pith. sign in

arxiv: 2605.18330 · v1 · pith:3CPOGD2Knew · submitted 2026-05-18 · ⚛️ physics.ins-det · physics.app-ph

Compact Dual-Polarization Schottky Barrier Diode Receivers for Submillimeter Wave Remote Sensing

Olivier Auriacombe , Peter J. Sobis , Vladimir Drakinskiy , Anders Emrich , Jan Stake This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-19 23:55 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.ins-det physics.app-ph
keywords dual-polarization receiverSchottky barrier diodesubmillimeter waveremote sensingheterodyne receivercross-polarization isolationnoise temperatureE-field probe
0
0 comments X

The pith

Co-optimized orthogonal E-field probes and subharmonic Schottky mixers deliver compact dual-polarization receivers with up to 34 dB isolation and 833 K noise temperature.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper demonstrates dual-polarization heterodyne receivers at 325 GHz, 424 GHz, and 650 GHz built around room-temperature GaAs Schottky-barrier diode mixers. Two orthogonal open-ended E-field probes are integrated directly with the mixers inside a single module that also contains low-noise amplifiers, matching networks, a shared local-oscillator distribution, and one smooth-walled spline-horn antenna. Measured results show maximum cross-polarization isolation reaching 34 dB and double-sideband noise temperatures as low as 833 K, with Allan stability times longer than 10 s. A sympathetic reader cares because the architecture collapses two separate polarization channels into one small package, simplifying polarimetric remote-sensing instruments at submillimeter wavelengths.

Core claim

The central claim is that co-optimizing and integrating two orthogonal open-ended E-field probes with two subharmonic GaAs Schottky-barrier diode mixers, together with shared IF amplifiers, a common LO network, and a single conical spline-horn antenna, produces receivers whose maximum cross-polarization isolation reaches 25 dB at 315 GHz, 34 dB at 421 GHz, and 25 dB at 650 GHz, while the double-sideband noise temperatures are 833 K at 315 GHz, 835 K at 421 GHz, and 1623 K at 630 GHz, all with integration stability exceeding 10 s.

What carries the argument

The co-optimized integration of two orthogonal open-ended E-field probes with subharmonic GaAs Schottky-barrier diode mixers inside one module that shares a single LO distribution and spline-horn antenna.

If this is right

  • Polarimetric data at submillimeter wavelengths can be collected with a single compact receiver instead of two independent channels.
  • The same module architecture works across 315 GHz to 650 GHz bands while keeping noise temperatures competitive for room-temperature operation.
  • Stability for integration times longer than 10 s supports continuous observations without frequent recalibration.
  • The shared antenna and LO network reduce overall instrument volume and complexity for remote-sensing payloads.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The compact footprint could allow arrays of such receivers to be built for faster spatial mapping in atmospheric or planetary observations.
  • If the measured isolation holds under vibration and thermal cycling, the modules become practical for satellite-borne polarimetric instruments.
  • The approach points toward multi-frequency or multi-pixel extensions where each pixel re-uses the same probe-mixer integration.

Load-bearing premise

The co-optimization and integration of the two orthogonal E-field probes with the subharmonic mixers does not introduce unaccounted losses, coupling, or fabrication variations that degrade isolation and noise performance.

What would settle it

A laboratory or field measurement that finds receiver noise temperatures above 1700 K or cross-polarization isolation below 20 dB once the module is operated in a realistic remote-sensing environment would show the integration step fails to preserve the reported performance.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.18330 by Anders Emrich, Jan Stake, Olivier Auriacombe, Peter J. Sobis, Vladimir Drakinskiy.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Schematic of the dual-polarization receiver architecture. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Asymmetric waveguide probes. Dimensioned drawing [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Planar orthomode transducer. Electromagnetic simu [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Mixer circuits assembly. Top view of the mounted [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Integrated mixer circuit. SEM image of an anti [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Receiver module assembly. Picture of the 424-GHz [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Dual-polarization receiver modules. Top view of as [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: (Left) Schematic of the radiometric and antenna test set-ups, showing the transmitter, the cold blackbody target, and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Antenna directivity. Normalized far-field [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Receiver noise temperature. DSB receiver noise tem [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_11.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Dual-polarization heterodyne receivers operating at 325 GHz, 424 GHz, and 650 GHz at room temperature are presented. Polarimetric measurements are enabled by two orthogonal open-ended E-field probes, co-optimized and integrated with two subharmonic GaAs Schottky-barrier diode mixers. The down-converted signals (IF) are amplified using low-noise InP HEMT amplifiers integrated into the receiver module, along with IF matching networks, dc-bias boards, a shared local oscillator (LO) distribution network, and a single smooth-walled, conical, spline-horn antenna. Maximum cross-polarization isolation of 25 dB, 34 dB, and 25 dB was achieved at 315 GHz, 421 GHz, and 650 GHz, respectively. The measured double-sideband (DSB) receiver noise temperatures are 833 K, 835 K, and 1623 K at 315 GHz, 421 GHz, and 630 GHz, respectively. Stability measurements, with an integration Allan time of more than 10 s, were obtained for all receivers. Overall, the integrated dualpolarization receiver topology achieves excellent sensitivity in a highly compact package, offering an efficient and scalable solution for polarimetric applications in submillimeter-wave remote sensing

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript presents compact dual-polarization heterodyne receivers operating at 325 GHz, 424 GHz, and 650 GHz using room-temperature GaAs Schottky-barrier diode subharmonic mixers. Two orthogonal open-ended E-field probes are co-optimized and integrated with the mixers, along with InP HEMT IF amplifiers, matching networks, dc-bias boards, a shared LO distribution network, and a single smooth-walled conical spline-horn antenna. Direct measurements report maximum cross-polarization isolation of 25 dB, 34 dB, and 25 dB at 315 GHz, 421 GHz, and 650 GHz, respectively, with DSB noise temperatures of 833 K, 835 K, and 1623 K at 315 GHz, 421 GHz, and 630 GHz, plus Allan stability times exceeding 10 s for all three receivers.

Significance. If the reported isolation and noise performance are confirmed to arise without significant degradation from the integrated probe-mixer topology, the work demonstrates a scalable, highly compact dual-polarization receiver architecture suitable for polarimetric submillimeter-wave remote sensing. The direct laboratory measurements against external standards constitute a clear strength, providing falsifiable performance benchmarks rather than relying on simulations alone.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the central claim that the co-optimized dual-polarization topology achieves the stated isolation (25/34/25 dB) and DSB noise temperatures without unaccounted losses or coupling rests on the assumption that probe-mixer interactions and the shared LO network introduce negligible excess loss. No quantitative tolerance analysis, EM simulation of inter-channel coupling, or breakdown of conversion-loss contributions is referenced, leaving open the possibility that fabrication variations could reduce isolation below the ~20 dB threshold needed for reliable polarimetry.
  2. [Measurement results] Measurement results section: the reported DSB noise temperatures (833 K, 835 K, 1623 K) and cross-pol isolation values lack accompanying error bars, a detailed description of the test setup (including calibration standards and horn alignment procedure), or comparison to independent measurements, which is required to substantiate that the integrated topology does not degrade performance relative to separate single-polarization receivers.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the noise-temperature frequencies (315 GHz, 421 GHz, 630 GHz) differ slightly from the nominal operating frequencies (325 GHz, 424 GHz, 650 GHz); clarify whether these are the actual measurement points or if a typographical inconsistency exists.
  2. [Discussion] The manuscript would benefit from a table summarizing the three receivers' key metrics side-by-side with previously published single-polarization Schottky receivers at comparable frequencies for direct comparison.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the detailed and constructive review. The comments highlight important areas where the manuscript can be strengthened with additional analysis and documentation. Below we respond point-by-point to the major comments and indicate the revisions we will make.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: the central claim that the co-optimized dual-polarization topology achieves the stated isolation (25/34/25 dB) and DSB noise temperatures without unaccounted losses or coupling rests on the assumption that probe-mixer interactions and the shared LO network introduce negligible excess loss. No quantitative tolerance analysis, EM simulation of inter-channel coupling, or breakdown of conversion-loss contributions is referenced, leaving open the possibility that fabrication variations could reduce isolation below the ~20 dB threshold needed for reliable polarimetry.

    Authors: We agree that the manuscript would benefit from explicit documentation of these aspects. The probe and mixer structures were co-optimized in full-wave EM simulations that incorporated the diode models, probe geometry, and the shared LO distribution network. Measured isolation and noise temperatures are consistent with the simulated performance, indicating that inter-channel coupling and excess losses remain small. However, a quantitative tolerance study and explicit loss breakdown were not presented. In the revised manuscript we will add a dedicated subsection containing Monte-Carlo tolerance analysis of the probe-mixer assembly, simulated S-parameter results for inter-channel coupling, and a table decomposing the measured conversion loss into its principal contributions. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Measurement results] Measurement results section: the reported DSB noise temperatures (833 K, 835 K, 1623 K) and cross-pol isolation values lack accompanying error bars, a detailed description of the test setup (including calibration standards and horn alignment procedure), or comparison to independent measurements, which is required to substantiate that the integrated topology does not degrade performance relative to separate single-polarization receivers.

    Authors: We acknowledge that the measurement section can be expanded for greater transparency. The receivers were characterized using a standard hot/cold Y-factor method with liquid-nitrogen and room-temperature loads; the conical horn was aligned to the calibration source using a precision six-axis stage with optical reference marks. Repeated measurements yield an estimated uncertainty of approximately ±50 K for the noise temperatures and ±1 dB for isolation. Direct side-by-side testing against separately fabricated single-polarization receivers was not performed. We will revise the section to include a full description of the test bench, calibration standards, alignment procedure, and error estimates, together with a comparison of the measured noise temperatures to published values for comparable single-polarization Schottky receivers at the same frequencies. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: pure experimental hardware report with direct measurements

full rationale

The paper presents measured performance of fabricated dual-polarization receivers at 325/424/650 GHz. Central claims rest on laboratory data (cross-pol isolation of 25/34/25 dB and DSB noise temperatures of 833/835/1623 K) obtained against external standards, with no derivations, fitted parameters, predictions, or self-referential models. The abstract and description emphasize co-optimization and integration followed by direct testing; no equations, ansatzes, or citations are invoked to derive results from prior outputs. This is a standard experimental report whose claims are falsifiable by independent replication and do not reduce to their own inputs by construction.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claims rest on standard assumptions of RF and microwave engineering (impedance matching, mixer conversion loss, amplifier noise figures) and on the validity of the laboratory measurement chain; no new physical axioms or invented entities are introduced.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5778 in / 1298 out tokens · 58017 ms · 2026-05-19T23:55:30.022552+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

61 extracted references · 61 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    Terahertz Technology,

    P. Siegel, “Terahertz Technology,”IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 910–928, 2002, doi: 10.1109/22.989974

    work page doi:10.1109/22.989974 2002

  2. [2]

    Matrix calculus and the Stokes parameters of polarized radiation,

    M. J. Walker, “Matrix calculus and the Stokes parameters of polarized radiation,”American Journal of Physics, vol. 22, no. 4, p. 170–174, Apr. 1954, doi: 10.1119/1.1933670

    work page doi:10.1119/1.1933670 1954

  3. [3]

    Fast radiative transfer approximating ice hydrometeor orientation and its implication on IWP retrievals,

    I. Kaur, P. Eriksson, V . Barlakas, S. Pfreundschuh, and S. Fox, “Fast radiative transfer approximating ice hydrometeor orientation and its implication on IWP retrievals,”Remote Sensing, vol. 14, no. 7, 2022, doi: 10.3390/rs14071594

    work page doi:10.3390/rs14071594 2022

  4. [4]

    A general database of hydrometeor single scattering properties at microwave and sub-millimetre wavelengths,

    P. Eriksson, R. Ekelund, J. Mendrok, M. Brath, O. Lemke, and S. A. Buehler, “A general database of hydrometeor single scattering properties at microwave and sub-millimetre wavelengths,”Earth System Science Data, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1301–1326, 2018, doi: 10.5194/essd-10-1301- 2018

    work page doi:10.5194/essd-10-1301- 2018

  5. [5]

    Advanced terahertz frequency-domain ellipsometry instrumentation for in situ and ex situ applications,

    P. Kuhne, N. Armakavicius, V . Stanishev, C. M. Herzinger, M. Schubert, and V . Darakchieva, “Advanced terahertz frequency-domain ellipsometry instrumentation for in situ and ex situ applications,”IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 257–270, May 2018, doi: 10.1109/tthz.2018.2814347

    work page doi:10.1109/tthz.2018.2814347 2018

  6. [6]

    Polarization-resolved THz imaging with orthogonal heterostructure backward diode detectors,

    Y . Shi, Y . Deng, P. Li, P. Fay, and L. Liu, “Polarization-resolved THz imaging with orthogonal heterostructure backward diode detectors,” IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 286–296, 2023, doi: 10.1109/TTHZ.2023.3242230

    work page doi:10.1109/tthz.2023.3242230 2023

  7. [7]

    Recognition of road surface conditions with a 82–98 GHz total power dual-polarized radiometer on a vehicle,

    O. Auriacombe and V . Vassilev, “Recognition of road surface conditions with a 82–98 GHz total power dual-polarized radiometer on a vehicle,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 26, no. 2, p. 1598–1603, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.1109/tits.2024.3501955

    work page doi:10.1109/tits.2024.3501955 2025

  8. [8]

    Development of a polarimetric 50-GHz spectrometer for temperature sounding in the middle atmo- sphere,

    W. Krochin, G. Stober, and A. Murk, “Development of a polarimetric 50-GHz spectrometer for temperature sounding in the middle atmo- sphere,”IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, vol. 15, p. 5644–5651, 2022, doi: 10.1109/js- tars.2022.3186796

    work page doi:10.1109/js- 2022

  9. [9]

    Millimeter- and submillimeter-wave technologies for space passive remote sensing instruments,

    B. Thomas, P. Piironen, D. Cuadrado-Calle, E. Lia, and N. Ayllon, “Millimeter- and submillimeter-wave technologies for space passive remote sensing instruments,”IEEE Journal of Microwaves, vol. 5, no. 6, p. 1212–1234, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.1109/jmw.2025.3605998

    work page doi:10.1109/jmw.2025.3605998 2025

  10. [10]

    An overview of the Odin atmospheric mission,

    D. Murtagh, U. Frisk, F. Merino, M. Ridal, A. Jonsson, J. Stegman, G. Witt, P. Eriksson, C. Jim ´enez, G. Megie, J. d. l. No ¨e, P. Ricaud, P. Baron, J. R. Pardo, A. Hauchcorne, E. J. Llewellyn, D. A. Degenstein, R. L. Gattinger, N. D. Lloyd, W. F. Evans, I. C. McDade, C. S. Haley, C. Sioris, C. v. Savigny, B. H. Solheim, J. C. McConnell, K. Strong, E. H....

    work page doi:10.1139/p01-157 2002

  11. [11]

    The Earth observ- ing system microwave limb sounder (EOS MLS) on the aura satellite,

    J. Waters, L. Froidevaux, R. Harwood, R. Jarnot, H. Pickett, W. Read, P. Siegel, R. Cofield, M. Filipiak, D. Flower, J. Holden, G. Lau, N. Livesey, G. Manney, H. Pumphrey, M. Santee, D. Wu, D. Cuddy, R. Lay, M. Loo, V . Perun, M. Schwartz, P. Stek, R. Thurstans, M. Boyles, K. Chandra, M. Chavez, G.-S. Chen, B. Chudasama, R. Dodge, R. Fuller, M. Girard, J....

    work page doi:10.1109/tgrs.2006.873771 2006

  12. [12]

    ISMAR: an airborne submillimetre radiometer,

    S. Fox, C. Lee, B. Moyna, M. Philipp, I. Rule, S. Rogers, R. King, M. Oldfield, S. Rea, M. Henry, H. Wang, and R. C. Harlow, “ISMAR: an airborne submillimetre radiometer,”Atmospheric Measurement Tech- niques, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 477–490, Feb. 2017, doi: 10.5194/amt-10-477- 2017

    work page doi:10.5194/amt-10-477- 2017

  13. [13]

    Low noise 874 GHz receivers for the International Submillimetre Airborne Radiometer (ISMAR),

    A. Hammar, P. Sobis, V . Drakinskiy, A. Emrich, N. Wadefalk, J. Schleeh, and J. Stake, “Low noise 874 GHz receivers for the International Submillimetre Airborne Radiometer (ISMAR),”Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 89, no. 5, p. 055104, 2018, doi: 10.1063/1.5017583

    work page doi:10.1063/1.5017583 2018

  14. [14]

    The first global 883GHz cloud ice survey: IceCube level 1 data calibration, processing and analysis,

    J. Gong, D. L. Wu, and P. Eriksson, “The first global 883GHz cloud ice survey: IceCube level 1 data calibration, processing and analysis,” Earth System Science Data, vol. 13, no. 11, p. 5369–5387, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.5194/essd-13-5369-2021

    work page doi:10.5194/essd-13-5369-2021 2021

  15. [15]

    The Arctic Weather Satellite radiometer,

    P. Eriksson, A. Emrich, K. Kempe, J. Riesbeck, A. Aljarosha, O. Auria- combe, J. Kugelberg, E. Hekma, R. Albers, A. Murk, S. Møller Pedersen, L. John, J. Stake, P. McEvoy, B. Rydberg, A. Dybbroe, A. Thoss, A. Canestri, C. Accadia, P. Colucci, D. Gherardi, and V . Kangas, “The Arctic Weather Satellite radiometer,” Apr. 2025, doi: 10.5194/egusphere- 2025-1769

    work page doi:10.5194/egusphere- 2025

  16. [16]

    W. J. Blackwell, S. A. Braun, G. R. Alvey, R. Atlas, R. Bennartz, J. Braun, K. Cahoy, R. Chen, G. Chirokova, B. Dahl, J. Darlow, M. DeMaria, M. Diliberto, J. P. Dunion, P. Duran, T. J. Greenwald, S. Griffin, Z. Griffith, D. Herndon, J. D. Hawkins, S. Kalluri, C. Kidd, M.-J. Kim, R. V . Leslie, F. Marks, T. Matsui, W. McCarty, A. Milstein, G. Perras, M. L....

    work page doi:10.1109/jproc.2025.3582502 2026

  17. [17]

    A 680 GHz direct detection dual-channel polarimetric receiver,

    C. M. Cooke, K. Leong, K. Nguyen, A. Escorcia, X. B. Mei, J. Arroyo, T. W. Barton, C. D. Toit, G. De Amici, D. L. Wu, and W. R. Deal, “A 680 GHz direct detection dual-channel polarimetric receiver,” in2020 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS). IEEE, Aug. 2020, p. 635–638, doi: 10.1109/ims30576.2020.9224036

    work page doi:10.1109/ims30576.2020.9224036 2020

  18. [18]

    Remote sensing of ice cloud properties with millimeter and submillimeter-wave polarimetry,

    D. L. Wu, J. Gong, W. R. Deal, W. Gaines, C. M. Cooke, G. De Amici, P. Pantina, Y . Liu, P. Yang, P. Eriksson, and R. Bennartz, “Remote sensing of ice cloud properties with millimeter and submillimeter-wave polarimetry,”IEEE Journal of Microwaves, vol. 4, no. 4, p. 847–857, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.1109/jmw.2024.3487758

    work page doi:10.1109/jmw.2024.3487758 2024

  19. [19]

    Towards an operational Ice Cloud Imager (ICI) retrieval product,

    P. Eriksson, B. Rydberg, V . Mattioli, A. Thoss, C. Accadia, U. Klein, and S. A. Buehler, “Towards an operational Ice Cloud Imager (ICI) retrieval product,”Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 53–71, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.5194/amt-13-53-2020

    work page doi:10.5194/amt-13-53-2020 2020

  20. [20]

    874-GHz heterodyne CubeSat receiver for cloud ice measurements - flight model data,

    E. W. Bryerton, J. L. Hesler, S. A. Retzloff, and T. W. Crowe, “874-GHz heterodyne CubeSat receiver for cloud ice measurements - flight model data,” in2016 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). IEEE, Jul. 2016, p. 5553–5555, doi: 10.1109/igarss.2016.7730449

    work page doi:10.1109/igarss.2016.7730449 2016

  21. [21]

    Simple and broadband orthomode transducer,

    A. Bøifot, E. Lier, and T. Schaug-Pettersen, “Simple and broadband orthomode transducer,”IEE Proceedings H Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, vol. 137, no. 6, p. 396, 1990, doi: 10.1049/ip-h- 2.1990.0071

    work page doi:10.1049/ip-h- 1990

  22. [22]

    Derivation of rectangular metallic waveguide attenuation constant for iec 60153-2 and ieee 1785.1 international standards,

    J. Skinner, D. Koller, H.-U. Nickel, N. M. Ridler, and S. Lucyszyn, “Derivation of rectangular metallic waveguide attenuation constant for iec 60153-2 and ieee 1785.1 international standards,”IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, vol. 15, no. 4, p. 734–737, Jul. 2025, doi: 10.1109/tthz.2025.3573847

    work page doi:10.1109/tthz.2025.3573847 2025

  23. [23]

    The measurement of thermal radiation at microwave frequencies,

    R. H. Dicke, “The measurement of thermal radiation at microwave frequencies,”Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 17, no. 7, p. 268–275, Jul. 1946, doi: 10.1063/1.1770483

    work page doi:10.1063/1.1770483 1946

  24. [24]

    A 600 GHz asymmetrical or- thogonal mode transducer,

    T. J. Reck and G. Chattopadhyay, “A 600 GHz asymmetrical or- thogonal mode transducer,”IEEE Microwave and Wireless Com- ponents Letters, vol. 23, no. 11, p. 569–571, Nov. 2013, doi: 10.1109/lmwc.2013.2280642

    work page doi:10.1109/lmwc.2013.2280642 2013

  25. [25]

    Compact silicon- micromachined wideband 220–330-GHz turnstile orthomode trans- ducer,

    A. Gomez-Torrent, U. Shah, and J. Oberhammer, “Compact silicon- micromachined wideband 220–330-GHz turnstile orthomode trans- ducer,”IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 38–46, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.1109/tthz.2018.2882745

    work page doi:10.1109/tthz.2018.2882745 2019

  26. [26]

    Design and testing of the quasi- optical network for the MetOp-SG microwave sounder,

    A. L. Woodcraft, S. T. Froud, R. J. Wylde, P. A. R. Ade, R. V . Sudiwala, C. E. Tucker, S. M. Tun, M. Bray, P. Campbell, P. Crampton, G. Maxwell-Cox, and V . Kangas, “Design and testing of the quasi- optical network for the MetOp-SG microwave sounder,” in2023 17th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP). IEEE, Mar. 2023, p. 1–5, doi: 10.23...

    work page doi:10.23919/eucap57121.2023.10133515 2023

  27. [27]

    A rectangular waveguide orthomode transducer,

    H. P. Joglekar and M. Singh, “A rectangular waveguide orthomode transducer,”International Journal of Electronics, vol. 47, no. 5, p. 525–527, Nov. 1979, doi: 10.1080/00207217908938673

    work page doi:10.1080/00207217908938673 1979

  28. [28]

    A planar orthomode transducer,

    R. Jackson, “A planar orthomode transducer,”IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 11, no. 12, p. 483–485, Dec. 2001, doi: 10.1109/7260.974553

    work page doi:10.1109/7260.974553 2001

  29. [29]

    Tests of a planarL-band orthomode transducer in circular waveguide,

    G. Engargiola and R. L. Plambeck, “Tests of a planarL-band orthomode transducer in circular waveguide,”Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 74, no. 3, p. 1380–1382, Mar. 2003, doi: 10.1063/1.1535741

    work page doi:10.1063/1.1535741 2003

  30. [30]

    Development of a dual polarization SIS mixer with a planar orthomode transducer at 350 GHz,

    K.-Y . Liu, M.-J. Wang, C.-T. Li, T.-J. Chen, and S.-C. Shi, “Development of a dual polarization SIS mixer with a planar orthomode transducer at 350 GHz,”IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, vol. 23, no. 3, p. 1400705–1400705, Jun. 2013, doi: 10.1109/tasc.2013.2241171

    work page doi:10.1109/tasc.2013.2241171 2013

  31. [31]

    Membrane integrated asymmetric dual E-plane probe ortho mode transducer at 424 GHz,

    P. Sobis, V . Drakinskiy, A. Hammar, J. Hanning, A. Emrich, E. Saenz, and J. Stake, “Membrane integrated asymmetric dual E-plane probe ortho mode transducer at 424 GHz,” in29th IEEE International Symposium on Space THz Technology (ISSTT2018), 2018, p. 186. [Online]. Available: https://www.nrao.edu/meetings/isstt/papers/2018/ 2018186000.pdf

    work page 2018

  32. [32]

    325 GHz and 650 GHz dual-polarisation receivers concept,

    O. Auriacombe, P. Sobis, V . Drakinskiy, K. Kempe, J. Embretsen, A. Emrich, D. Cuadrado-Calle, M. van der V orst, and J. Stake, “325 GHz and 650 GHz dual-polarisation receivers concept,” in32nd IEEE International Symposium on Space THz Technology (ISSTT2022),

    work page

  33. [33]

    Available: https://www.nrao.edu/meetings/isstt/papers/ 2022/20220010.pdf

    [Online]. Available: https://www.nrao.edu/meetings/isstt/papers/ 2022/20220010.pdf

    work page 2022

  34. [34]

    Wide-band orthomode transducers,

    S. Skinner and G. James, “Wide-band orthomode transducers,”IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 294–300, 1991, doi: 10.1109/22.102973

    work page doi:10.1109/22.102973 1991

  35. [35]

    THz diode technology: Status, prospects, and applications,

    I. Mehdi, J. V . Siles, C. Lee, and E. Schlecht, “THz diode technology: Status, prospects, and applications,”Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 105, no. 6, pp. 990–1007, 2017, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2017.2650235

    work page doi:10.1109/jproc.2017.2650235 2017

  36. [36]

    High efficiency and broad-band operation of monolithically integrated W-band HBV frequency tripler,

    A. Malko, T. Bryllert, J. Vukusic, and J. Stake, “High efficiency and broad-band operation of monolithically integrated W-band HBV frequency tripler,” in2012 International Conference on Indium Phos- phide and Related Materials. IEEE, Aug. 2012, p. 92–94, doi: 10.1109/iciprm.2012.6403327

    work page doi:10.1109/iciprm.2012.6403327 2012

  37. [37]

    A smooth- walled spline-profile horn as an alternative to the corrugated horn for wide band millimeter-wave applications,

    C. Granet, G. James, R. Bolton, and G. Moorey, “A smooth- walled spline-profile horn as an alternative to the corrugated horn for wide band millimeter-wave applications,”IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 848–854, 2004, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2004.825156

    work page doi:10.1109/tap.2004.825156 2004

  38. [38]

    THz smooth-walled spline horn antennas: Design, manufacturing and measurements,

    A. Hammar, D. Nyberg, Y . Karandikar, P. Sobis, O. Tropp, P. Forsberg, S. McCallion, A. Emrich, and J. Stake, “THz smooth-walled spline horn antennas: Design, manufacturing and measurements,” in2016 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (APSURSI), 2016, pp. 1341–1342, doi: 10.1109/APS.2016.7696378

    work page doi:10.1109/aps.2016.7696378 2016

  39. [39]

    Impact of E-plane misalignment on THz diagonal horn antennas,

    D. Jayasankar, A. Koj, J. Hesler, and J. Stake, “Impact of E-plane misalignment on THz diagonal horn antennas,”IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 143–150, 2025, doi: 10.1109/TTHZ.2024.3449792

    work page doi:10.1109/tthz.2024.3449792 2025

  40. [40]

    Antenna design for the Arctic weather satellite microwave sounder,

    R. Albers, A. Emrich, and A. Murk, “Antenna design for the Arctic weather satellite microwave sounder,”IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation, vol. 4, p. 686–694, 2023, doi: 10.1109/ojap.2023.3295390

    work page doi:10.1109/ojap.2023.3295390 2023

  41. [41]

    SWI 1200/600 GHz highly integrated receiver front-ends,

    P. Sobis, V . Drakinskiy, N. Wadefalk, P.-a. Nilsson, A. Hammar, D. Ny- berg, A. Emrich, H. Zhao, T. Bryllert, A.-Y . Tang, J. Schleeh, J. Grahn, and J. Stake, “SWI 1200/600 GHz highly integrated receiver front-ends,” inProceedings of the 36th ESA Antenna Workshop on Antennas and RF Systems for Space Science, vol. S3.1.2, 2015

    work page 2015

  42. [42]

    Terahertz GaAs Schottky diode mixer and multiplier MIC’s based on e-beam technology,

    V . Drakinskiy, P. Sobis, H. Zhao, T. Bryllert, and J. Stake, “Terahertz GaAs Schottky diode mixer and multiplier MIC’s based on e-beam technology,” in2013 International Conference on Indium Phosphide and Related Materials (IPRM). IEEE, May 2013, p. 1–2, doi: 10.1109/iciprm.2013.6562606

    work page doi:10.1109/iciprm.2013.6562606 2013

  43. [43]

    Elements for E-plane split-block waveguide circuits,

    A. R. Kerr, “Elements for E-plane split-block waveguide circuits,” NRAO, Tech. Rep., 2001

    work page 2001

  44. [44]

    A 183-GHz Schottky diode receiver with 4 dB noise figure,

    M. Anderberg, P. Sobis, V . Drakinskiy, J. Schleeh, S. Dejanovic, A. Emrich, and J. Stake, “A 183-GHz Schottky diode receiver with 4 dB noise figure,” in2019 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS), 2019, pp. 172–175, doi: 10.1109/MWSYM.2019.8701051

    work page doi:10.1109/mwsym.2019.8701051 2019

  45. [45]

    FFT2G Spectrometer,

    AAC Omnisys, “FFT2G Spectrometer,” https://www.aac-clyde.space/ what-we-do/space-products-components/payloads/fft2g-spectrometer (accessed May 13, 2026)

    work page 2026

  46. [46]

    Crosspolarisation isolation and discrimi- nation,

    P. Watson and M. Arbabi, “Crosspolarisation isolation and discrimi- nation,”Electronics Letters, vol. 9, no. 22, p. 516–517, Nov. 1973, doi: 10.1049/el:19730379

    work page doi:10.1049/el:19730379 1973

  47. [47]

    Wideband OMT for the 210–373 GHz band with built-in 90° waveguide twist,

    I. Lapkin, C. D. L ´opez, D. Meledin, L. Helldner, M. Fredrixon, A. B. Pavolotsky, S.-E. Ferm, V . Desmaris, and V . Belitsky, “Wideband OMT for the 210–373 GHz band with built-in 90° waveguide twist,”IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, vol. 15, no. 2, p. 151–157, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.1109/tthz.2024.3499734

    work page doi:10.1109/tthz.2024.3499734 2025

  48. [48]

    Radiometric noise characterization of the 183-664 GHz front-end receivers for the MetOp-SG Ice Cloud Imager instrument – prospects for future missions,

    O. Stiewe, T. Merkle, R. Elschner, J. Hoppe, C. Schubert, and R. Fre- und, “High capacity dual-polarization THz-wireless transmission in the 300 GHz band using a broadband orthomode transducer,” in2023 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium - IMS 2023. IEEE, Jun. 2023, p. 439–442, doi: 10.1109/ims37964.2023.10187965

    work page doi:10.1109/ims37964.2023.10187965 2023

  49. [49]

    High-performance wideband double- ridged waveguide OMT for the 275–500 GHz band,

    A. Gonzalez and K. Kaneko, “High-performance wideband double- ridged waveguide OMT for the 275–500 GHz band,”IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, vol. 11, no. 3, p. 345–350, May 2021, doi: 10.1109/tthz.2021.3062451

    work page doi:10.1109/tthz.2021.3062451 2021

  50. [50]

    A multistep drie process for complex terahertz waveguide components,

    C. Jung-Kubiak, T. J. Reck, J. V . Siles, R. Lin, C. Lee, J. Gill, K. Cooper, I. Mehdi, and G. Chattopadhyay, “A multistep drie process for complex terahertz waveguide components,”IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 690–695, Sep. 2016, doi: 10.1109/tthz.2016.2593793

    work page doi:10.1109/tthz.2016.2593793 2016

  51. [51]

    Statistics of atomic frequency standards,

    D. Allan, “Statistics of atomic frequency standards,”Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 54, no. 2, p. 221–230, 1966, doi: 10.1109/proc.1966.4634

    work page doi:10.1109/proc.1966.4634 1966

  52. [52]

    Optimization of heterodyne observations using Allan variance measurements,

    R. Schieder and C. Kramer, “Optimization of heterodyne observations using Allan variance measurements,”Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 373, no. 2, p. 746–756, Jul. 2001, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20010611

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010611 2001

  53. [53]

    Radiometric noise characterization of the 183-664 GHz front-end receivers for the MetOp-SG Ice Cloud Imager instrument – prospects for future missions,

    B. Thomas, G. Sonnabend, N. Wehres, M. Brandt, M. Trasatti, A. Andr ´es-Beivide, M. Bergada, J. Martinez, P. Robustillo, M. Gots- mann, and U. Klein, “Radiometric noise characterization of the 183-664 GHz front-end receivers for the MetOp-SG Ice Cloud Imager instrument – prospects for future missions,” in2023 IEEE/MTT-S International IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ...

    work page doi:10.1109/ims37964.2023.10187932 2026

  54. [54]

    A broadband, low noise, integrated 340 GHz Schottky diode receiver,

    P. Sobis, N. Wadefalk, A. Emrich, and J. Stake, “A broadband, low noise, integrated 340 GHz Schottky diode receiver,”IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 366–368, 2012, doi: 10.1109/LMWC.2012.2202280

    work page doi:10.1109/lmwc.2012.2202280 2012

  55. [55]

    CubeSat scale receivers for measurement of ice in clouds,

    P. Kangaslahti, E. Schlecht, J. Jiang, W. R. Deal, A. Zamora, K. Leong, S. C. Reising, X. Bosch, and M. Ogut, “CubeSat scale receivers for measurement of ice in clouds,” in2016 14th Specialist Meeting on Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing of the Environment (Micro- Rad). IEEE, Apr. 2016, p. 42–47, doi: 10.1109/microrad.2016.7530501

    work page doi:10.1109/microrad.2016.7530501 2016

  56. [56]

    A 520–620-GHz Schottky receiver front-end for planetary science and remote sensing with 1070 k–1500 k DSB noise temperature at room temperature,

    J. Treuttel, L. Gatilova, A. Maestrini, D. Moro-Melgar, F. Yang, F. Tama- zouzt, T. Vacelet, Y . Jin, A. Cavanna, J. Mateos, A. Feret, C. Chaumont, and C. Goldstein, “A 520–620-GHz Schottky receiver front-end for planetary science and remote sensing with 1070 k–1500 k DSB noise temperature at room temperature,”IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Te...

    work page doi:10.1109/tthz.2015.2496421 2016

  57. [57]

    ALMA band 9 upgrade: A feasibility study,

    S. Realini, R. Hesper, J. Barkhof, and A. Baryshev, “ALMA band 9 upgrade: A feasibility study,”EPJ Web of Conferences, vol. 293, p. 00043, 2024, doi: 10.1051/epjconf/202429300043

    work page doi:10.1051/epjconf/202429300043 2024

  58. [58]

    Compact ortho- mode transducers using digital polarization synthesis,

    M. A. Morgan, J. R. Fisher, and T. A. Boyd, “Compact ortho- mode transducers using digital polarization synthesis,”IEEE Trans- actions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Dec. 2010, doi: 10.1109/tmtt.2010.2086510

    work page doi:10.1109/tmtt.2010.2086510 2010

  59. [59]

    A compact integrated 675–693 GHz polarimeter,

    E. W. Bryerton, J. L. Hesler, D. Koller, Y . N. Duan, and T. W. Crowe, “A compact integrated 675–693 GHz polarimeter,” in2018 43rd International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz). IEEE, Sep. 2018, p. 1–2, doi: 10.1109/irmmw- thz.2018.8509960. Olivier Auriacombewas born in Vannes, France, in

    work page doi:10.1109/irmmw- 2018

  60. [60]

    He received his M.Sc. degree in engineering and physics from Grenoble-INP, PHELMA, Greno- ble, France, in 2013, and Ph.D degree in astronomy from the Open University, Milton Keynes, UK, in collaboration with the Rutherford Appleton Labora- tory, Didcot, UK, in 2019. From 2017 to 2019, he was involved with the development of radiometers and receivers (LOCU...

    work page 2013

  61. [61]

    and Ph.D

    He received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Chalmers University of Technology, G ¨oteborg, Sweden, in 1985 and 1992, respectively. In 1992, together with S. Andersson, he founded Omnisys Instruments AB, V ¨astra Fr¨olunda, Sweden, and was responsible for several subsystems for the ODIN radiometer payload and many development...

    work page 1985