows the results for the rotational asymmetry (𝐴) and the bottom panel for the shape asymmetry (𝐴𝑠), the latter being more sensitive to the outskirts of the galaxy (see the text). The stellar asymm…
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: The relationship between spatial asymmetry of stars and H i line asymmetry. The top panel shows the results for the rotational asymmetry (𝐴), and the bottom panel shows it with the shape asymmetry (𝐴𝑠). H i line asymmetry is independent of optical asymmetry for UNAM-KI…
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Stellar-to-halo mass relations (SHMRs) for our samples. The brown curve is the relation for blue centrals by Rodríguez-Puebla et al. (2015) based on abundance matching. The olive curve is the relation for blue centrals derived by Mandelbaum et al. (2016) using weak len…
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Star formation efficiency (SFE) based on H i mass at different stellar masses. For reference, we have added the means and 1𝜎 scatters for LTC calculated using the H i fractions and the SFMS in Calette et al. (2021) and Stephenson et al. (2024), respectively. The SFE is…
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: The relationship between H i lopsidedness and H i fraction for UNAM-KIAS (top) and AMIGA (bottom). The orange and green curves show the median values for the most and least asymmetric galaxies in each mass bin, respectively (see the text). H i fraction is generally in…
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Specific star formation rate vs stellar mass. The black curve shows the mean star-forming main sequence (SFMS) determined by Stephenson et al. (2024) for the central galaxies in SDSS. The dashed curves encompass ±0.25 dex around the SFMS and denote the main sequence r…
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: Specific star formation rates for the least and most H i asymmetric galaxies in UNAM-KIAS (top panel) and AMIGA (bottom). The orange curve shows the median asymmetry for upper quartile of 𝐴𝑙 within each mass bin, and the green curve shows it for the lower 𝐴𝑙 quartile.…
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Fraction of galaxies with bars at different masses. The error bars are the uncertainties on the fractions from bootstrapping. The top and bottom panels show the results for all kinds of bars and strong/prominent bars, respectively. The bar fraction tends to be higher …
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: shows the merger statistics across stellar mass bins. These statistics are computed only for galaxies with merger information. We only plot the values for the bins with more than 10 objects. The top panel shows the fraction of galaxies affected by mergers. It seems th…
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: Dependence of H i lopsidedness on mergers. The orange points show the galaxies that are probably affected by a merger (minor or major), and the green points are the galaxies do not appear to be affected by any merger. The asymmetry is independent of mergers in general…
Figure 17
Figure 17. Figure 17: H i line asymmetries in UNAM-KIAS and AMIGA compared against those in previously published samples of isolated galaxies in the literature: Haynes et al. (1998) (top), Matthews et al. (1998) (middle), and Espada et al. (2011) (bottom). These samples are shown as the bl…

Discussion (0). Sign in to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

227 extracted references · 47 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    N., et al., 2009, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0067-0049/182/2/543 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJS..182..543A 182, 543

    Abazajian K. N., et al., 2009, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0067-0049/182/2/543 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJS..182..543A 182, 543

    doi:10.1088/0067-0049/182/2/543 2009

  2. [2]

    K., et al., 2007, @doi [ ] 10.1086/518864 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJS..172..634A 172, 634

    Adelman-McCarthy J. K., et al., 2007, @doi [ ] 10.1086/518864 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJS..172..634A 172, 634

    doi:10.1086/518864 2007

  3. [3]

    Aguerri J. A. L., M \'e ndez-Abreu J., Corsini E. M., 2009, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361:200810931 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009A&A...495..491A 495, 491

    doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810931 2009

  4. [4]

    P., et al., 2014, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0067-0049/211/2/17 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJS..211...17A 211, 17

    Ahn C. P., et al., 2014, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0067-0049/211/2/17 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJS..211...17A 211, 17

    doi:10.1088/0067-0049/211/2/17 2014

  5. [5]

    arXiv:2512.21303

    Aquino-Ort \' z E., Cervantes-Sodi B., Chim-Ramirez K., 2025, @doi [arXiv e-prints] 10.48550/arXiv.2512.21303 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025arXiv251221303A p. arXiv:2512.21303

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2512.21303 2025

  6. [6]

    Argudo-Fern \'a ndez M., et al., 2014, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201322498 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014A&A...564A..94A 564, A94

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322498 2014

  7. [7]

    Argudo-Fern \'a ndez M., et al., 2015, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201526016 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015A&A...578A.110A 578, A110

    doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526016 2015

  8. [8]

    Argudo-Fern \'a ndez M., Shen S., Sabater J., Duarte Puertas S., Verley S., Yang X., 2016, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201628232 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016A&A...592A..30A 592, A30

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628232 2016

Show all 227 references
  1. [9]

    Astropy Collaboration et al., 2018, @doi [ ] 10.3847/1538-3881/aabc4f , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AJ....156..123A 156, 123

    2018 doi

  2. [10]

    Athanassoula E., Machado R. E. G., Rodionov S. A., 2013, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/sts452 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.429.1949A 429, 1949

    2013 doi

  3. [11]

    D., Jogee S., Marinova I., 2008, @doi [ ] 10.1086/526510 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApJ...675.1194B 675, 1194

    Barazza F. D., Jogee S., Marinova I., 2008, @doi [ ] 10.1086/526510 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApJ...675.1194B 675, 1194

    2008 doi

  4. [12]

    V., Vogelsberger M., Torrey P., Li H., 2023, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stad2152 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023MNRAS.524.4091B 524, 4091

    Barbani F., Pascale R., Marinacci F., Sales L. V., Vogelsberger M., Torrey P., Li H., 2023, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stad2152 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023MNRAS.524.4091B 524, 4091

    2023 doi

  5. [13]

    Becerra F., Escala A., 2014, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0004-637X/786/1/56 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...786...56B 786, 56

    2014 doi

  6. [15]

    W., et al., 2021, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stab806 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MNRAS.504..372B 504, 372

    Bickley R. W., et al., 2021, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stab806 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MNRAS.504..372B 504, 372

    2021 doi

  7. [16]

    Bilicki M., et al., 2021, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/202140352 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021A&A...653A..82B 653, A82

    2021 doi

  8. [18]

    R., et al., 2005, @doi [ ] 10.1086/429803 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AJ....129.2562B 129, 2562

    Blanton M. R., et al., 2005, @doi [ ] 10.1086/429803 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AJ....129.2562B 129, 2562

    2005 doi

  9. [19]

    R., et al., 2017, @doi [ ] 10.3847/1538-3881/aa7567 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AJ....154...28B 154, 28

    Blanton M. R., et al., 2017, @doi [ ] 10.3847/1538-3881/aa7567 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AJ....154...28B 154, 28

    2017 doi

  10. [20]

    A., Barnes J

    Blumenthal K. A., Barnes J. E., 2018, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/sty1605 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MNRAS.479.3952B 479, 3952

    2018 doi

  11. [21]

    L., Gilbank D

    Bok J., Blyth S. L., Gilbank D. G., Elson E. C., 2019, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/sty3448 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019MNRAS.484..582B 484, 582

    2019 doi

  12. [22]

    K., Salas H., 2019, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201834156 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019A&A...622A.103B 622, A103

    Boquien M., Burgarella D., Roehlly Y., Buat V., Ciesla L., Corre D., Inoue A. K., Salas H., 2019, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201834156 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019A&A...622A.103B 622, A103

    2019 doi

  13. [23]

    Boselli A., Cortese L., Boquien M., Boissier S., Catinella B., Gavazzi G., Lagos C., Saintonge A., 2014, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201322313 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014A&A...564A..67B 564, A67

    2014 doi

  14. [24]

    Bournaud F., Combes F., 2002, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361:20020920 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002A&A...392...83B 392, 83

    2002 doi

  15. [25]

    J., Puerari I., 2005, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361:20052631 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005A&A...438..507B 438, 507

    Bournaud F., Combes F., Jog C. J., Puerari I., 2005, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361:20052631 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005A&A...438..507B 438, 507

    2005 doi

  16. [26]

    D., Geha M

    Bradford J. D., Geha M. C., Blanton M. R., 2015, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0004-637X/809/2/146 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...809..146B 809, 146

    2015 doi

  17. [27]

    H., Rhee M.-H., 1997, , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997A&A...324..877B 324, 877

    Broeils A. H., Rhee M.-H., 1997, , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997A&A...324..877B 324, 877

    1997

  18. [28]

    M., Governato F., Quinn T., Brook C

    Brooks A. M., Governato F., Quinn T., Brook C. B., Wadsley J., 2009, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0004-637X/694/1/396 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJ...694..396B 694, 396

    2009 doi

  19. [30]

    Bundy K., et al., 2015, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0004-637X/798/1/7 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...798....7B 798, 7

    2015 doi

  20. [31]

    J., et al., 2019, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stz1780 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019MNRAS.488.2175B 488, 2175

    Buta R. J., et al., 2019, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stz1780 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019MNRAS.488.2175B 488, 2175

    2019 doi

  21. [32]

    CHIME Collaboration et al., 2022, @doi [ ] 10.3847/1538-4365/ac6fd9 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ApJS..261...29C 261, 29

    2022 doi

  22. [33]

    Calette A. R., Avila-Reese V., Rodr \' guez-Puebla A., Hern \'a ndez-Toledo H., Papastergis E., 2018, @doi [ ] 10.48550/arXiv.1803.07692 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RMxAA..54..443C 54, 443

    2018 doi arXiv

  23. [34]

    R., Avila-Reese V., Rodr \' guez-Puebla A., Lagos C

    Calette A. R., Avila-Reese V., Rodr \' guez-Puebla A., Lagos C. d. P., Catinella B., 2021, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stab1282 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MNRAS.505..304C 505, 304

    2021 doi

  24. [35]

    H., eds, , Secular Evolution of Galaxies

    Calzetti D., 2013, in Falc \'o n-Barroso J., Knapen J. H., eds, , Secular Evolution of Galaxies. p. 419, @doi 10.48550/arXiv.1208.2997

    2013 doi arXiv

  25. [37]

    Catinella B., et al., 2018, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/sty089 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MNRAS.476..875C 476, 875

    2018 doi

  26. [38]

    K., Bekki K., 2020, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/202037963 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020A&A...641A..77C 641, A77

    Cavanagh M. K., Bekki K., 2020, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/202037963 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020A&A...641A..77C 641, A77

    2020 doi

  27. [39]

    R., Bahcall N

    Cen R., Pop A. R., Bahcall N. A., 2014, @doi [Proceedings of the National Academy of Science] 10.1073/pnas.1407300111 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PNAS..111.7914C 111, 7914

    2014 doi

  28. [40]

    Chakrabarti S., Bigiel F., Chang P., Blitz L., 2011, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0004-637X/743/1/35 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...743...35C 743, 35

    2011 doi

  29. [41]

    Chang Y.-Y., van der Wel A., da Cunha E., Rix H.-W., 2015, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0067-0049/219/1/8 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJS..219....8C 219, 8

    2015 doi

  30. [42]

    Chen X., 2011, @doi [Scientia Sinica Physica, Mechanica & Astronomica] 10.1360/132011-972 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011SSPMA..41.1358C 41, 1358

    2011 doi

  31. [43]

    S., 2007, @doi [ ] 10.1086/511060 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...658..884C 658, 884

    Choi Y.-Y., Park C., Vogeley M. S., 2007, @doi [ ] 10.1086/511060 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...658..884C 658, 884

    2007 doi

  32. [45]

    M., et al., 2024, @doi [ ] 10.3847/1538-4357/ad1a15 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024ApJ...963...53C 963, 53

    Comerford J. M., et al., 2024, @doi [ ] 10.3847/1538-4357/ad1a15 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024ApJ...963...53C 963, 53

    2024 doi

  33. [46]

    A., Schaye J., Wyithe J

    Correa C. A., Schaye J., Wyithe J. S. B., Duffy A. R., Theuns T., Crain R. A., Bower R. G., 2018a, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stx2332 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MNRAS.473..538C 473, 538

    doi

  34. [47]

    A., Schaye J., van de Voort F., Duffy A

    Correa C. A., Schaye J., van de Voort F., Duffy A. R., Wyithe J. S. B., 2018b, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/sty871 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MNRAS.478..255C 478, 255

    doi

  35. [48]

    A., Schaye J., Trayford J

    Correa C. A., Schaye J., Trayford J. W., 2019, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stz295 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019MNRAS.484.4401C 484, 4401

    2019 doi

  36. [49]

    J., Crain R

    Davies J. J., Crain R. A., Oppenheimer B. D., Schaye J., 2020, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stz3201 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MNRAS.491.4462D 491, 4462

    2020 doi

  37. [50]

    S., et al., 2013, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0004-6256/145/1/10 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AJ....145...10D 145, 10

    Dawson K. S., et al., 2013, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0004-6256/145/1/10 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AJ....145...10D 145, 10

    2013 doi

  38. [51]

    L., Hank N., Kruger S., Carignan C., 2020, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/staa1368 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MNRAS.495.1984D 495, 1984

    Deg N., Blyth S. L., Hank N., Kruger S., Carignan C., 2020, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/staa1368 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MNRAS.495.1984D 495, 1984

    2020 doi

  39. [52]

    Dekel A., Birnboim Y., 2006, @doi [ ] 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10145.x , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MNRAS.368....2D 368, 2

    2006

  40. [53]

    A., Koribalski B

    D \'e nes H., Kilborn V. A., Koribalski B. S., 2014, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stu1337 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.444..667D 444, 667

    2014 doi

  41. [54]

    E., Hall P

    Dewdney P. E., Hall P. J., Schilizzi R. T., Lazio T. J. L. W., 2009, @doi [IEEE Proceedings] 10.1109/JPROC.2009.2021005 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009IEEEP..97.1482D 97, 1482

    2009

  42. [55]

    Dey A., et al., 2019, @doi [ ] 10.3847/1538-3881/ab089d , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AJ....157..168D 157, 168

    2019 doi

  43. [56]

    L., Semelin B., 2007, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361:20066959 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007A&A...468...61D 468, 61

    Di Matteo P., Combes F., Melchior A. L., Semelin B., 2007, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361:20066959 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007A&A...468...61D 468, 61

    2007 doi

  44. [57]

    Dom \' nguez S \'a nchez H., Margalef B., Bernardi M., Huertas-Company M., 2022, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stab3089 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022MNRAS.509.4024D 509, 4024

    2022 doi

  45. [58]

    P., Popescu C

    Driver S. P., Popescu C. C., Tuffs R. J., Liske J., Graham A. W., Allen P. D., de Propris R., 2007, @doi [ ] 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11862.x , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007MNRAS.379.1022D 379, 1022

    2007

  46. [59]

    A., Crone Odekon M., Haynes M

    Durbala A., Finn R. A., Crone Odekon M., Haynes M. P., Koopmann R. A., O'Donoghue A. A., 2020, @doi [ ] 10.3847/1538-3881/abc018 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020AJ....160..271D 160, 271

    2020 doi

  47. [60]

    Dutta R., et al., 2022, @doi [Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy] 10.1007/s12036-022-09875-y , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022JApA...43..103D 43, 103

    2022 doi

  48. [61]

    L., Patton D

    Ellison S. L., Patton D. R., Simard L., McConnachie A. W., 2008, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0004-6256/135/5/1877 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AJ....135.1877E 135, 1877

    2008 doi

  49. [62]

    L., Mendel J

    Ellison S. L., Mendel J. T., Patton D. R., Scudder J. M., 2013, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stt1562 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.435.3627E 435, 3627

    2013 doi

  50. [63]

    L., Catinella B., Cortese L., 2018, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/sty1247 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MNRAS.478.3447E 478, 3447

    Ellison S. L., Catinella B., Cortese L., 2018, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/sty1247 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MNRAS.478.3447E 478, 3447

    2018 doi

  51. [64]

    Erwin P., 2018, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stx3117 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MNRAS.474.5372E 474, 5372

    2018 doi

  52. [65]

    K., Sulentic J., Verley S., Leon S., Sabater J., 2011, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201016117 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011A&A...532A.117E 532, A117

    Espada D., Verdes-Montenegro L., Huchtmeier W. K., Sulentic J., Verley S., Leon S., Sabater J., 2011, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201016117 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011A&A...532A.117E 532, A117

    2011 doi

  53. [66]

    Euclid Collaboration et al., 2025, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/202450810 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025A&A...697A...1E 697, A1

    2025 doi

  54. [67]

    I., Purcell E

    Ewen H. I., Purcell E. M., 1951, @doi [ ] 10.1038/168356a0 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1951Natur.168..356E 168, 356

    1951 doi

  55. [68]

    Fanali R., Dotti M., Fiacconi D., Haardt F., 2015, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stv2247 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.454.3641F 454, 3641

    2015 doi

  56. [70]

    E., Sabater J., S \'a nchez S., 2012b, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201118660 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012A&A...540A..47F 540, A47

    Fern \'a ndez Lorenzo M., Sulentic J., Verdes-Montenegro L., Ruiz J. E., Sabater J., S \'a nchez S., 2012b, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201118660 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012A&A...540A..47F 540, A47

    doi

  57. [71]

    Fern \'a ndez Lorenzo M., Sulentic J., Verdes-Montenegro L., Argudo-Fern \'a ndez M., 2013, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stt1020 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.434..325F 434, 325

    2013 doi

  58. [72]

    Firmani C., Avila-Reese V., 2000, @doi [ ] 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03338.x , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000MNRAS.315..457F 315, 457

    2000

  59. [73]

    A., et al., 2021, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/staa3893 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MNRAS.501.4812F 501, 4812

    Flores Vel \'a zquez J. A., et al., 2021, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/staa3893 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MNRAS.501.4812F 501, 4812

    2021 doi

  60. [74]

    C., et al., 2023, @doi [ ] 10.3847/1538-4357/acb53e , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ApJ...948..107F 948, 107

    Forbes J. C., et al., 2023, @doi [ ] 10.3847/1538-4357/acb53e , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ApJ...948..107F 948, 107

    2023 doi

  61. [75]

    Fragkoudi F., Grand R. J. J., Pakmor R., G \'o mez F., Marinacci F., Springel V., 2025, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/staf389 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025MNRAS.538.1587F 538, 1587

    2025 doi

  62. [76]

    arXiv:2508.14626

    Frosst M., Obreschkow D., Ludlow A., Fraser-McKelvie A., 2025, @doi [arXiv e-prints] 10.48550/arXiv.2508.14626 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025arXiv250814626F p. arXiv:2508.14626

    2025 doi arXiv

  63. [77]

    J., Combes F., Di Matteo P., 2022, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stac461 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022MNRAS.511.5878G 511, 5878

    Ghosh S., Saha K., Jog C. J., Combes F., Di Matteo P., 2022, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stac461 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022MNRAS.511.5878G 511, 5878

    2022 doi

  64. [78]

    L., Hank N., Dav \'e R., Elson E., Spekkens K., 2022, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stac2684 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022MNRAS.517.1282G 517, 1282

    Glowacki M., Deg N., Blyth S. L., Hank N., Dav \'e R., Elson E., Spekkens K., 2022, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stac2684 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022MNRAS.517.1282G 517, 1282

    2022 doi

  65. [79]

    Grossi M., et al., 2016, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201628123 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016A&A...590A..27G 590, A27

    2016 doi

  66. [80]

    P., Giovanelli R., Chincarini G

    Haynes M. P., Giovanelli R., Chincarini G. L., 1984, @doi [ ] 10.1146/annurev.aa.22.090184.002305 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984ARA&A..22..445H 22, 445

    1984

  67. [81]

    P., Hogg D

    Haynes M. P., Hogg D. E., Maddalena R. J., Roberts M. S., van Zee L., 1998, @doi [ ] 10.1086/300166 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998AJ....115...62H 115, 62

    1998 doi

  68. [82]

    P., et al., 2018, @doi [ ] 10.3847/1538-4357/aac956 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApJ...861...49H 861, 49

    Haynes M. P., et al., 2018, @doi [ ] 10.3847/1538-4357/aac956 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApJ...861...49H 861, 49

    2018 doi

  69. [83]

    Heald G., et al., 2011, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201015938 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011A&A...526A.118H 526, A118

    2011 doi

  70. [84]

    M., V \'a zquez-Mata J

    Hern \'a ndez-Toledo H. M., V \'a zquez-Mata J. A., Mart \' nez-V \'a zquez L. A., Avila Reese V., M \'e ndez-Hern \'a ndez H., Ortega-Esbr \' S., N \'u \ n ez J. P. M., 2008, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0004-6256/136/5/2115 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AJ....136.2115H 136, 2115

    2008 doi

  71. [85]

    M., V \'a zquez-Mata J

    Hern \'a ndez-Toledo H. M., V \'a zquez-Mata J. A., Mart \' nez-V \'a zquez L. A., Choi Y.-Y., Park C., 2010, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0004-6256/139/6/2525 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AJ....139.2525H 139, 2525

    2010 doi

  72. [86]

    M., M \'e ndez-Hern \'a ndez H., Aceves H., Olgu \' n L., 2011, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0004-6256/141/3/74 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AJ....141...74H 141, 74

    Hern \'a ndez-Toledo H. M., M \'e ndez-Hern \'a ndez H., Aceves H., Olgu \' n L., 2011, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0004-6256/141/3/74 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AJ....141...74H 141, 74

    2011 doi

  73. [87]

    Hirschmann M., De Lucia G., Iovino A., Cucciati O., 2013, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stt827 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.433.1479H 433, 1479

    2013 doi

  74. [88]

    F., Cox T

    Hopkins P. F., Cox T. J., Younger J. D., Hernquist L., 2009, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0004-637X/691/2/1168 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJ...691.1168H 691, 1168

    2009 doi

  75. [91]

    F., Cox T

    Hopkins P. F., Cox T. J., Hernquist L., Narayanan D., Hayward C. C., Murray N., 2013, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stt017 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.430.1901H 430, 1901

    2013 doi

  76. [92]

    D., 2007, @doi [Computing in Science and Engineering] 10.1109/MCSE.2007.55 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007CSE.....9...90H 9, 90

    Hunter J. D., 2007, @doi [Computing in Science and Engineering] 10.1109/MCSE.2007.55 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007CSE.....9...90H 9, 90

    2007 doi

  77. [93]

    Ivezi \'c Z ., et al., 2019, @doi [ ] 10.3847/1538-4357/ab042c , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ApJ...873..111I 873, 111

    2019 doi

  78. [94]

    H., Chester T., Cutri R., Schneider S., Skrutskie M., Huchra J

    Jarrett T. H., Chester T., Cutri R., Schneider S., Skrutskie M., Huchra J. P., 2000, @doi [ ] 10.1086/301330 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000AJ....119.2498J 119, 2498

    2000 doi

  79. [95]

    Jim \'e nez E., Lagos C. d. P., Ludlow A. D., Wisnioski E., 2023, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stad2119 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023MNRAS.524.4346J 524, 4346

    2023 doi

  80. [96]

    J., Combes F., 2009, @doi [ ] 10.1016/j.physrep.2008.12.002 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhR...471...75J 471, 75

    Jog C. J., Combes F., 2009, @doi [ ] 10.1016/j.physrep.2008.12.002 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhR...471...75J 471, 75

    2009 doi

  81. [97]

    G., et al., 2018, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201731448 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018A&A...609A..17J 609, A17

    Jones M. G., et al., 2018, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201731448 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018A&A...609A..17J 609, A17

    2018 doi

  82. [98]

    E., 1973, Soobshcheniya Spetsial'noj Astrofizicheskoj Observatorii, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973SoSAO...8....3K 8, 3

    Karachentseva V. E., 1973, Soobshcheniya Spetsial'noj Astrofizicheskoj Observatorii, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973SoSAO...8....3K 8, 3

    1973

  83. [100]

    J., Geller M

    Kewley L. J., Geller M. J., Barton E. J., 2006, @doi [ ] 10.1086/500295 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AJ....131.2004K 131, 2004

    2006 doi

  84. [101]

    C., Lagos C

    Khalid A., Brough S., Martin G., Kimmig L. C., Lagos C. D. P., Remus R.-S., Martinez-Lombilla C., 2024, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stae1064 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024MNRAS.530.4422K 530, 4422

    2024 doi

  85. [102]

    D., Combes F., 2018, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201731211 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018A&A...609A..60K 609, A60

    Khoperskov S., Haywood M., Di Matteo P., Lehnert M. D., Combes F., 2018, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201731211 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018A&A...609A..60K 609, A60

    2018 doi

  86. [103]

    Klypin A., Valenzuela O., Col \' n P., Quinn T., 2009, @doi [ ] 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15187.x , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009MNRAS.398.1027K 398, 1027

    2009

  87. [104]

    H., Cisternas M., Querejeta M., 2015, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stv2135 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.454.1742K 454, 1742

    Knapen J. H., Cisternas M., Querejeta M., 2015, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stv2135 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.454.1742K 454, 1742

    2015 doi

  88. [105]

    M., 2014, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0004-637X/788/1/29 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...788...29L 788, 29

    Lacerna I., Rodr \' guez-Puebla A., Avila-Reese V., Hern \'a ndez-Toledo H. M., 2014, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0004-637X/788/1/29 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...788...29L 788, 29

    2014 doi

  89. [106]

    M., Avila-Reese V., Abonza-Sane J., del Olmo A., 2016, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201527844 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016A&A...588A..79L 588, A79

    Lacerna I., Hern \'a ndez-Toledo H. M., Avila-Reese V., Abonza-Sane J., del Olmo A., 2016, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201527844 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016A&A...588A..79L 588, A79

    2016 doi

  90. [107]

    Lapi A., Salucci P., Danese L., 2018, @doi [ ] 10.3847/1538-4357/aabf35 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApJ...859....2L 859, 2

    2018 doi

  91. [108]

    A., et al., 2010, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201014803 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010A&A...521L..53L 521, L53

    Lara-L \'o pez M. A., et al., 2010, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201014803 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010A&A...521L..53L 521, L53

    2010 doi

  92. [109]

    H., Ann H

    Lee Y. H., Ann H. B., Park M.-G., 2019, @doi [ ] 10.3847/1538-4357/ab0024 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ApJ...872...97L 872, 97

    2019 doi

  93. [110]

    S., Schombert J

    Lelli F., McGaugh S. S., Schombert J. M., 2016, @doi [ ] 10.3847/0004-6256/152/6/157 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AJ....152..157L 152, 157

    2016 doi

  94. [111]

    Li C., et al., 2023, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stac3037 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023MNRAS.518..513L 518, 513

    2023 doi

  95. [112]

    arXiv:2602.14873

    Li L., Feng S., Shen S., Deng Q., Zu Y., Cui W., 2026, arXiv e-prints, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026arXiv260214873L p. arXiv:2602.14873

    2026

  96. [113]

    H., Mo H

    Lim S. H., Mo H. J., Lu Y., Wang H., Yang X., 2017, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stx1462 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.470.2982L 470, 2982

    2017 doi

  97. [114]

    Lin Y., Zu Y., 2023, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stad502 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023MNRAS.521..411L 521, 411

    2023 doi

  98. [115]

    Lipnicky A., Chakrabarti S., Chang P., 2018, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/sty2330 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MNRAS.481.2590L 481, 2590

    2018 doi

  99. [116]

    L., 2020, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201937165 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020A&A...634A.122L 634, A122

    okas E. L., 2020, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201937165 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020A&A...634A.122L 634, A122

    2020 doi

  100. [117]

    L., 2021, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/202040056 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021A&A...647A.143L 647, A143

    okas E. L., 2021, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/202040056 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021A&A...647A.143L 647, A143

    2021 doi

  101. [118]

    okas E. L., Ebrov \'a I., del Pino A., Sybilska A., Athanassoula E., Semczuk M., Gajda G., Fouquet S., 2016, @doi [ ] 10.3847/0004-637X/826/2/227 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApJ...826..227L 826, 227

    2016 doi

  102. [120]

    Lu Y., et al., 2016, @doi [ ] 10.3847/0004-637X/832/1/39 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApJ...832...39L 832, 39

    2016 doi

  103. [121]

    Mandelbaum R., Wang W., Zu Y., White S., Henriques B., More S., 2016, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stw188 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MNRAS.457.3200M 457, 3200

    2016 doi

  104. [123]

    D., Stevens A

    Manuwal A., Ludlow A. D., Stevens A. R. H., Wright R. J., Robotham A. S. G., 2022, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stab3534 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022MNRAS.510.3408M 510, 3408

    2022 doi

  105. [125]

    Marinacci F., Binney J., Fraternali F., Nipoti C., Ciotti L., Londrillo P., 2010, @doi [ ] 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16352.x , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010MNRAS.404.1464M 404, 1464

    2010

  106. [126]

    Marinova I., Jogee S., 2007, @doi [ ] 10.1086/512355 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...659.1176M 659, 1176

    2007 doi

  107. [127]

    C., et al., 2005, @doi [ ] 10.1086/426387 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApJ...619L...1M 619, L1

    Martin D. C., et al., 2005, @doi [ ] 10.1086/426387 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApJ...619L...1M 619, L1

    2005 doi

  108. [129]

    L., et al., 2019, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stz1889 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019MNRAS.488.3396M 488, 3396

    Masters K. L., et al., 2019, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stz1889 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019MNRAS.488.3396M 488, 3396

    2019 doi

  109. [130]

    D., Gallagher III J

    Matthews L. D., Gallagher III J. S., 1997, @doi [ ] 10.1086/118613 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997AJ....114.1899M 114, 1899

    1997 doi

  110. [131]

    D., van Driel W., Gallagher III J

    Matthews L. D., van Driel W., Gallagher III J. S., 1998, @doi [ ] 10.1086/300492 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998AJ....116.1169M 116, 1169

    1998 doi

  111. [132]

    Meert A., Vikram V., Bernardi M., 2015, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stu2333 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.446.3943M 446, 3943

    2015 doi

  112. [133]

    Melvin T., et al., 2014, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stt2397 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.438.2882M 438, 2882

    2014 doi

  113. [134]

    J., 2021, @doi [ ] 10.3847/2041-8213/ac2b35 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ApJ...920L..21M 920, L21

    Micha owski M. J., 2021, @doi [ ] 10.3847/2041-8213/ac2b35 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ApJ...920L..21M 920, L21

    2021 doi

  114. [135]

    D., Schaye J., Bower R

    Mitchell P. D., Schaye J., Bower R. G., 2020, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/staa2252 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MNRAS.497.4495M 497, 4495

    2020 doi

  115. [136]

    L., Patton D

    Moreno J., Torrey P., Ellison S. L., Patton D. R., Bluck A. F. L., Bansal G., Hernquist L., 2015, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stv094 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.448.1107M 448, 1107

    2015 doi

  116. [137]

    L., Bailin J., Gwartney P., Li W., 2025, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/staf1143 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025MNRAS.542..151M 542, 151

    Mukundan K., Nair P., Masters K. L., Bailin J., Gwartney P., Li W., 2025, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/staf1143 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025MNRAS.542..151M 542, 151

    2025 doi

  117. [138]

    A., Oort J

    Muller C. A., Oort J. H., 1951, @doi [ ] 10.1038/168357a0 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1951Natur.168..357M 168, 357

    1951 doi

  118. [139]

    B., Abraham R

    Nair P. B., Abraham R. G., 2010, @doi [ ] 10.1088/2041-8205/714/2/L260 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...714L.260N 714, L260

    2010 doi

  119. [140]

    Nelson D., Vogelsberger M., Genel S., Sijacki D., Kere s D., Springel V., Hernquist L., 2013, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/sts595 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.429.3353N 429, 3353

    2013 doi

  120. [141]

    Nelson D., Genel S., Vogelsberger M., Springel V., Sijacki D., Torrey P., Hernquist L., 2015, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stv017 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.448...59N 448, 59

    2015 doi

  121. [142]

    Nevin R., Blecha L., Comerford J., Greene J., 2019, @doi [ ] 10.3847/1538-4357/aafd34 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ApJ...872...76N 872, 76

    2019 doi

  122. [143]

    Nevin R., et al., 2021, @doi [ ] 10.3847/1538-4357/abe2a9 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ApJ...912...45N 912, 45

    2021 doi

  123. [144]

    A., Barrows R

    Nevin R., Blecha L., Comerford J., Simon J., Terrazas B. A., Barrows R. S., V \'a zquez-Mata J. A., 2023, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stad911 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023MNRAS.522....1N 522, 1

    2023 doi

  124. [145]

    K., 2012, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0067-0049/198/1/4 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJS..198....4O 198, 4

    Oh S., Oh K., Yi S. K., 2012, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0067-0049/198/1/4 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJS..198....4O 198, 4

    2012 doi

  125. [146]

    A., Popescu C

    Pastrav B. A., Popescu C. C., Tuffs R. J., Sansom A. E., 2013, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201322086 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013A&A...557A.137P 557, A137

    2013 doi

  126. [147]

    R., Torrey P., Ellison S

    Patton D. R., Torrey P., Ellison S. L., Mendel J. T., Scudder J. M., 2013, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnrasl/slt058 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.433L..59P 433, L59

    2013 doi

  127. [148]

    Paturel G., Fang Y., Petit C., Garnier R., Rousseau J., 2000, @doi [ ] 10.1051/aas:2000358 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000A&AS..146...19P 146, 19

    2000 doi

  128. [149]

    Paturel G., Theureau G., Bottinelli L., Gouguenheim L., Coudreau-Durand N., Hallet N., Petit C., 2003, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361:20031412 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003A&A...412...57P 412, 57

    2003 doi

  129. [150]

    Paturel G., Vauglin I., Petit C., Borsenberger J., Epchtein N., Fouqu \'e P., Mamon G., 2005, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361:20041162 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005A&A...430..751P 430, 751

    2005 doi

  130. [151]

    M., Wild V., Walcher C

    Pawlik M. M., Wild V., Walcher C. J., Johansson P. H., Villforth C., Rowlands K., Mendez-Abreu J., Hewlett T., 2016, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stv2878 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MNRAS.456.3032P 456, 3032

    2016 doi

  131. [152]

    L., 1951, @doi [ ] 10.1038/168358a0 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1951Natur.168..358P 168, 358

    Pawsey J. L., 1951, @doi [ ] 10.1038/168358a0 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1951Natur.168..358P 168, 358

    1951 doi

  132. [153]

    J., Wang L., Rodriguez-Gomez V., Margalef-Bentabol B., Suelves L

    Pearson W. J., Wang L., Rodriguez-Gomez V., Margalef-Bentabol B., Suelves L. E., 2025, @doi [arXiv e-prints] 10.48550/arXiv.2510.20697 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025arXiv251020697P p. arXiv:2510.20697

    2025 doi

  133. [154]

    K., Bekki K., Couch W

    Pfeffer J., Cavanagh M. K., Bekki K., Couch W. J., Drinkwater M. J., Forbes D. A., Koribalski B. S., 2023, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stac3466 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023MNRAS.518.5260P 518, 5260

    2023 doi

  134. [155]

    Pillepich A., et al., 2018, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stx2656 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MNRAS.473.4077P 473, 4077

    2018 doi

  135. [156]

    Planck Collaboration et al., 2020, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201833880 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020A&A...641A...1P 641, A1

    2020 doi

  136. [157]

    M., Constantikes K

    Prestage R. M., Constantikes K. T., Hunter T. R., King L. J., Lacasse R. J., Lockman F. J., Norrod R. D., 2009, @doi [IEEE Proceedings] 10.1109/JPROC.2009.2015467 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009IEEEP..97.1382P 97, 1382

    2009

  137. [158]

    J., Ostriker J

    Rees M. J., Ostriker J. P., 1977, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/179.4.541 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977MNRAS.179..541R 179, 541

    1977 doi

  138. [159]

    N., Westmeier T., Staveley-Smith L., Chauhan G., Lagos C

    Reynolds T. N., Westmeier T., Staveley-Smith L., Chauhan G., Lagos C. D. P., 2020a, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/staa597 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MNRAS.493.5089R 493, 5089

    doi

  139. [160]

    N., Westmeier T., Staveley-Smith L., 2020b, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/staa3126 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MNRAS.499.3233R 499, 3233

    Reynolds T. N., Westmeier T., Staveley-Smith L., 2020b, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/staa3126 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MNRAS.499.3233R 499, 3233

    doi

  140. [161]

    G., Sancisi R., 1994, , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994A&A...290L...9R 290, L9

    Richter O. G., Sancisi R., 1994, , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994A&A...290L...9R 290, L9

    1994

  141. [162]

    Robotham A. S. G., Bellstedt S., Lagos C. d. P., Thorne J. E., Davies L. J., Driver S. P., Bravo M., 2020, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/staa1116 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MNRAS.495..905R 495, 905

    2020 doi

  142. [163]

    Rodriguez F., Merch \'a n M., 2020, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201937423 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020A&A...636A..61R 636, A61

    2020 doi

  143. [164]

    Rodriguez-Gomez V., et al., 2019, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/sty3345 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019MNRAS.483.4140R 483, 4140

    2019 doi

  144. [165]

    P., 2015, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0004-637X/799/2/130 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...799..130R 799, 130

    Rodr \' guez-Puebla A., Avila-Reese V., Yang X., Foucaud S., Drory N., Jing Y. P., 2015, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0004-637X/799/2/130 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...799..130R 799, 130

    2015 doi

  145. [166]

    Rosas-Guevara Y., et al., 2020, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stz3180 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MNRAS.491.2547R 491, 2547

    2020 doi

  146. [167]

    K., Young J

    Rownd B. K., Young J. S., 1999, @doi [ ] 10.1086/300957 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999AJ....118..670R 118, 670

    1999 doi

  147. [168]

    N., Mart \' nez H

    Ruiz A. N., Mart \' nez H. J., Coenda V., Muriel H., Cora S. A., de los Rios M., Vega-Mart \' nez C. A., 2023, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stad2267 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023MNRAS.525.3048R 525, 3048

    2023 doi

  148. [169]

    Saintonge A., 2007, @doi [ ] 10.1086/513515 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AJ....133.2087S 133, 2087

    2007 doi

  149. [170]

    Salim S., et al., 2007, @doi [ ] 10.1086/519218 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJS..173..267S 173, 267

    2007 doi

  150. [171]

    Salim S., et al., 2016, @doi [ ] 10.3847/0067-0049/227/1/2 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApJS..227....2S 227, 2

    2016 doi

  151. [172]

    C., 2018, @doi [ ] 10.3847/1538-4357/aabf3c , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApJ...859...11S 859, 11

    Salim S., Boquien M., Lee J. C., 2018, @doi [ ] 10.3847/1538-4357/aabf3c , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApJ...859...11S 859, 11

    2018 doi

  152. [173]

    F., et al., 2019, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stz019 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019MNRAS.484.3042S 484, 3042

    S \'a nchez S. F., et al., 2019, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stz019 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019MNRAS.484.3042S 484, 3042

    2019 doi

  153. [174]

    Sancisi R., Fraternali F., Oosterloo T., van der Hulst T., 2008, @doi [ ] 10.1007/s00159-008-0010-0 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008A&ARv..15..189S 15, 189

    2008 doi

  154. [176]

    Schaye J., et al., 2015, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stu2058 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.446..521S 446, 521

    2015 doi

  155. [177]

    C., et al., 2014, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201423701 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014A&A...567A..56S 567, A56

    Scott T. C., et al., 2014, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201423701 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014A&A...567A..56S 567, A56

    2014 doi

  156. [178]

    C., Brinks E., Cortese L., Boselli A., Bravo-Alfaro H., 2018, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/sty063 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MNRAS.475.4648S 475, 4648

    Scott T. C., Brinks E., Cortese L., Boselli A., Bravo-Alfaro H., 2018, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/sty063 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MNRAS.475.4648S 475, 4648

    2018 doi

  157. [179]

    M., Ellison S

    Scudder J. M., Ellison S. L., Torrey P., Patton D. R., Mendel J. T., 2012, @doi [ ] 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21749.x , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.426..549S 426, 549

    2012

  158. [180]

    A., 2014, @doi [Reviews of Modern Physics] 10.1103/RevModPhys.86.1 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014RvMP...86....1S 86, 1

    Sellwood J. A., 2014, @doi [Reviews of Modern Physics] 10.1103/RevModPhys.86.1 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014RvMP...86....1S 86, 1

    2014 doi

  159. [181]

    Sengupta C., et al., 2012, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201219948 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012A&A...546A..95S 546, A95

    2012 doi

  160. [182]

    J., White S

    Shen S., Mo H. J., White S. D. M., Blanton M. R., Kauffmann G., Voges W., Brinkmann J., Csabai I., 2003, @doi [ ] 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06740.x , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003MNRAS.343..978S 343, 978

    2003

  161. [183]

    Silk J., 1977, @doi [ ] 10.1086/154972 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977ApJ...211..638S 211, 638

    1977 doi

  162. [184]

    T., Patton D

    Simard L., Mendel J. T., Patton D. R., Ellison S. L., McConnachie A. W., 2011, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0067-0049/196/1/11 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJS..196...11S 196, 11

    2011 doi

  163. [185]

    Siudek M., et al., 2024, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/202451761 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024A&A...691A.308S 691, A308

    2024 doi

  164. [186]

    M., Manrique A., Garc \' a-G \'o mez C., Gonz \'a lez-Casado G., Giovanelli R., Haynes M

    Solanes J. M., Manrique A., Garc \' a-G \'o mez C., Gonz \'a lez-Casado G., Giovanelli R., Haynes M. P., 2001, @doi [ ] 10.1086/318672 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ApJ...548...97S 548, 97

    2001 doi

  165. [187]

    S., Steinhardt C

    Speagle J. S., Steinhardt C. L., Capak P. L., Silverman J. D., 2014, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0067-0049/214/2/15 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJS..214...15S 214, 15

    2014 doi

  166. [188]

    V., et al., 2021, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stab566 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MNRAS.503.1345S 503, 1345

    Stark D. V., et al., 2021, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stab566 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MNRAS.503.1345S 503, 1345

    2021 doi

  167. [189]

    Stephenson J., et al., 2024, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stae1735 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024MNRAS.532.4217S 532, 4217

    2024 doi

  168. [190]

    Stevens A. R. H., et al., 2019, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/sty3451 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019MNRAS.483.5334S 483, 5334

    2019 doi

  169. [191]

    Stoughton C., et al., 2002, @doi [ ] 10.1086/324741 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AJ....123..485S 123, 485

    2002 doi

  170. [192]

    A., et al., 2002, @doi [ ] 10.1086/342343 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AJ....124.1810S 124, 1810

    Strauss M. A., et al., 2002, @doi [ ] 10.1086/342343 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AJ....124.1810S 124, 1810

    2002 doi

  171. [193]

    W., et al., 2006, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361:20054020 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006A&A...449..937S 449, 937

    Sulentic J. W., et al., 2006, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361:20054020 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006A&A...449..937S 449, 937

    2006 doi

  172. [194]

    A., van Albada T

    Swaters R. A., van Albada T. S., van der Hulst J. M., Sancisi R., 2002, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361:20011755 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002A&A...390..829S 390, 829

    2002 doi

  173. [196]

    Theureau G., Bottinelli L., Coudreau-Durand N., Gouguenheim L., Hallet N., Loulergue M., Paturel G., Teerikorpi P., 1998, @doi [ ] 10.1051/aas:1998416 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998A&AS..130..333T 130, 333

    1998 doi

  174. [197]

    Theureau G., et al., 2005, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361:20047152 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005A&A...430..373T 430, 373

    2005 doi

  175. [198]

    O., Coudreau N., Hallet N., Martin J

    Theureau G., Hanski M. O., Coudreau N., Hallet N., Martin J. M., 2007, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361:20066187 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007A&A...465...71T 465, 71

    2007 doi

  176. [199]

    O., Poulain M., 2017, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201629813 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017A&A...599A.104T 599, A104

    Theureau G., Coudreau N., Hallet N., Hanski M. O., Poulain M., 2017, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201629813 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017A&A...599A.104T 599, A104

    2017 doi

  177. [200]

    D., Ellison S

    Thorp M. D., Ellison S. L., Simard L., S \'a nchez S. F., Antonio B., 2019, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnrasl/sly185 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019MNRAS.482L..55T 482, L55

    2019 doi

  178. [201]

    L., 2021, @doi [ ] 10.3847/1538-4357/ac2aaa , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ApJ...923..154T 923, 154

    Tinker J. L., 2021, @doi [ ] 10.3847/1538-4357/ac2aaa , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ApJ...923..154T 923, 154

    2021 doi

  179. [202]

    Toomre A., 1964, @doi [ ] 10.1086/147861 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964ApJ...139.1217T 139, 1217

    1964 doi

  180. [203]

    A., et al., 2022, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stac635 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022MNRAS.512.2222V 512, 2222

    V \'a zquez-Mata J. A., et al., 2022, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stac635 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022MNRAS.512.2222V 512, 2222

    2022 doi

  181. [204]

    A., et al., 2025, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/staf1784 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025MNRAS.544.1056V 544, 1056

    V \'a zquez-Mata J. A., et al., 2025, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/staf1784 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025MNRAS.544.1056V 544, 1056

    2025 doi

  182. [205]

    Verdes-Montenegro L., Sulentic J., Lisenfeld U., Leon S., Espada D., Garcia E., Sabater J., Verley S., 2005, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361:20042280 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005A&A...436..443V 436, 443

    2005 doi

  183. [206]

    S., Borthakur S., Rasmussen J., Ponman T., 2007, @doi [ ] 10.1016/j.newar.2006.10.008 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007NewAR..51...87V 51, 87

    Verdes-Montenegro L., Yun M. S., Borthakur S., Rasmussen J., Ponman T., 2007, @doi [ ] 10.1016/j.newar.2006.10.008 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007NewAR..51...87V 51, 87

    2007 doi

  184. [207]

    Verheijen M. A. W., Sancisi R., 2001, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361:20010090 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001A&A...370..765V 370, 765

    2001 doi

  185. [208]

    Verley S., et al., 2007, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361:20077481 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007A&A...472..121V 472, 121

    2007 doi

  186. [209]

    Verwilghen P., et al., 2024, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/202348772 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024A&A...687A..53V 687, A53

    2024 doi

  187. [210]

    Villa-Vargas J., Shlosman I., Heller C., 2010, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0004-637X/719/2/1470 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...719.1470V 719, 1470

    2010 doi

  188. [211]

    Virtanen P., et al., 2020, @doi [Nature Methods] 10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatMe..17..261V 17, 261

    2020 doi

  189. [212]

    Wang J., et al., 2013, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stt722 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.433..270W 433, 270

    2013 doi

  190. [213]

    S., Serra P., van der Hulst T., Roychowdhury S., Kamphuis P., Chengalur J

    Wang J., Koribalski B. S., Serra P., van der Hulst T., Roychowdhury S., Kamphuis P., Chengalur J. N., 2016, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stw1099 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MNRAS.460.2143W 460, 2143

    2016 doi

  191. [214]

    Wang J., et al., 2021, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stab1365 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MNRAS.505.3698W 505, 3698

    2021 doi

  192. [215]

    V., 2025, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/staf198 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025MNRAS.537.2726W 537, 2726

    Waterval S., Cannarozzo C., Macci \`o A. V., 2025, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/staf198 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025MNRAS.537.2726W 537, 2726

    2025 doi

  193. [216]

    B., Catinella B., Cortese L., Power C., 2020a, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/staa094 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MNRAS.492.3672W 492, 3672

    Watts A. B., Catinella B., Cortese L., Power C., 2020a, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/staa094 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MNRAS.492.3672W 492, 3672

    doi

  194. [217]

    B., Power C., Catinella B., Cortese L., Stevens A

    Watts A. B., Power C., Catinella B., Cortese L., Stevens A. R. H., 2020b, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/staa3200 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MNRAS.499.5205W 499, 5205

    doi

  195. [218]

    B., Catinella B., Cortese L., Power C., Ellison S

    Watts A. B., Catinella B., Cortese L., Power C., Ellison S. L., 2021, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stab1025 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MNRAS.504.1989W 504, 1989

    2021 doi

  196. [219]

    Weinberger R., et al., 2018, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/sty1733 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MNRAS.479.4056W 479, 4056

    2018 doi

  197. [220]

    S., Staveley-Smith L., 2014, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stt2266 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.438.1176W 438, 1176

    Westmeier T., Jurek R., Obreschkow D., Koribalski B. S., Staveley-Smith L., 2014, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stt2266 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.438.1176W 438, 1176

    2014 doi

  198. [221]

    E., van Dokkum P

    Whitaker K. E., van Dokkum P. G., Brammer G., Franx M., 2012, @doi [ ] 10.1088/2041-8205/754/2/L29 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...754L..29W 754, L29

    2012 doi

  199. [222]

    White S. D. M., Frenk C. S., 1991, @doi [ ] 10.1086/170483 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991ApJ...379...52W 379, 52

    1991 doi

  200. [223]

    White S. D. M., Rees M. J., 1978, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/183.3.341 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978MNRAS.183..341W 183, 341

    1978 doi

  201. [224]

    C., et al., 2011, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0004-637X/728/2/119 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...728..119W 728, 119

    Wong K. C., et al., 2011, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0004-637X/728/2/119 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...728..119W 728, 119

    2011 doi

  202. [225]

    J., Lagos C

    Wright R. J., Lagos C. d. P., Power C., Correa C. A., 2021, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stab1057 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MNRAS.504.5702W 504, 5702

    2021 doi

  203. [226]

    Yan R., et al., 2016, @doi [ ] 10.3847/0004-6256/151/1/8 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AJ....151....8Y 151, 8

    2016 doi

  204. [227]

    J., van den Bosch F

    Yang X., Mo H. J., van den Bosch F. C., Jing Y. P., 2005, @doi [ ] 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08560.x , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005MNRAS.356.1293Y 356, 1293

    2005

  205. [228]

    J., van den Bosch F

    Yang X., Mo H. J., van den Bosch F. C., Pasquali A., Li C., Barden M., 2007, @doi [ ] 10.1086/522027 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...671..153Y 671, 153

    2007 doi

  206. [229]

    J., van den Bosch F

    Yang X., Mo H. J., van den Bosch F. C., Zhang Y., Han J., 2012, @doi [ ] 10.1088/0004-637X/752/1/41 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...752...41Y 752, 41

    2012 doi

  207. [230]

    C., Wang J., Li H., 2022, @doi [ ] 10.3847/1538-4365/ac626b , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ApJS..261...21Y 261, 21

    Yu N., Ho L. C., Wang J., Li H., 2022, @doi [ ] 10.3847/1538-4365/ac626b , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ApJS..261...21Y 261, 21

    2022 doi

  208. [231]

    J., Jing Y., Yang X., Li H., 2022, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/202142866 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022A&A...663A..85Z 663, A85

    Zhang Z., Wang H., Luo W., Zhang J., Mo H. J., Jing Y., Yang X., Li H., 2022, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/202142866 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022A&A...663A..85Z 663, A85

    2022 doi

  209. [232]

    Zhang Z., Wang H., Luo W., Mo H., Zhang J., Yang X., Li H., Li Q., 2024, @doi [ ] 10.3847/1538-4357/ad0892 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024ApJ...960...71Z 960, 71

    2024 doi

  210. [233]

    Zhao D., et al., 2025, @doi [ ] 10.3847/1538-4357/ad991f , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025ApJ...979...42Z 979, 42

    2025 doi

  211. [234]

    Zheng Y., et al., 2022, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stac760 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022MNRAS.513.1329Z 513, 1329

    2022 doi

  212. [235]

    Zheng Y., Shen J., Wu X., Chen B.-H., 2025, @doi [ ] 10.3847/1538-4357/adcf93 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025ApJ...986...90Z 986, 90

    2025 doi

  213. [236]

    C., Wang J., Yu N., Shangguan J., 2022, @doi [ ] 10.3847/1538-4357/ac561f , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ApJ...929...15Z 929, 15

    Zuo P., Ho L. C., Wang J., Yu N., Shangguan J., 2022, @doi [ ] 10.3847/1538-4357/ac561f , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ApJ...929...15Z 929, 15

    2022 doi

  214. [237]

    da Cunha E., Charlot S., Elbaz D., 2008, @doi [ ] 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13535.x , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.388.1595D 388, 1595

    2008

  215. [238]

    van Driel W., et al., 2016, @doi [ ] 10.1051/0004-6361/201528048 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016A&A...595A.118V 595, A118

    2016 doi

  216. [239]

    C., 1945, Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor Natuurkunde, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1945NTvN...11..210V 11, 210

    van de Hulst H. C., 1945, Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor Natuurkunde, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1945NTvN...11..210V 11, 210

    1945

  217. [240]

    M., Haas M

    van de Voort F., Schaye J., Booth C. M., Haas M. R., Dalla Vecchia C., 2011, @doi [ ] 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18565.x , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MNRAS.414.2458V 414, 2458

    2011

  218. [241]

    M., Bower R

    van de Voort F., Bah \'e Y. M., Bower R. G., Correa C. A., Crain R. A., Schaye J., Theuns T., 2017, @doi [ ] 10.1093/mnras/stw3356 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.466.3460V 466, 3460

    2017 doi

  219. [242]

    C., Varoquaux G., 2011, @doi [Computing in Science and Engineering] 10.1109/MCSE.2011.37 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011CSE....13b..22V 13, 22

    van der Walt S., Colbert S. C., Varoquaux G., 2011, @doi [Computing in Science and Engineering] 10.1109/MCSE.2011.37 , https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011CSE....13b..22V 13, 22

    2011 doi

Pith tools

Reviewed August 1, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.