Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models

As of 22 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 0 of 0 outbound references and 16 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2402.19449.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2402.19449 v2

Coverage vector

measured 0 of 0 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 16 of 16 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00

measured 16 of 16 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-16T04:02:00.026561Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-07-02T23:37:27.035864Z

Reference resolution

0 of 0 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy0
unresolved0
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malformed identifier0
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External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

No outbound reference observations are available for this paper version.

Pith citing papers

Observation e44d38be-0401-4187-ad20-26de2a8c7329 · inbound

Adaptive Methods through the Lens of SDEs: Theoretical Insights on the Role of Noise cites this paper.

Adaptive Methods through the Lens of SDEs: Theoretical Insights on the Role of Noise Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models

Reference 2014

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T13:54:28.824588Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 483bd74d-39e7-4e6f-ab3b-bc86c1cfd077 · inbound

Revisiting the Initial Steps in Adaptive Gradient Descent Optimization cites this paper.

Revisiting the Initial Steps in Adaptive Gradient Descent Optimization Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T23:55:18.171126Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 27594f91-5cf2-4a8b-b430-4fbd50d73a4e · inbound

SWAN: SGD with Normalization and Whitening Enables Stateless LLM Training cites this paper.

SWAN: SGD with Normalization and Whitening Enables Stateless LLM Training Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T13:28:28.941168Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2f3cd7b1-45a6-4f41-be3f-4401f52edc0a · inbound

Adaptive Batch Size Schedules for Distributed Training of Language Models with Data and Model Parallelism cites this paper.

Adaptive Batch Size Schedules for Distributed Training of Language Models with Data and Model Parallelism Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:28.116499Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a77130f8-5e40-43e1-9d2b-4127d2037e90 · inbound

Class Imbalance in Anomaly Detection: Learning from an Exactly Solvable Model cites this paper.

Class Imbalance in Anomaly Detection: Learning from an Exactly Solvable Model Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T18:07:32.921473Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 34a40cd0-c212-4fd7-ab57-f29d81426256 · inbound

Gradient Multi-Normalization for Stateless and Scalable LLM Training cites this paper.

Gradient Multi-Normalization for Stateless and Scalable LLM Training Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T14:37:23.544235Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4ee2ef16-3de8-498f-9667-616dc150ad73 · inbound

Improving Adaptive Moment Optimization via Preconditioner Diagonalization cites this paper.

Improving Adaptive Moment Optimization via Preconditioner Diagonalization Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T12:40:42.267822Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b0d0ba62-37af-4f0e-bcbd-11c0dd21b4e3 · inbound

Nonlinearly Preconditioned Gradient Methods under Generalized Smoothness cites this paper.

Nonlinearly Preconditioned Gradient Methods under Generalized Smoothness Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T04:56:54.561543Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 93b8ace5-b1e8-41e7-976f-b4ee1f3a29da · inbound

Is your batch size the problem? Revisiting the Adam-SGD gap in language modeling cites this paper.

Is your batch size the problem? Revisiting the Adam-SGD gap in language modeling Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T00:50:30.584903Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 695b4b05-6208-440c-9b30-0ffb1201aa38 · inbound

Simple Convergence Proof of Adam From a Sign-like Descent Perspective cites this paper.

Simple Convergence Proof of Adam From a Sign-like Descent Perspective Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:25:24.881398Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 03e8a653-b280-4c7a-9d79-158e223e8596 · inbound

SoftSignSGD(S3): An Enhanced Optimizer for Practical DNN Training and Loss Spikes Minimization Beyond Adam cites this paper.

SoftSignSGD(S3): An Enhanced Optimizer for Practical DNN Training and Loss Spikes Minimization Beyond Adam Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:10:16.543726Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 804db7b2-bcdb-4899-85ca-a5638c30b740 · inbound

On the Performance of Differentially Private Optimization with Heavy-Tail Class Imbalance cites this paper.

On the Performance of Differentially Private Optimization with Heavy-Tail Class Imbalance Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T17:35:00.523005Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9c2a846a-b032-4017-be1b-a5bf448f13cf · inbound

Enhancing Optimizer Stability: Momentum Adaptation of The NGN Step-size cites this paper.

Enhancing Optimizer Stability: Momentum Adaptation of The NGN Step-size Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models

Reference 43

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T04:02:00.026561Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 220bfc87-8221-47cc-b5a2-1361fcbafb40 · inbound

Cornerstones or Stumbling Blocks? Deciphering the Rock Tokens in On-Policy Distillation cites this paper.

Cornerstones or Stumbling Blocks? Deciphering the Rock Tokens in On-Policy Distillation Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models

Reference 16

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-12T07:31:35.949353Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 9660cd88-0dd3-4a6a-b3ac-3a2905a11290 · inbound

Cornerstones or Stumbling Blocks? Deciphering the Rock Tokens in On-Policy Distillation cites this paper.

Cornerstones or Stumbling Blocks? Deciphering the Rock Tokens in On-Policy Distillation Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models

Reference 31

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-01T13:45:45.699212Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation a90c3278-5f69-4580-a59f-b32941ed8761 · inbound

Cornerstones or Stumbling Blocks? Deciphering the Rock Tokens in On-Policy Distillation cites this paper.

Cornerstones or Stumbling Blocks? Deciphering the Rock Tokens in On-Policy Distillation Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models

Reference 31

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-02T23:37:27.037144Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.