Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-02T01:55:20.683697Z
Paper Citation Record · LEDGER
As of 8 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 87 of 87 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2607.14535.
A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.
Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-02T01:55:20.683697Z
One-hop event checks from named stored sources.
Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00
Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links
A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.
Source: cited_works
87 of 87 outbound references displayed
External citation measurements
No source-named external measurement is stored.
Observation b60555c3-2d59-4451-ac45-3f53955c5552 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Visual attention: The past 25 years,
Reference 1
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 0b229a59-cb60-463a-bc85-b512a6d1b243 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Eye movements in code reading: Relaxing the linear order,
Reference 2
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation d5000974-5946-4804-836c-7cf893ef310d · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Programmer visual attention during context-aware code summarization,
Reference 3
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 4f8e0a9c-5e63-492d-a15e-538eb1b80e26 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Developers’ visuo-spatial mental model and program comprehension,
Reference 4
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 46500596-5f04-47d4-9c88-b020e2b5f238 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Cognitive processes in program comprehension,
Reference 5
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 91aba1e1-3b9e-43c9-89cd-0246232dacf4 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Mental models and software maintenance,
Reference 6
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 2337134a-20b2-4a98-b56b-8e2a73a5099b · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Program comprehension during software maintenance and evolution,
Reference 7
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation bafb5fc1-9d72-4f24-8002-1053c3eee1ef · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Finding causes of program output with the java whyline,
Reference 8
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 5d014b7e-dce8-4709-bd97-7d5e7c4b9e44 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Automated recording and semantics-aware replaying of high-speed eye tracking and interaction data to support cognitive studies of software engineering tasks,
Reference 9
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 911ab9ed-01bc-43a4-9827-7dca8b3c37a3 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Eye-tracking based adaptive user interface: implicit human-computer interaction for preference indication,
Reference 10
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation af1d2497-4630-4f53-bc88-89ac608895a7 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Modeling programmer attention as scanpath prediction,
Reference 11
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 9e9d77ed-4bf3-4a3b-9653-e89464f5645b · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Eyetrans: Merging human and machine attention for neural code summarization,
Reference 12
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 5c1123b3-d2f1-4bc0-a35b-0b6855050084 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Using developer eye movements to externalize the mental model used in code summarization tasks,
Reference 13
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation be1fb3e6-415f-4e7e-9101-9523d39154e9 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Expertise-dependent visual attention strategies develop over time during debugging with multiple code representations,
Reference 14
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 7af05584-4d3e-443e-9d66-45723db27673 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code A tale of two comprehensions? analyzing student programmer attention during code summarization,
Reference 15
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 7a14e36f-5537-440a-a2b3-fe933d26a2c1 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code A systematic literature review on the usage of eye-tracking in software engineering,
Reference 16
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 1f480481-352a-4d2a-af8e-9a9e100e1951 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Dgaze: Cnn-based gaze prediction in dynamic scenes,
Reference 17
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation d9059986-1886-4e44-be02-9741e1c009e7 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Deep learning based eye gaze estimation and prediction,
Reference 18
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 6f591b56-9f9a-4a61-b811-9120a2364bce · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Gaze prediction for recommender systems,
Reference 19
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 9f0bf2cf-e9d4-4bab-9a7c-71a3120b680f · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Critical review of the models of reading comprehension with a focus on situation models,
Reference 20
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation cf149ef8-3ea8-48b5-b407-cd6bbfeb0095 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Models of the reading process,
Reference 21
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 80a864f3-73d6-48dc-9d0f-57e7dbefca8d · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Do transformer models show similar attention patterns to task-specific human gaze?
Reference 22
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 6c10a6c4-361a-44bd-ac5c-ad779200e168 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Towards modeling human attention from eye movements for neural source code summarization,
Reference 23
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation b3663406-3fc9-44fd-b524-0548b0b06e4c · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Improving automated source code summarization via an eye-tracking study of programmers,
Reference 24
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation b2029c5d-634d-4b4b-b8c2-a29277366a42 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Distilled gpt for source code summariza- tion,
Reference 25
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation b2cb035b-f0aa-4de9-abee-e983ba6f362a · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Human Attention During Localization of Memory Bugs in C Programs
Reference 26
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation dc4c8f16-ad93-4495-841b-935c51eed496 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Toward semantic gaze target detection,
Reference 27
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 8f8d1826-734d-44ff-b00d-5cd9344b2dfb · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Combining eye tracking with navigation paths for iden- tification of cross-language code dependencies,
Reference 28
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation b1b1e472-e760-41fe-a819-5a15974d0fed · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Leveraging biometric data to boost software developer productivity,
Reference 29
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation d2221553-7614-43b4-80eb-1e675fc9709b · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Using (bio)metrics to predict code quality online,
Reference 30
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 93c5cee4-fc15-48f6-994c-192819b7e122 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Eye gaze and interaction contexts for change tasks– observations and potential,
Reference 31
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation c3a1b15d-71b5-4790-b114-4a00e24d10e3 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Eye movements in software traceability link recovery,
Reference 32
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 7c2d3be8-19a0-4195-a97b-afd84c21c36c · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Toward a definition of cognitive-driven development,
Reference 33
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 18203b06-6ce5-4228-97d4-e0f05d140a92 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Program comprehension and code complexity metrics: An fmri study,
Reference 34
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 1ea1026a-c0cc-4e3f-8c54-5818df71decb · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Eyes on code: A study on developers’ code navigation strategies,
Reference 35
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 1d077651-7f5b-4818-a8cf-064b8c7c6cbf · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Estimating developers’ cognitive load at a fine-grained level using eye-tracking measures,
Reference 36
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 202fe5c4-067f-4969-9c8f-b1a429dcb136 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Applying machine learning to gaze data in software development: a mapping study,
Reference 37
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation bf2fdbd0-d644-414c-be59-ed68fb42391b · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Program code navigation model for individuals based on lstm with co-clustering,
Reference 38
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 86eb281e-4fa8-426a-a13c-bdad8c3e6901 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code eye2vec: Learning distributed representations of eye movement for program comprehension analysis,
Reference 39
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 3fcd23e2-68fb-45eb-8904-2e497f1e5fd8 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Modeling programmer attention as scanpath prediction,
Reference 40
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 43cf5416-685a-4611-97f9-444519f4b947 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Follow-up attention: An empirical study of developer and neural model code exploration,
Reference 41
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 93895ee1-801d-4533-b372-f18722fc5e2d · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Comcat: Expertise-guided context generation to enhance code comprehension,
Reference 42
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 5ffa60a1-dd21-49d8-9d08-fac8c86093f5 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code EyeMulator: Improving Code Language Models by Mimicking Human Visual Attention
Reference 43
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 671389c0-4c29-45e0-8982-a902852b0e38 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Affect detection: An interdisciplinary review of models, methods, and their applications,
Reference 44
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 2a65e726-789d-4f8f-9aee-76037b76290a · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Automated detection of engagement using video-based estimation of facial expres- sions and heart rate,
Reference 45
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation e4d2956c-30ee-4e25-bb2a-6e18ca308060 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Best practices in eye tracking research,
Reference 46
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 56341dde-5213-47ea-827e-9b4f5daa9c3f · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Eye tracking studies in visualization: Phases, guidelines, and checklist,
Reference 47
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 87537121-c2fe-4582-a8e0-2d3dbd31efaf · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code A practical guide on conducting eye tracking studies in software engineering,
Reference 48
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 6771f0bf-faf1-4b62-9ddd-aba423e99f2a · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code On eye tracking in software engineering,
Reference 49
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 3e6571f7-bfac-4182-ad02-db356e833bb0 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code A survey on the usage of eye-tracking in computer programming,
Reference 50
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 52ff528c-b356-47ed-a35b-49779f7d16fe · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Cognitive insights into document comprehension: The role of reading order and visual attention in human and large language models,
Reference 51
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 83c4f599-b1be-49ca-bb7a-dce4333f45d6 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Modeling the human visual sys- tem: Comparative insights from response-optimized and task-optimized vision models, language models, and different readout mechanisms,
Reference 52
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 1c1fc989-a8b9-4195-af33-b286d68e381a · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Predicting human gaze beyond pixels,
Reference 53
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 622ee290-865a-47b8-b108-7ab85ec96df9 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Programmers’ visual attention on function call graphs during code summarization,
Reference 54
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 39e9d28d-f073-4b88-8fb3-5e5c1ee31b38 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Do machines and humans focus on similar code? exploring explainability of large language models in code summarization,
Reference 55
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation c2cf5215-9434-4963-8bed-3dc099cf0879 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Eyettention: An attention-based dual-sequence model for predicting human scanpaths during reading,
Reference 56
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation b847e30e-5926-49df-b4be-c8d8b52e4c97 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Toward a model of eye movement control in reading
Reference 57
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation a5e87d0e-2ef2-4a9d-a8a1-39bacb8c1b03 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Swift: a dynamical model of saccade generation during reading
Reference 58
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 009b25da-3b73-4605-928a-0727c8def0d1 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Learning where to look: Modeling eye movements in reading,
Reference 59
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 8956d7b8-f18b-4c9f-a0cb-6f8ec238503c · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Entropy-driven evaluation of models of eye movement control in reading,
Reference 60
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 2e097013-cb50-4f63-a561-420f283c3533 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Probing large language models from a human behavioral perspective,
Reference 61
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation fffba844-b1c2-44bc-b74d-68df3e1117ba · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code A comprehensive overview of large language models,
Reference 62
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 41d06064-b573-4c6d-9720-805d24509a0d · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code A language model of java methods with train/test deduplication,
Reference 63
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation b5e617ac-d614-4669-bd14-62ea14e0d6d1 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code A systematic evaluation of large language models of code,
Reference 64
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation fbf6bf85-e591-4c92-b38d-2bcbc626f25a · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code 3d segmentation with fully trainable gabor kernels and pearson’s correlation coefficient,
Reference 65
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation b145748f-c091-405f-8cd7-7b0ef1fbb463 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Modeling the human visual system: Comparative insights from response-optimized and task-optimized vision models, language models, and different readout mechanisms,
Reference 66
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 7a00893a-8cff-4e33-b7d8-1c4951965cc8 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Intersubject synchronization of cortical activity during natural vision,
Reference 67
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 5efd3d84-aab8-4198-8a14-b6751fa14eeb · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Reliability of cortical activity during natural stimulation,
Reference 68
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 787ef44b-8a41-470b-8bb0-fd90608bf386 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Measuring shared responses across subjects using intersubject correlation,
Reference 69
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation be021b5c-7d03-4464-ab48-ab13f792582a · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Identifier names in computer programs: Literature review
Reference 70
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation c71b5107-5e54-439e-9fa9-9df5f8a0047b · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Fixing faults in c and java source code: Abbreviated vs. full-word identifier names,
Reference 71
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation cb5fd1df-fca2-49e3-af40-90b8da9b411f · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Assessing the effect of programming language and task type on eye movements of computer science students,
Reference 72
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation fa390110-39f5-498b-b6e3-20417f0f0d14 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Searching and skimming: An ex- ploratory study,
Reference 73
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 45be4ad0-d67f-4749-acb5-1db2db2bdd73 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code A comparison of program comprehension strategies by blind and sighted programmers,
Reference 74
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation fb2f0aae-ab35-4b47-b7e3-ab4a82c24d24 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Thinking like a developer? comparing the attention of humans with neural models of code,
Reference 75
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation f3145dd1-fff1-4eec-8528-c52126707663 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Do code llms do static analysis?
Reference 76
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 38bac871-3c2c-486c-81c7-7ba41efc1a49 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Do code summarization models process too much information? function signature may be all that is needed,
Reference 77
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation b63cfc2f-e1ac-4cb6-80fb-e33283a1c4a4 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Wohlin, P
Reference 78
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation d2254bcb-7130-44b5-9af8-d6e35ddbc4f3 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Is attention explanation? an introduction to the debate,
Reference 79
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 9394a8cf-df24-4b52-a034-83fc42f31cdd · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Attention is not explanation,
Reference 80
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation a327fd95-96fa-40c3-952a-2179e90b82e9 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Attention is not not explanation,
Reference 81
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation cf5b7099-31e1-48bb-bfe3-8c88c93ac9f2 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Why attention is not explanation: Surgical intervention and causal reasoning about neural JOURNAL OF LATEX CLASS FILES, VOL. 14, NO. 8, AUGUST 2021 13 models,
Reference 82
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation a8c01fe6-5dba-4d0b-9a2f-0c1c4c239b88 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Empirical study of transformers for source code,
Reference 83
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 1964611b-ea82-4d57-9179-91bd126e2964 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Code structure–guided transformer for source code summarization,
Reference 84
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 4add9534-016b-4798-be61-19c87d03c1ee · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Ex- plaining transformer-based code models: What do they learn? when they do not work?
Reference 85
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 9e3076b8-26df-4c66-a08c-68b0a05766b4 · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code An exploratory study on code attention in bert,
Reference 86
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation cafc26ac-6550-4c41-af2f-217c9cf2d67d · outbound
Predicting Human Visual Attention on Words in Source Code Developer reading behavior while summarizing java methods: Size and context matters,
Reference 87
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
No inbound Pith citation observations are available.