Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance

As of 11 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 53 of 53 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2502.09589.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2502.09589 v2

Coverage vector

measured 53 of 53 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:43.690869Z

measured 54 of 54 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-05-12T05:01:38.118237Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-05-12T05:41:27.279026Z

Reference resolution

53 of 53 outbound references displayed

verified exact1
verified fuzzy0
unresolved52
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 506b5092-c4e5-4d9e-8ecf-4f3f9bc0cfaf · outbound

This paper cites URL: " 'urlintro :=.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance URL: " 'urlintro :=

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:42.662010Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1b7338ea-b201-4b97-ad67-4999bbedfbc7 · outbound

This paper cites write newline.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance write newline

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:42.667219Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a2db9d41-7bfe-4ac4-b7fa-717c3d387a25 · outbound

This paper cites Yi: Open Foundation Models by 01.AI.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Yi: Open Foundation Models by 01.AI

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:42.671636Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 901434ee-f459-4a11-bbe6-1638820e6add · outbound

This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance The Llama 3 Herd of Models

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:42.676524Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 95305dd5-7758-4d1f-827e-e4572fd588f6 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:44.835752Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation d1483e05-4464-490b-be88-71379b891968 · outbound

This paper cites Leslie, and Uta Frith.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Leslie, and Uta Frith

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:42.684954Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1ec7fbdd-3f32-4ccc-9739-ce1bf172a383 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:42.689458Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f834338a-fab8-4f5e-b1b9-00dc945426e6 · outbound

This paper cites Perceptions of Linguistic Uncertainty by Language Models and Humans.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Perceptions of Linguistic Uncertainty by Language Models and Humans

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:42.693697Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b9441eb4-1ee7-4bce-8772-281c21f9c286 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:44.825608Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 08829399-53b1-4ab5-88be-5d26320c774e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:44.812911Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation c24f3d83-40df-4418-a626-ab46b2d52641 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:44.802411Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation a8c7545c-4aa6-4c58-a68a-229be35f4a05 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:42.711616Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b0240b69-947d-4f87-bb06-87fa46e317a9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:44.786476Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 9518b496-c229-4d42-b8fa-8c45bef171ad · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:44.775929Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation bc9efe7e-e1d6-4b3c-bd32-70712fcdc690 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:42.938891Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a1ecd23f-f7d7-4377-a77b-06f9838e8570 · outbound

This paper cites Holliday, Matthew Mandelkern, and Cedegao E.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Holliday, Matthew Mandelkern, and Cedegao E

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:42.975976Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0b2f2d01-f006-42df-aabc-5eae3ea5e8be · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:42.980059Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation eef125a7-1ccb-47c7-b05a-52487a9e72b4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:44.683784Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation f827b649-6cc2-44a2-995a-2190b4fd4b78 · outbound

This paper cites Mistral 7B.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Mistral 7B

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:42.987962Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6f390fe2-1cff-4614-a1bb-e30b37386a6d · outbound

This paper cites Mixtral of Experts.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Mixtral of Experts

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:42.992845Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3e9b3487-a1a4-4a9a-91cf-a11c5b2611ef · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:42.998474Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6e28881e-4fb7-4481-bcc8-dd69f20d0c17 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:44.601197Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 6babde36-5bb5-4cf6-aa5b-1ff0253bf178 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:43.006467Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 39308d5a-a98a-4b94-8d73-37aa7e7f0c09 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:43.010623Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d952b869-bbdf-46a1-9d7e-899c6a52680e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:43.015024Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 58157c8c-0b16-4bfe-aa4a-b6c2e304384d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:43.019326Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 31e65db9-aa1e-43ce-9a26-55f007cb9925 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:43.065920Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f54168c1-2574-410a-867f-947b6ca46552 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:44.582266Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 560d0387-d3b5-45c1-a4b8-0bc60a07f2f8 · outbound

This paper cites Thomas McCoy, Shunyu Yao, Dan Friedman, Mathew D.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Thomas McCoy, Shunyu Yao, Dan Friedman, Mathew D

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:43.212447Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8a067b50-22c6-4714-a02b-5574f56a693f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:43.288012Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2ca7d821-d4bd-467a-8f26-82dc6d2acb6a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:44.564247Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 96591502-88b9-4bb3-aaae-a95957c275c9 · outbound

This paper cites Phi-3 Technical Report: A Highly Capable Language Model Locally on Your Phone.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Phi-3 Technical Report: A Highly Capable Language Model Locally on Your Phone

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:43.331737Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4f6ccab3-3880-4cad-982b-8fa69cdd5fc3 · outbound

This paper cites A systematic framework for generating novel experimental hypotheses from language models.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance A systematic framework for generating novel experimental hypotheses from language models

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:43.335354Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0f539abc-ac0f-4c3b-8a38-4cc5eaed136b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:44.553943Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation dd0db9cf-ca47-4fde-abcd-5e48fd16c98c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:44.542944Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 9919b19a-7521-442a-84d6-25c6de3ae3d4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:43.346379Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4632706e-60e9-41ae-95f1-da2d9de06759 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:44.507905Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 9e5b24d5-9010-495f-bb91-eda5a509bc7a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:43.354742Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a904d175-76a7-45a6-90ca-e934e364153c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:44.463511Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 387008ea-8c95-4450-8815-155b27bad138 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:44.386721Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation ca08a151-3646-45fe-90a9-d7d475750c30 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 41

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:44.332232Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 5ee5907d-8cc6-4fc5-ac73-fdcfa4f65f3c · outbound

This paper cites Code Llama: Open Foundation Models for Code.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Code Llama: Open Foundation Models for Code

Reference 42

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:43.370421Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f97aa428-2902-4c96-afeb-6f33072a464e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 43

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:44.320844Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 752ddaa6-3399-47ca-8093-995c1e8b1f4b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 44

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:44.309428Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 85e48445-aade-4431-b18e-ab00bdc19707 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 45

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:44.297090Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 75b82565-ea35-4813-bffb-ae0e69fb28c0 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 46

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:44.284178Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 5f5fa9d7-53ca-4490-a505-0e1b8c963819 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 47

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:44.273621Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 629acbba-46b6-477e-b6bf-b0cf51f1b013 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 48

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:44.199447Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation b786e695-7843-407e-97fe-e42a549a57b2 · outbound

This paper cites Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of context.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of context

Reference 49

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:43.672293Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 12a13a49-0990-4884-8ad5-e75ca32f8129 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 50

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:43.995020Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 86cb0450-3ec3-4878-a006-3384679ddffb · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 51

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:43.682001Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2c370e3f-2a9a-4247-9543-ff07693b9b06 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Unresolved cited work

Reference 52

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:43.982234Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 96f6975f-0f89-4baa-b260-e98b54cc8f5f · outbound

This paper cites Categorical Syllogisms Revisited: A Review of the Logical Reasoning Abilities of LLMs for Analyzing Categorical Syllogism.

Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance Categorical Syllogisms Revisited: A Review of the Logical Reasoning Abilities of LLMs for Analyzing Categorical Syllogism

Reference 53

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T20:58:43.909112Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Pith citing papers

Observation 61a4555f-b8c6-454a-a332-cb8f08d44fae · inbound

Shaping Schema via Language Representation as the Next Frontier for LLM Intelligence Expanding cites this paper.

Shaping Schema via Language Representation as the Next Frontier for LLM Intelligence Expanding Logical forms complement probability in understanding language model (and human) performance

Reference 131

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-12T05:41:27.281881Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.