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arxiv: 2102.11538 · v2 · pith:67YOGTNWnew · submitted 2021-02-23 · ⚛️ physics.ins-det · hep-ex

Mass production and characterization of 3-inch PMTs for the JUNO experiment

Chuanya Cao , Jilei Xu , Miao He , Angel Abusleme , Mathieu Bongrand , Cl\'ement Bordereau , Dominique Breton , Anatael Cabrera
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Agustin Campeny C\'edric Cerna Haoqiang Chen Po-An Chen G\'erard Claverie Selma Conforti Di Lorenzo Christophe De La Taille Fr\'ed\'eric Druillole Am\'elie Fournier Marco Grassi Xiaofei Gu Michael Haacke Yang Han Patrick Hellmuth Yuekun Heng Rafael Herrera Yee Hsiung Bei-Zhen Hu Yongbo Huang C\'edric Huss Ignacio Jeria Xiaoping Jing C\'ecile Jollet Victor Lebrin Fr\'ed\'eric Lef\`ere Hongwei Li Nan Li Hongbang Liu Xiwen Liu Bayarto Lubsandorzhiev Sultim Lubsandorzhiev Arslan Lukanov Jihane Maalmi Anselmo Meregaglia Diana Navas-Nicolas Juan Pedro Ochoa-Ricoux Fr\'ed\'eric Perrot Rebin Karaparambil Rajan Abdel Rebii Bed\v{r}ich Roskovec Cayetano Santos Mariangela Settimo Andrey Sidorenkov Igor Tkachev Giancarlo Troni Nikita Ushakov Guillaume Van Royen Benoit Viaud Dmitriy Voronin Pablo Walker Chung-Hsiang Wang Zhimin Wang Diru Wu Hangkun Xu Meihang Xu Chengfeng Yang Jie Yang Fr\'ed\'eric Yermia Xuantong Zhang
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classification ⚛️ physics.ins-det hep-ex
keywords pmtsinchjunoproductioncharacterizationmassproducedtubes
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26,000 3-inch photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) have been produced for Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) by the Hainan Zhanchuang Photonics Technology Co., Ltd (HZC) company in China and passed all acceptance tests with only 15 tubes rejected. The mass production began in 2018 and elapsed for about 2 years at a rate of $\sim$1,000~PMTs per month. The characterization of the PMTs was performed in the factory concurrently with production as a joint effort between HZC and JUNO. Fifteen performance parameters were tracked at different sampling rates, and novel working strategies were implemented to improve quality assurance. This constitutes the largest sample of 3-inch PMTs ever produced and studied in detail to date.

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  1. Embedded underwater front-end electronics for the 3-inch photomultipliers in the JUNO experiment

    physics.ins-det 2026-04 accept novelty 3.0

    Underwater electronics for JUNO's 25,600 3-inch PMTs digitize 128 channels per unit with 0.04 photoelectron noise, below 0.4% crosstalk, and 57 MB/s bandwidth for synchronized single-photoelectron detection.