Pith. sign in

Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend

As of 23 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 35 of 35 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2503.04771.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2503.04771 v1

Coverage vector

measured 35 of 35 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.482434Z

measured 35 of 35 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

35 of 35 outbound references displayed

  • verified exact0
  • verified fuzzy34
  • unresolved1
  • parse uncertain0
  • malformed identifier0
  • metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 1206ea18-b8c2-4ef8-a973-fae1c13639bd · outbound

This paper cites Thompson and Svenja Spanuth.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend Thompson and Svenja Spanuth

Reference 1

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:54.184439Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.307659Z digest=sha256:9810ab94f4bd71a50f86fef62de2c83adcbbad5e4b518a80de6756e2cec1410b

Observation 9aadf38b-fd0e-4710-9c59-cbd6bf3843c3 · outbound

This paper cites LL VM: A compilation frame- work for lifelong program analysis & transformation.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend LL VM: A compilation frame- work for lifelong program analysis & transformation

Reference 2

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:54.161047Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.312982Z digest=sha256:616d582eaf93c0174c0de919de4e588b217e61ad750f5f754a5673c8178c005c

Observation 3372e6cd-1543-4b7d-a89e-a09127e9d6c8 · outbound

This paper cites MLIR: A Compiler Infrastructure for the End of Moore’s Law, February 2020.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend MLIR: A Compiler Infrastructure for the End of Moore’s Law, February 2020

Reference 3

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:54.143117Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.318613Z digest=sha256:d50fcaf7bf680c1d6a519f2e32f9c00e4b79e0bfe2ec8752f12f6646e53b0e4f

Observation 3c205fb9-b4d2-48ba-bb3c-0fd011bbaa9e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend Unresolved cited work

Reference 4

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:54.126349Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.324251Z digest=sha256:c254ce87be35c0be5085a8625dbc9dc8ebd15c0cacebf8c7daa382366aa7a008

Observation 35eef608-e84f-4464-b3d0-10ee09f972f2 · outbound

This paper cites https://www.modular.com/max/mojo.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend https://www.modular.com/max/mojo

Reference 5

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:54.051084Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.329379Z digest=sha256:df1c2aa166dd09c49ed962a380fba1c6e2c8cb111639dfd52ab335ad01e8ccea

Observation d73c21b0-bd6b-436b-8d13-6da300a7c3a3 · outbound

This paper cites PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High- Performance Deep Learning Library, December 2019.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High- Performance Deep Learning Library, December 2019

Reference 6

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:54.000751Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.334503Z digest=sha256:761cbee19ab2b3e9be48f502c18d8226c8723e57840c04283df3f3ca32a287ab

Observation cf97e933-5826-42f8-99c1-5004eab38d97 · outbound

This paper cites Murray, Benoit Steiner, Paul Tucker, Vijay Vasudevan, Pete Warden, Martin Wicke, Yuan Yu, and Xiaoqiang Zheng.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend Murray, Benoit Steiner, Paul Tucker, Vijay Vasudevan, Pete Warden, Martin Wicke, Yuan Yu, and Xiaoqiang Zheng

Reference 7

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.982866Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.338761Z digest=sha256:77a768555499ab2373c2351c4a1ed0271b67918d2192fedd50d74a6641093133

Observation ad0eb52e-232f-41e2-8f75-829a1c50b6e0 · outbound

This paper cites MLIR: Multi-Level Intermediate Representation Compiler Infrastructure.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend MLIR: Multi-Level Intermediate Representation Compiler Infrastructure

Reference 8

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.964350Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.344025Z digest=sha256:59b5bf0379a7d2e2b68a5e47563bf983f584a71f46432a6452a2a74cf19e7dfa

Observation c9350bd9-20f4-4a81-b1f0-dab94b58a4c1 · outbound

This paper cites Shah, and Alan Edel- man.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend Shah, and Alan Edel- man

Reference 9

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.946047Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.349023Z digest=sha256:ed084db551921c9e36c063ecd495c74b017d74791798d37b3ccddf5d28e4af73

Observation 7e22bb0e-e847-46ba-91c3-4b2e4e2a8166 · outbound

This paper cites Flux: Elegant machine learning with Julia.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend Flux: Elegant machine learning with Julia

Reference 10

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.929933Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.354489Z digest=sha256:4a5c2e78b885d19a254b6bebf552e25e8b152031c3a2795f1d6587f2201727f4

Observation cc2f02a7-2686-4455-af45-b56ce70db0e8 · outbound

This paper cites Souza, Alan Edelman, and Raffaele Ferrari.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend Souza, Alan Edelman, and Raffaele Ferrari

Reference 11

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.912938Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.360190Z digest=sha256:d6fe46086bb315f5adecac2e18c3905d6aa5c9c592a037baced6d767f2c3599d

Observation a93b68d9-6684-4340-971d-21046dde0e87 · outbound

This paper cites JuMP: A Mod- eling Language for Mathematical Optimization.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend JuMP: A Mod- eling Language for Mathematical Optimization

Reference 12

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.896845Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.365841Z digest=sha256:6699ccce8a45d04082abb70d00a452a3cdb3e734914ee25c7e72cbf659af310d

Observation e19fd55c-7a47-4407-a293-03f09f6cb284 · outbound

This paper cites Effective Extensible Programming: Unleashing Julia on GPUs.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend Effective Extensible Programming: Unleashing Julia on GPUs

Reference 13

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.881873Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.370636Z digest=sha256:8d4eec5fcba3bc069b7dba9514e6490b5543e813e71f005d62664a67b4a62ed6

Observation 8bf6e287-801b-469c-ab6d-7de4eb740c29 · outbound

This paper cites DifferentialEquations.jl – A Performant and Feature-Rich Ecosystem for Solving Differential Equations in Julia.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend DifferentialEquations.jl – A Performant and Feature-Rich Ecosystem for Solving Differential Equations in Julia

Reference 14

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.867167Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.375452Z digest=sha256:e25c62e65b09fb24d1847d33c57cf86ace2eae56e1a641ef3a3dc2198ee5d54a

Observation 6112b62d-af6b-436c-a0c2-0ac80fdd107b · outbound

This paper cites Shah, Jeffrey Werner Bezanson, and Alan Edelman.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend Shah, Jeffrey Werner Bezanson, and Alan Edelman

Reference 15

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.850223Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.380680Z digest=sha256:e061eabfca9f8d6cedd14cf553c12658c6ce2e8ec5f7dbf036757bc729c0923e

Observation 57af8c14-ce6f-4489-a892-67daeda406de · outbound

This paper cites JuliaDiff, May 2024.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend JuliaDiff, May 2024

Reference 16

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.835140Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.385566Z digest=sha256:a13c94359470be2f39e79a66e376da16f9f69329f80c5ca722d22f720380c871

Observation 470b7b1d-e5ab-49fe-8125-f3802da2b685 · outbound

This paper cites withbayes, May 2024.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend withbayes, May 2024

Reference 17

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.820056Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.390392Z digest=sha256:affeddbfc324107fc2f484b12a2b4264fce01d541f4a293e0bf7bacb55ebe57d

Observation 8c95c1d9-c70a-4466-a3ea-3cf77fe76d9f · outbound

This paper cites A viatesk/JET.jl, April 2024.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend A viatesk/JET.jl, April 2024

Reference 18

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.804702Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.395948Z digest=sha256:1217c534eb0744da40cc9c4a6a933fa6b0dc9e0cdaa29d88a66fd945bb349c4f

Observation 7160b03e-7ab8-4e63-aa29-af087bcbde42 · outbound

This paper cites Google, February 2024.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend Google, February 2024

Reference 19

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.788971Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.400952Z digest=sha256:d853c408cd3b06ffa5c7a893e2d89388caa56428c21306586aaa86f1020e64c5

Observation 9d8486a7-d201-4258-ab92-5d08c331626d · outbound

This paper cites Beaver, March 2024.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend Beaver, March 2024

Reference 20

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.773678Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.406080Z digest=sha256:a068ba0c0fba1e6da3fbe4e2b35829a743d53ff1f0cc74a88aa12b427b07c7b9

Observation bec2c16b-4e17-4904-8a43-a5550d17b22b · outbound

This paper cites Julia Lab at MIT CSAIL, March 2024.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend Julia Lab at MIT CSAIL, March 2024

Reference 21

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.758512Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.410346Z digest=sha256:55714c741c77322e382006680a2d88ecf0e019e4c302543c07a8ac3550fb5097

Observation f5bf04f7-13fd-4977-9182-9a1bc635d5a2 · outbound

This paper cites https://microsoft.github.io/Accera/.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend https://microsoft.github.io/Accera/

Reference 22

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.743040Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.415461Z digest=sha256:db4bf8302176959cd425094c0ff50ed10871f95822a82a1dc9c3ebbd2869e0e5

Observation 7e7c9c53-33c9-4a94-9f58-ca5aba33f0fb · outbound

This paper cites Btor2MLIR: A Format and Toolchain for Hardware Verification, September 2023.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend Btor2MLIR: A Format and Toolchain for Hardware Verification, September 2023

Reference 23

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.727249Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.420129Z digest=sha256:fd7d50fdbca228e604d971dbe7cda1d63c45fb6bfc4e287c3784b429945fef24

Observation 50f5229c-962b-43e8-b24b-67860d07f244 · outbound

This paper cites PennyLaneAI, April 2024.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend PennyLaneAI, April 2024

Reference 24

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.710221Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.424860Z digest=sha256:940ea426becbc0051ecb7ff9e7c7450381fb2ef02af36fc0252b292e769ed513

Observation 9c77a44c-b7df-4f16-8a71-bce3d76ee718 · outbound

This paper cites Designing an open framework for query optimization and compilation.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend Designing an open framework for query optimization and compilation

Reference 25

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.693698Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.430213Z digest=sha256:ff4cb418d9d1fc7e1b5500e28360eef95e233e2fbeff734e91b74c3179db33c3

Observation 114dda21-f44b-418c-b209-1a1dec53403c · outbound

This paper cites Nelli: A lightweight frontend for MLIR.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend Nelli: A lightweight frontend for MLIR

Reference 26

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.676315Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.435193Z digest=sha256:35ad44e416bd9a274756dc0565caf170fedd61be7396dfc7eb23f5795b5660ba

Observation 0509bf66-94a3-4d56-9a46-81ee1adf526d · outbound

This paper cites White, and E.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend White, and E

Reference 27

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.660166Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.440317Z digest=sha256:af6c7e3fe354dc7233eb75655f4802bbbb7741914443624eab5899ad2d33dd50

Observation ee356cbd-e5b9-4a76-a23e-927e2fec1b48 · outbound

This paper cites Moses, Sven Ver- doolaege, Andrew Adams, and Albert Cohen.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend Moses, Sven Ver- doolaege, Andrew Adams, and Albert Cohen

Reference 28

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.643408Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.445372Z digest=sha256:2ed173ee80d292915bc6bb28c82ffa60f61c31fe37fd6a74a0a414bc99362f47

Observation 8b1ae165-aa54-472c-ad0f-06e6e64daccc · outbound

This paper cites Halide: A language and compiler for optimizing parallelism, locality, and recomputation in image processing pipelines.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend Halide: A language and compiler for optimizing parallelism, locality, and recomputation in image processing pipelines

Reference 29

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.626678Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.450608Z digest=sha256:94f154462f0fcedb7e710036fc6ae62447bb592acad0409a82966e69269e9408

Observation de6e15b8-d1e8-4eb1-b192-24fbc1afe007 · outbound

This paper cites https://mlir.llvm.org/docs/Tutorials/transform/ChH/.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend https://mlir.llvm.org/docs/Tutorials/transform/ChH/

Reference 30

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.608719Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.456821Z digest=sha256:e2b46a48542b23376995c26b823865f0c421e2489ec0d347b1b9bd471bec966d

Observation d8584afa-dedc-40d8-b6a3-cd3f9942e5b6 · outbound

This paper cites MLIR-based code generation for GPU tensor cores.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend MLIR-based code generation for GPU tensor cores

Reference 31

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.590552Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.462285Z digest=sha256:4679b76fccffb341998e112c6609f62b2cb9891de9e5688dc49b408da75820ea

Observation 7ac663c7-36f6-4768-a5cc-e82ffcebe52f · outbound

This paper cites https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-toolkit.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-toolkit

Reference 32

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.573266Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.467544Z digest=sha256:3766f2cda07caf4f87450e2239119ea4b27df956d417ad002f9e256f76556b19

Observation 051e4298-4550-414b-b571-e3082ae9425a · outbound

This paper cites https://www.amd.com/en/products/software/rocm.html.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend https://www.amd.com/en/products/software/rocm.html

Reference 33

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.555602Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.472184Z digest=sha256:05068ae748cab8f6e767328a7d6df39a0131beaecaaba81521b3a9ccd9add8e8

Observation 8630c027-4346-423c-9f8d-dc425aabd0ef · outbound

This paper cites https://www.khronos.org//, July 2013.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend https://www.khronos.org//, July 2013

Reference 34

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.539235Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.477440Z digest=sha256:a8358ad3b700cebee03af1a8c9dfd5632ba2950006dd3e52d474075459fa1150

Observation 86828e7e-5f33-4113-907c-0a546a56584f · outbound

This paper cites Constantinou, Max Ng, Carsten Bauer, Michel Schanen, john- bcoughlin, Viral B.

Building Bridges: Julia as an MLIR Frontend Constantinou, Max Ng, Carsten Bauer, Michel Schanen, john- bcoughlin, Viral B

Reference 35

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T19:15:53.521712Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-07T19:15:53.482434Z digest=sha256:5d647aa66ce9607d9a6cb20c7b8d864133714c7064910fdfdb773aa8fba42419

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.