Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation

As of 21 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 41 of 41 outbound references and 3 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2412.11831.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2412.11831 v2

Coverage vector

measured 41 of 41 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.425348Z

measured 44 of 44 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00

measured 3 of 3 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-07-14T17:12:24.565155Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-07-04T00:49:18.836054Z

Reference resolution

41 of 41 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy26
unresolved15
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 69ebdb22-e271-4ff8-978d-67c375c02526 · outbound

This paper cites AlKhuzaey, F.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation AlKhuzaey, F

Reference 1

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.872437Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 7ed082a4-33ed-43e9-a014-38c5c10d12ab · outbound

This paper cites Alsentzer, J.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Alsentzer, J

Reference 2

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.862466Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 38a01fcb-b4b4-4262-877e-266ef211a42e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Unresolved cited work

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.850695Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 939f175d-02df-48e3-b8e6-5d576c38c261 · outbound

This paper cites Biderman, H.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Biderman, H

Reference 4

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.839119Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 28c645d5-8399-43ee-b8f2-95ed0eb7fcc0 · outbound

This paper cites Devlin, M.-W.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Devlin, M.-W

Reference 5

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.827949Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 840fd55c-9916-494e-a836-ff96703bcf66 · outbound

This paper cites Gierl, O.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Gierl, O

Reference 6

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.816556Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 1def3079-7ed9-4ab3-bd92-880b5e9acf77 · outbound

This paper cites Gombert, L.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Gombert, L

Reference 7

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.805450Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation b7224cb2-e881-4e8d-8b1b-06e272a56745 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Unresolved cited work

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.794465Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation ac693a56-c4c3-4b96-a35b-a43289e9c01d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.776348Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 9769b025-0476-4cd3-9985-edca8c4cafef · outbound

This paper cites Hsu, H.-M.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Hsu, H.-M

Reference 10

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.765209Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation be80a48d-b9c6-43de-95b9-94da35e60e92 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Unresolved cited work

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.753963Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 35252e62-9be9-43e8-bbfa-a99f34db6986 · outbound

This paper cites Loginova, L.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Loginova, L

Reference 12

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.742209Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 3f65fd78-cfb2-4c18-9563-90305f24b8c9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.732721Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation b2ab9738-29b7-4ec3-b84d-5ce11eda0beb · outbound

This paper cites Mikolov, K.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Mikolov, K

Reference 14

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.724322Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation ab93906f-7c0d-4332-846a-7c10140170a4 · outbound

This paper cites Mullooly, O.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Mullooly, O

Reference 15

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.715146Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation a453f939-773e-4866-b90c-6b6999da83da · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Unresolved cited work

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.703321Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 3dba10a1-1643-42b4-ab36-f3b558632e88 · outbound

This paper cites Papouˇ sek, V.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Papouˇ sek, V

Reference 17

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.692225Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 73497c06-7278-44f7-b7ad-fcae43a125f7 · outbound

This paper cites Pedregosa, G.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Pedregosa, G

Reference 18

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.679958Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation bf2381c2-7fa9-4864-8979-bec97ff1b779 · outbound

This paper cites Pel´ anek, T.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Pel´ anek, T

Reference 19

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.668719Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation ea07d112-a415-4d8a-aa59-a2f578c6db8c · outbound

This paper cites Perkins, L.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Perkins, L

Reference 20

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.657455Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation b0488d01-a550-4cbe-ba3a-aa135a419fd5 · outbound

This paper cites Pezeshkpour and E.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Pezeshkpour and E

Reference 21

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.646979Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 0a2d7139-f682-4a56-ada9-3e1f1254288d · outbound

This paper cites Plaut, K.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Plaut, K

Reference 22

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.636864Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 5443e9d7-d9bb-462b-b802-629530f49839 · outbound

This paper cites Raina and M.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Raina and M

Reference 23

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.626479Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 55cb6583-19e9-45fa-b947-a21e9cff19cf · outbound

This paper cites Raina, A.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Raina, A

Reference 24

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.615129Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 70ed93ea-0bfd-4983-a6b3-560bd71952a3 · outbound

This paper cites Reimers and I.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Reimers and I

Reference 25

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.604779Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation aa628edb-63be-4009-a51e-6a39e995609f · outbound

This paper cites Sclar, Y.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Sclar, Y

Reference 26

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.593257Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation aafb3ef2-5f57-4d30-aa99-a9ba962e8c5d · outbound

This paper cites Sparck Jones.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Sparck Jones

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.380851Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 38cd3f4a-6831-4100-9fb8-47f812f09f93 · outbound

This paper cites Susanti, T.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Susanti, T

Reference 28

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.577182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation e7667e27-67f3-4211-9440-054773e4f18c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Unresolved cited work

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.567016Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 2d089394-87ee-4c70-8a83-aa298a1d6c5c · outbound

This paper cites van de Watering and J.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation van de Watering and J

Reference 30

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.557291Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation ec5ab71d-9623-4031-a4f5-68c0085f7563 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Unresolved cited work

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.546297Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation e5568046-a2af-41d4-bd1a-5026bc51e155 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Unresolved cited work

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.535732Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 06033460-b668-4ea7-903a-7a9ef4b74dad · outbound

This paper cites Wei, C.-K.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Wei, C.-K

Reference 33

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.524256Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation ddff4817-175e-4556-bbc0-9ddd4b9cf80e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Unresolved cited work

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.513493Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation d4e080b7-7016-47d2-a732-357c9f95dbc9 · outbound

This paper cites Yaneva, D.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Yaneva, D

Reference 35

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.503104Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation b19d195f-183e-4664-8324-e1d14d6b9c00 · outbound

This paper cites Yaneva, K.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Yaneva, K

Reference 36

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.492587Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation cc757072-52a2-49ba-90f6-f2b613d38c7c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Unresolved cited work

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.481896Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 6fb8462c-4e78-452e-96c7-05263c5e0389 · outbound

This paper cites Zheng, H.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Zheng, H

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.419379Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c8eb1027-03fd-4021-b5a6-1f24c4e45ec2 · outbound

This paper cites Zheng, W.-L.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Zheng, W.-L

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.422445Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 463f5655-21a3-4624-a198-b36cee2fa9b1 · outbound

This paper cites Overall Correctness.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Overall Correctness

Reference 40

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.458616Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 66e1a495-92b1-427b-844a-a34f5f877337 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation Unresolved cited work

Reference 2021

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T14:36:59.409945Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation b13bba54-47ba-4fbf-b5e1-e24753f7c24a · inbound

LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment cites this paper.

LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation

Reference 34

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-04T00:49:18.838603Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation b24e61e2-bca6-48f2-80da-fefd5937f0d3 · inbound

Cognitive Episodes in LLM Reasoning Traces Enable Interpretable Human Item Difficulty Prediction cites this paper.

Cognitive Episodes in LLM Reasoning Traces Enable Interpretable Human Item Difficulty Prediction Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation

Reference 34

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-01T17:15:51.591948Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation e339f232-8f76-4dad-8618-a642c9e0d3f0 · inbound

Cognitive Episodes in LLM Reasoning Traces Enable Interpretable Human Item Difficulty Prediction cites this paper.

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-07-14T17:12:24.565155Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.