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arxiv: 2606.23173 · v1 · pith:6PQTDYPLnew · submitted 2026-06-22 · ⚛️ physics.optics

Silicon Ring Based 64times100 GHz Wavelength Division Multiplexing filter

Q. Deng , A. Elshazly , M. Oktay , J. De Coster , R. Magdziak , C. Marchese , G. Lepage , D. Bode
show 12 more authors
H. Kobbi H. K. Tyagi J. R. Vaskasi M. E. Filipcic H. Sar M. Chakrabarti D. Velenis P. Verheyen P. Absil F. Ferraro Y. Ban J. Van Campenhout
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-26 07:15 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.optics
keywords silicon photonicswavelength division multiplexingring resonatorMach-Zehnder interferometerWDM filter100 GHz channel spacingoptical interleaverdata center interconnects
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The pith

A ring-Mach-Zehnder cascade architecture produces the first silicon 64 by 100 GHz WDM filter by making the MZI free spectral range exactly twice the ring spacing.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper shows how to scale silicon wavelength division multiplexing filters to 64 channels at 100 GHz spacing by cascading ring resonators with Mach-Zehnder interferometers whose arm lengths come from half the ring. This choice forces the MZI interference peaks to land exactly on the ring transmission peaks, removing the need for active tuning that has limited earlier designs to 32 channels. The approach is first tested in a 16 by 400 GHz device with low loss, then extended to the full 64 channel version by adding a four-channel interleaver stage. Measured results give 3.2 dB average insertion loss and at least 10.7 dB isolation across all channels. If the alignment holds, the method directly supports denser optical links needed for higher data-center bandwidth.

Core claim

The central discovery is a ring-MZI cascade in which the MZI arm length difference is set by exactly half the ring circumference, guaranteeing that the MZI free spectral range is precisely twice the ring free spectral range and that transmission peaks coincide without dynamic adjustment. Third-order polynomial interconnected circular bends are used to realize the required half-ring sections with low loss. The resulting 64 by 100 GHz filter is built as a 4-channel interleaver followed by four 16 by 400 GHz ring-MZI stages, achieving 3.2 plus or minus 1.1 dB insertion loss and channel isolation of at least 10.7 dB.

What carries the argument

Ring-Mach-Zehnder interferometer cascade architecture in which the MZI arm length difference equals half the ring circumference so that MZI FSR is exactly double the ring FSR and peaks align automatically.

If this is right

  • Silicon WDM systems can reach 64 channels at 100 GHz spacing without active tuning between stages.
  • The half-ring MZI configuration removes the dynamic tuning step that previously limited channel count.
  • A 4-channel interleaver plus four 16 by 400 GHz ring-MZI blocks yields the full 64 by 100 GHz filter with 3.2 dB loss.
  • Low-loss half-ring waveguides built with TOPIC bends enable the precise length matching required.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same half-ring length principle could be used to create MZI-ring cascades at other standard spacings such as 50 GHz or 200 GHz.
  • Combining the cascade with existing silicon modulators or detectors on the same chip could reduce total link loss in transceiver modules.
  • The TOPIC bend geometry may allow similar length-controlled interferometers in other integrated photonic platforms beyond silicon.

Load-bearing premise

Fabrication produces an arm length difference that is exactly half the ring circumference so the two free spectral ranges remain in the precise 2-to-1 ratio needed for alignment.

What would settle it

A spectral measurement of the fabricated 64-channel device showing MZI transmission peaks offset from the ring peaks by more than a few gigahertz, or channel isolation falling below 10 dB across the band.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.23173 by A. Elshazly, C. Marchese, D. Bode, D. Velenis, F. Ferraro, G. Lepage, H. Kobbi, H. K. Tyagi, H. Sar, J. De Coster, J. R. Vaskasi, J. Van Campenhout, M. Chakrabarti, M. E. Filipcic, M. Oktay, P. Absil, P. Verheyen, Q. Deng, R. Magdziak, Y. Ban.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: (a) The schematic of the half-ring waveguide implemented with one 180◦ TOPIC bend and two identical straight segments. The inset is the top view of the half-ring waveguide with the simulated optical field distribution, magnetic field along thickness direction at the waveguide center plane. In this simulation, the material stacks are SOI with silicon oxide as the top cladding, the analysis is carried out fo… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: The measurement port configurations (a) and the measured transmission spectra (b) of the ring and MZI. 5 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: The microscope image (a), the measured WDM transmission spectra (b), and the corresponding MZI Through spectra (c) of the proposed WDM 16×400 GHz filter. 6 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: The microscope image (a) and the measured transmission spectra (b) of the proposed WDM 64×100 GHz filter. The inset is the zoomed-in view of one ring-MZI filter unit. 8 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: The measured ring resonance wavelength (a) and the FSR (b) under different half-ring straight segments length, and the linear regression analysis between the FSR and the resonance frequency (c). The calculated individual (d) and the combined (e) MZI interleaver and ring dropping spectra based on their analytical models. 9 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_6.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Silicon-based wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) filters are essential for scaling optical communication capacity in data centers and telecommunications networks.However, extending silicon WDM systems beyond 32 channels with 100 GHz spacing poses significant challenges due to limitations in conventional filter architectures. Here we present the first silicon 64$\times$100 GHz WDM filter by introducing a novel ring-Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) cascade architecture. Our design utilizes third-order polynomial interconnected circular (TOPIC) bends to construct low-loss half-ring waveguides, facilitating an MZI configuration where the arm length difference is determined entirely by half of the ring structure. This approach ensures precise alignment between the MZI interference peaks and the ring resonator wavelengths, with the MZI FSR being exactly double that of the ring, eliminating the need for dynamic tuning between the MZI and the ring. We demonstrate the concept through a 16$\times$400 GHz WDM filter with insertion loss of 1.3$\pm$0.6 dB and channel isolation $\geq$14.3 dB. The 64$\times$100 GHz implementation, realized using a 4-channel interleaver followed by four 16$\times$400 GHz WDM filter, achieves insertion loss of 3.2$\pm$1.1 dB and channel isolation $\geq$10.7 dB. This work opens new possibilities for high-density silicon photonic WDM systems, addressing the growing bandwidth demands of artificial intelligence and machine learning applications.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

0 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper claims to demonstrate the first silicon 64×100 GHz WDM filter via a novel ring-MZI cascade architecture that uses TOPIC bends to form low-loss half-ring waveguides. This ensures the MZI arm-length difference is exactly half the ring circumference, making the MZI FSR precisely double the ring FSR and eliminating the need for dynamic tuning. Experimental results are reported for a 16×400 GHz device (insertion loss 1.3±0.6 dB, isolation ≥14.3 dB) and the full 64×100 GHz implementation via 4-channel interleaver cascade (insertion loss 3.2±1.1 dB, isolation ≥10.7 dB).

Significance. If the measured performance holds, the work is significant for scaling silicon photonic WDM beyond 32 channels at 100 GHz spacing, directly relevant to data-center and AI bandwidth demands. The experimental demonstration supplies concrete insertion-loss and isolation values with standard deviations for both the 16×400 GHz and cascaded 64×100 GHz devices; this provides falsifiable, quantitative support for the ring-MZI alignment claim. The TOPIC-bend approach for realizing the half-ring MZI without additional tuning elements is a clear technical contribution.

minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the statement that the MZI FSR is 'exactly double' the ring FSR is central to the no-tuning claim; a short derivation or geometric argument showing why the arm difference equals exactly half the ring circumference would strengthen the methods section.
  2. [Results] The reported isolation values (≥14.3 dB and ≥10.7 dB) are given without specifying the worst-case channel or the measurement resolution bandwidth; adding this detail would improve reproducibility of the isolation metric.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the positive assessment of our manuscript on the silicon ring-MZI cascade 64×100 GHz WDM filter, including recognition of the experimental results and the TOPIC-bend contribution. We appreciate the recommendation for minor revision.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity in derivation chain

full rationale

The manuscript is an experimental device demonstration of a silicon photonic WDM filter. The claimed alignment (MZI FSR exactly 2x ring FSR) follows directly from a fixed geometric choice in the ring-MZI layout (arm difference set by half-ring length), which is a physical design rule rather than a fitted parameter or self-referential equation. Reported metrics are measured insertion loss and isolation from fabricated devices; these outcomes are independent of any internal derivation that reduces to the inputs by construction. No self-citation load-bearing steps, ansatz smuggling, or renaming of known results appear in the architecture description or results. The work is self-contained against external benchmarks (fabricated performance).

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 1 invented entities

The central claim rests on successful fabrication and optical measurements of the proposed architecture. No free parameters are fitted to data in the abstract. The work relies on standard domain assumptions of silicon photonics and introduces one new design element.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Standard silicon waveguide and ring resonator theory holds for the fabricated devices
    The design and performance claims assume known properties of silicon-on-insulator waveguides and ring resonators.
invented entities (1)
  • TOPIC bends no independent evidence
    purpose: Construct low-loss half-ring waveguides for the MZI arm difference
    Third-order polynomial interconnected circular bends are introduced to enable the half-ring MZI configuration.

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