Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models

As of 22 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 49 of 49 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2412.18863.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2412.18863 v1

Coverage vector

measured 49 of 49 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-11T04:27:19.750291Z

measured 49 of 49 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

49 of 49 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy6
unresolved43
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation e1f49961-a9f3-45c5-bf79-bb9b1b6b7086 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:27:19.548545Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b644af05-eb17-4b5f-928a-dd039127f0eb · outbound

This paper cites A Multitask, Multilingual, Multimodal Evaluation of ChatGPT on Reasoning, Hallucination, and Interactivity.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models A Multitask, Multilingual, Multimodal Evaluation of ChatGPT on Reasoning, Hallucination, and Interactivity

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:27:19.470629Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fd25a666-740f-487c-a03f-05b46b533fb1 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:27:19.561003Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 94b74382-c33b-4ce4-8e82-99ac9c37dd74 · outbound

This paper cites Computational Linguistics, pages 1–79.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Computational Linguistics, pages 1–79

Reference 4

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T04:27:20.505010Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation ca65a61a-b87e-4dc8-b243-5c183b3a930a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 5

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3d719f59-c0f3-4332-a250-b4f01b4659be · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 6

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8d0755e2-2258-494c-886a-74a5cb7806e9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 85880a42-d732-4f81-84eb-11fdfcb7d977 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:27:19.597899Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 246cda7d-b3a7-48a5-b739-b5deee28a4e5 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T04:27:20.298939Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation be61bf5c-d6c1-442e-a0dc-e1a1c97cd489 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 10

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation cba9adf5-b1d4-42ed-9421-eba4f97ffd88 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 11

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3e3c327d-4946-413b-95c2-af0ff057b4fb · outbound

This paper cites Exploring and steering the moral compass of Large Language Models.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Exploring and steering the moral compass of Large Language Models

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:27:19.536669Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0ea0a68e-c45a-4c09-9496-26aa76d500b5 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T04:27:20.240914Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation e5ce66d8-8b60-4b87-a25e-7ce7990dae5c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:27:19.629498Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 917bf02c-388d-4149-b0cb-1f7333e6ae83 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:27:19.555292Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2239db6a-9133-4915-b7c4-633116dcb155 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 16

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 767e5f6a-4a86-45a6-9129-eccf578b6976 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:27:19.566195Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1c942d55-e80f-418b-aab8-c0bf3309e3cc · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:27:19.571459Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5b439491-fe48-4ac1-aa53-cdc3a73a7cea · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 19

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 491f54ed-3f2d-42f3-a484-3cc25435109b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 20

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 3fb8bf9b-e1d2-49d3-ad5e-53468fb68bba · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T04:27:20.126949Z

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 5b6f0180-1cac-4d88-b9bb-4d36bf4bec21 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3e1f3f41-9630-4e38-8a0e-9734d30c5c92 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 23

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6444aada-19fb-4ba3-83e9-0d7a8041e045 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

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Observation b7184652-9adc-4382-b3a9-bcde44c138a0 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

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This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 48264be6-f98e-4abe-bfb5-458877a36d3b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 28

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ddf58b83-38e7-4a5e-984c-e249685eb862 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 29

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Observation ab4da08d-3d34-4183-8c5a-1b88757fc943 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2b23e651-9d87-4f15-9d89-a28db0839566 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

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Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

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Observation bb069e77-1430-4922-aeac-2877330491f7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

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Observation 54325f26-46ac-4098-9ec4-7b2a1808168d · outbound

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Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 34

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Observation 633f78b6-e7df-486b-9fc7-4a83f61a78ba · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

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This paper cites The following are six core moral foundations, each with the corresponding item numbers used to calculate the score for that foundation.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models The following are six core moral foundations, each with the corresponding item numbers used to calculate the score for that foundation

Reference 36

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Observation 46fa5119-cb7e-4356-b78a-31aba4b5c611 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

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Observation ccb9d4fa-eac2-4ac4-aff9-ea5ede2d72c8 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

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Observation 16a9382d-8b61-43ef-9035-c1261294bff9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

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Observation 91208061-f78b-4f44-9be2-b88196ed8979 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Unresolved cited work

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This paper cites Katharina Hämmerl, Björn Deiseroth, Patrick Schramowski, Jind ˇrich Libovick `y, Constantin A Rothkopf, Alexander Fraser, and Kristian Kersting.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Katharina Hämmerl, Björn Deiseroth, Patrick Schramowski, Jind ˇrich Libovick `y, Constantin A Rothkopf, Alexander Fraser, and Kristian Kersting

Reference 1993

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Observation 0500e4bf-17dd-4fc8-8a78-95833887b81b · outbound

This paper cites Having Beer after Prayer? Measuring Cultural Bias in Large Language Models.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Having Beer after Prayer? Measuring Cultural Bias in Large Language Models

Reference 2007

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:27:19.528347Z

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Observation 2a6a09f8-8ca4-47a6-8c62-15da61465158 · outbound

This paper cites Journal of personality and social psychology, 96(5):1029.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Journal of personality and social psychology, 96(5):1029

Reference 2009

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T04:27:20.467020Z

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Observation 7bfdb0de-387b-4efb-82d8-0d6d2c55cc4a · outbound

This paper cites In Advances in experi- mental social psychology, volume 47, pages 55–130.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models In Advances in experi- mental social psychology, volume 47, pages 55–130

Reference 2013

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T04:27:20.486483Z

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Observation 370c4892-b2fb-48b2-b480-83900c5059f9 · outbound

This paper cites In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the As- sociation for Computational Linguistics, pages 7203– 7219, Online.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the As- sociation for Computational Linguistics, pages 7203– 7219, Online

Reference 2020

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T04:27:20.425365Z

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Observation 05aba2b2-d4da-4b2e-97d1-7d6409139cf0 · outbound

This paper cites Can Machines Learn Morality? The Delphi Experiment.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Can Machines Learn Morality? The Delphi Experiment

Reference 2021

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:27:19.514770Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 1253cffe-9c90-4ae9-a625-fae944072cd0 · outbound

This paper cites Speaking Multiple Languages Affects the Moral Bias of Language Models.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Speaking Multiple Languages Affects the Moral Bias of Language Models

Reference 2022

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:27:19.507648Z

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Observation a1f24d76-48da-47ef-b990-4d4fac6971fa · outbound

This paper cites Moral Foundations of Large Language Models.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models Moral Foundations of Large Language Models

Reference 2023

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:27:19.463015Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 37334d43-b877-4f52-9cba-d816a2411894 · outbound

This paper cites SaGE: Evaluating Moral Consistency in Large Language Models.

Whose Morality Do They Speak? Unraveling Cultural Bias in Multilingual Language Models SaGE: Evaluating Moral Consistency in Large Language Models

Reference 2024

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T04:27:19.476571Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.