Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers?

As of 11 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 36 of 36 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2501.01256.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2501.01256 v1

Coverage vector

measured 36 of 36 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:11.698827Z

measured 36 of 36 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

36 of 36 outbound references displayed

verified exact7
verified fuzzy0
unresolved28
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch1

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation d5d6a2ea-a673-421f-a896-ba879cc7047e · outbound

This paper cites URL: " 'urlintro :=.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? URL: " 'urlintro :=

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:11.460419Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9d770266-c34c-4758-959d-a37839bfa3a2 · outbound

This paper cites write newline.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? write newline

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:11.467757Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 69a0a665-eb91-4a8b-a7e3-382c1de8a394 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? Unresolved cited work

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:11.473368Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e712437f-b17b-43ce-9be4-8166bd7392ea · outbound

This paper cites German's Next Language Model.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? German's Next Language Model

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:11.479835Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c5c2ed17-ba5b-4133-a624-10853465e4ce · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? Unresolved cited work

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:11.485917Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2e227483-082e-484d-aa5a-0fc092ce333e · outbound

This paper cites Detecting Hate Speech with GPT-3.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? Detecting Hate Speech with GPT-3

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:11.491700Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 54866f38-2061-424f-b932-1b2868b23e9c · outbound

This paper cites BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:11.500156Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation af042459-d1ad-4c71-a425-e36c6b2c9564 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? Unresolved cited work

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:12.711629Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 0d551a25-2c14-4a84-9023-20685ee8d935 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:12.692851Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation f8676034-36ac-4325-a4c4-a6d38d74eb4f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? Unresolved cited work

Reference 10

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:12.089882Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 44160c76-e6de-4bef-8263-602c7cc873bf · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? Unresolved cited work

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:12.675110Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 241764ca-915d-46df-9ea5-02f13a1b7661 · outbound

This paper cites An Investigation of Large Language Models for Real-World Hate Speech Detection.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? An Investigation of Large Language Models for Real-World Hate Speech Detection

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:11.530471Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0c2ed025-48fd-46d0-93ea-ed2e2a2a47bc · outbound

This paper cites Deceiving Google's Perspective API Built for Detecting Toxic Comments.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? Deceiving Google's Perspective API Built for Detecting Toxic Comments

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:11.537619Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 32ec8566-51eb-45a9-9df5-2112d53ec64f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:11.544513Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3560edbd-606a-40df-9183-e907d3832c4d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:11.550073Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 91f6e941-48a5-4427-b14e-5c2a62a6d940 · outbound

This paper cites A Comprehensive Study on NLP Data Augmentation for Hate Speech Detection: Legacy Methods, BERT, and LLMs.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? A Comprehensive Study on NLP Data Augmentation for Hate Speech Detection: Legacy Methods, BERT, and LLMs

Reference 16

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:12.385956Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 01b026a4-1be5-457c-a453-c55c245eb018 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:12.026870Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 8b7036cd-d01e-4c0f-9319-c93e62299bc9 · outbound

This paper cites Johnson and Taghi M.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? Johnson and Taghi M

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:11.569800Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 57d0dbeb-1118-42e7-ab89-85d1eb9c50ef · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? Unresolved cited work

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:11.577604Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 910b9500-2c9f-4419-94b0-810994fec00f · outbound

This paper cites A New Generation of Perspective API: Efficient Multilingual Character-level Transformers.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? A New Generation of Perspective API: Efficient Multilingual Character-level Transformers

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:11.586796Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 49dd0ad5-bb81-4046-bce8-5e101d683c9f · outbound

This paper cites "HOT" ChatGPT: The promise of ChatGPT in detecting and discriminating hateful, offensive, and toxic comments on social media.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? "HOT" ChatGPT: The promise of ChatGPT in detecting and discriminating hateful, offensive, and toxic comments on social media

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:11.598660Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cb8c0559-1839-4600-b117-6474738ee641 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

Resolution: metadata mismatch; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:12.360664Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation fdc11d0d-19b1-4a56-a819-e551524e21fc · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? Unresolved cited work

Reference 23

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:11.950507Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 960f04e7-23dc-40a5-a58c-f7c9b137883a · outbound

This paper cites A Holistic Approach to Undesired Content Detection in the Real World.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? A Holistic Approach to Undesired Content Detection in the Real World

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:11.620427Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 61dbaaa4-813f-4ee6-8458-1778a6b1603a · outbound

This paper cites Close to Human-Level Agreement: Tracing Journeys of Violent Speech in Incel Posts with GPT-4-Enhanced Annotations.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? Close to Human-Level Agreement: Tracing Journeys of Violent Speech in Incel Posts with GPT-4-Enhanced Annotations

Reference 25

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:11.908730Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 161997be-7504-405f-9000-159d255502f5 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? Unresolved cited work

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:12.657687Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 7c95f9bd-2df4-42b3-bb21-a38679dd9766 · outbound

This paper cites Toxic Bias: Perspective API Misreads German as More Toxic.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? Toxic Bias: Perspective API Misreads German as More Toxic

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:11.639096Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5ca5a361-1acd-4f44-9aa7-1dcd312b4289 · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4 Technical Report.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? GPT-4 Technical Report

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:11.646675Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6b2acaba-b0f7-4225-b858-5fbc6010e02a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? Unresolved cited work

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:12.639892Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 94c01b12-c835-418c-a663-c6e4f192fb9b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:11.659226Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bee9a92f-c1e9-4c4e-a3d2-e6b0169083d8 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? Unresolved cited work

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:12.621093Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 03da0e99-eddb-4979-b80d-832aa189ff2d · outbound

This paper cites Evaluation: from precision, recall and F-measure to ROC, informedness, markedness and correlation.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? Evaluation: from precision, recall and F-measure to ROC, informedness, markedness and correlation

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:11.670653Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 503823af-fec6-4882-853b-dfd65c108e3d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? Unresolved cited work

Reference 33

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:11.825704Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 024f38a0-0407-49bc-b3f2-1fd0c0ca634e · outbound

This paper cites Charformer: Fast Character Transformers via Gradient-based Subword Tokenization.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? Charformer: Fast Character Transformers via Gradient-based Subword Tokenization

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:11.686064Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 152cf747-934a-4fb6-97ca-6ff8bec9ff1c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? Unresolved cited work

Reference 35

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:11.765719Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation bccfe623-97b9-484c-9ed6-49eacc663439 · outbound

This paper cites Attention Is All You Need.

Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers? Attention Is All You Need

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T22:38:11.698827Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.