Weak Laplacian bounds and minimal boundaries in non-smooth spaces with Ricci curvature lower bounds

The goal of the paper is four-fold. In the setting of non-smooth spaces with Ricci curvature lower bounds (more precisely RCD(K,N) metric measure spaces): - we develop an intrinsic theory of Laplacian bounds in viscosity sense and in a pointwise, heat flow related, sense, showing their equivalence also with Laplacian bounds in distributional sense; - relying on these tools, we establish a PDE principle relating lower Ricci curvature bounds to the preservation of Laplacian lower bounds under the evolution via the $p$-Hopf-Lax semigroup, for general exponents $p\in[1,\infty)$. This principle admits a broad range of applications, going much beyond the topic of the present paper; - we prove sharp Laplacian bounds on the distance function from a set (locally) minimizing the perimeter with a flexible technique, not involving any regularity theory; this corresponds to vanishing mean curvature in the smooth setting and encodes also information about the second variation of the area; - we initiate a regularity theory for boundaries of sets (locally) minimizing the perimeter, obtaining sharp dimension estimates for their singular sets, quantitative estimates of independent interest even in the smooth setting and topological regularity away from the singular set. The class of RCD(K,N) metric measure spaces includes as remarkable sub-classes: measured Gromov-Hausdorff limits of smooth manifolds with lower Ricci curvature bounds and finite dimensional Alexandrov spaces with lower sectional curvature bounds. Most of the results are new also in these frameworks. Moreover, the tools that we develop here have applications to classical questions in Geometric Analysis on smooth, non compact Riemannian manifolds with lower Ricci curvature bounds.