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Natal kick by early-asymmetrical pairs of jets to the neutron star of supernova remnant S147

T0 review · 3 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-06 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read The neutron star of supernova remnant S147 was kicked in two separate episodes, each by an unequal pair of jets moving at roughly 450 km/s, within the jittering-jets explosion mechanism.

desk verdict Two-kick decomposition of S147's pulsar velocity is a clean idea, but eye-drawn axes forced to cross the NS trajectory mean the 23 kyr age and two ~450 km/s episodes are not yet independently testable. read the letter →

arxiv 2506.21548 v2 pith:DIQOTV7S submitted 2025-06-26 astro-ph.HE

Dmitry Shishkin , Ealeal Bear , Noam Soker This is my paper · ORCID
classification astro-ph.HE
keywords supernovaremnantscore-collapsesupernovaestellarjetsneutronstarsstarkicksjitteringexplosionmechanismbipolarmorphologygravitationalwavesfrom
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper proposes that the neutron star of supernova remnant S147 was kicked twice during the explosion, once by each of two opposite pairs of unequal jets. The two jet pairs are read off the remnant's morphology: a pair of wide, flat 'ears' is taken as the imprint of two jet pairs close in angle, and two opposite X-ray bright zones are taken as the imprint of an earlier, more asymmetric jet pair. Each kick episode has a speed of roughly 450 km/s, and their vector sum matches the neutron star's observed proper motion. If correct, this is observational evidence for the jittering-jets explosion mechanism, in which jets rather than neutrinos drive most core-collapse supernova explosions. The paper also uses the geometry to estimate the explosion age at about 23,000 years.

What carries the argument

The central object is the identification of two point-symmetric axes in the remnant: the ear axis and the X-ray axis, whose directions and lengths encode two jet-launching episodes. The kick-BEAP mechanism (kick by early asymmetrical pairs of jets), in which an unequal pair of opposite jets imparts a neutron star kick by momentum conservation, supplies the physical link between each axis and a kick velocity. The paper's scaling relation (equation 2) connects the kick speed to the mass fraction asymmetry of the two jets and the jet velocity, and is used to argue that the jets in S147 carried a substantial fraction of the explosion energy, on the order of 0.25–0.5 of ~$10^{51}$ erg.

What would settle it

A radio proper-motion measurement of PSR J0538+2817 that places its velocity vector at more than about ten degrees from the vector sum of the two proposed kick axes, combined with a morphological analysis showing that the 'ears' connect smoothly to the shell without a distinct indentation, would falsify the two-episode kick decomposition.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The paper argues that the bipolar morphology of S147 contains two independent symmetry axes: one connecting the two opposite X-ray bright zones, and one running through the two ears. Each axis marks a separate episode of jet launch. In each episode, an opposite pair of jets was unequal in power, so momentum conservation gave the neutron star a kick opposite to the stronger jet. Decomposing the observed proper motion along these two axes yields kick velocities of about 473 km/s and 416 km/s, which combine to the measured space velocity of about 407 km/s. Because the two ears are flat and sub-structured rather than conical, they are attributed to two consecutive jet pairs close in angle, treated together as the second kick episode. The paper further estimates the remnant age as 23.2 (+2.2, -2.5) kyr by intersecting these symmetry axes with the neutron star trajectory.

Load-bearing premise

The whole argument rests on the assumption that the flat ears and the two X-ray bright zones are discrete, jet-made structures whose symmetry axes can be read off the images by eye, and that these axes genuinely cross the neutron star's trajectory.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • If correct, S147 becomes a clear observational case of jet-induced neutron star kicks, strengthening the jittering-jets explosion mechanism over the neutrino-driven mechanism for producing point-symmetric supernova remnant morphologies.
  • The two kick episodes imply that the explosion launched at least three pairs of jets within about a second, with one pair significantly more powerful than the other, and that the jet axis jittered by roughly 126 degrees between episodes.
  • The inferred jet energies, carrying a quarter to half of the explosion energy, make the gravitational wave signal from turbulent jet-inflated bubbles detectable by current detectors for a Galactic or Magellanic Cloud supernova, as the paper argues by rescaling earlier estimates.
  • The new age estimate of about 23,000 years is close to the neutron star's cooling age of about 30,000 years, and it resolves the mismatch with the much older ages inferred from expansion rates and spin-down.
  • The point-symmetric morphology of S147, with two ears and two X-ray bright zones that do not share a common axis, is a direct prediction of the jittering-jets mechanism and is difficult to reproduce with the neutrino-driven or magnetorotational mechanisms.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If the morphological identification holds, the method of drawing symmetry axes through a remnant and decomposing a measured proper motion into jet-launching episodes could be applied to other point-symmetric remnants with known pulsar proper motions, turning morphology into a diagnostic of the number and timing of jet pairs.
  • The flat 'double-ridged' ear morphology with a central indentation might be a general signature of two nearly aligned jet pairs; searching for such sub-structured ears in other remnants could reveal how often the jet axis jitters within a single explosion.
  • The gravitational wave horseshoe prediction could be tested directly: a Galactic core-collapse supernova observed by next-generation detectors might show a broadband excess from turbulent jet-inflated cocoons on top of the neutrino-driven signal, and the ratio of the two components would discriminate between the explosion mechanisms.
  • The paper's reliance on visually drawn axes suggests that a quantitative, reproducible procedure for extracting symmetry axes (e.g., from multi-band image moments or filament tracing) would strengthen the case and allow systematic surveys of point-symmetric remnants.
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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 5 minor

Summary. The paper analyzes the morphology of supernova remnant S147, combining optical H-alpha images (IGAPS/IPHAS) and eROSITA X-ray images, and proposes that the remnant's bipolar structure was shaped by two distinct jet-launching episodes within the jittering-jets explosion mechanism (JJEM). The authors identify two pairs of sub-ears in the large ear structure and two X-ray bright zones, and draw symmetry axes connecting these features. Under the kick-BEAP (kick by early asymmetrical pairs) mechanism, they decompose the neutron star's observed proper-motion velocity of about 407 km/s into two kick components of roughly 416 and 473 km/s along the X-ray and ear axes, respectively. They also use the intersection of the imagined symmetry axes with the NS proper-motion trajectory to estimate an age of 23.2 +2.2/-2.5 kyr for the remnant, and they rescale a previous estimate to argue that such energetic jets would produce detectable gravitational waves from a Galactic or Magellanic Clouds CCSN.

Significance. If the central claim is valid, the paper would provide a concrete observational test of the kick-BEAP mechanism and of JJEM: a single supernova remnant whose neutron star was kicked in two distinct episodes, each by an unequal pair of jets. The paper uses publicly available eROSITA and IGAPS data, and the vector decomposition is mathematically clean given the assumed axes. It also makes a falsifiable prediction about gravitational-wave emission from energetic jet pairs. However, the significance is conditional: the entire two-episode decomposition and the age estimate rest on hand-drawn symmetry axes whose endpoints the authors themselves state are not well defined, and on a circular construction in which the axes are drawn to cross the NS trajectory and are then used to infer the explosion origin. The internal inconsistency between the 35-kyr origin assumed when drawing the X-ray axis and the 23.2-kyr age derived in the appendix further weakens the quantitative claims. The paper is a useful hypothesis-generating study, but it does not yet establish the two-kick interpretation.

major comments (3)
  1. [Sec. 2.1, Fig. 1] The central geometric input is the placement of the two dashed yellow axes. As the authors note in Sec. 2.1, 'the locations of the ends of the axes are not well defined,' and the Figure 1 caption states that the axes were drawn 'so that they cross at the path continuation of the proper motion of the NS.' This construction is circular when combined with the age estimate in Appendix A, which selects intersection points within 50 arcsec of that very trajectory. The age and the two-episode kick decomposition therefore do not independently test the proposed geometry. The authors should provide a quantitative, reproducible procedure for determining the axes (e.g., fitting the ear filaments or X-ray contours without reference to the NS trajectory), and propagate the resulting axis-placement uncertainty into the age and kick-velocity errors.
  2. [Eq. (1), Fig. 2] The kick vector decomposition in Fig. 2d and Eq. (1) is constructed under an inconsistency. The figure caption states that the proper-motion trajectory is extended 'assuming an age of 35 kyr (Yao et al. 2021)' to define the explosion origin and the X-ray kick direction, while Sec. 2.1 and Appendix A derive a preferred age of 23.2 kyr. Moving the origin to the 23.2 kyr position changes the angle between the two kick directions and the ratio DX-ray/Dears = 0.88, both of which enter Eq. (1). In addition, the uncertainties in Eq. (1) propagate only the NS velocity uncertainty; no uncertainty from the orientation of the cyan and yellow axes, the choice of X-ray peaks, or the assumed origin is included. The two kick magnitudes of ~450 km/s are therefore not robust as stated.
  3. [Sec. 4, Fig. 1 lower panels] The evidence for two distinct jet pairs rather than a single precessing jet pair rests on the 'slight indentation' at the middle of each ear (property 5 in Sec. 2.1). This is a low-contrast visual feature, and the authors themselves acknowledge in Sec. 4 that the ears could have been formed by pre-explosion mass loss. To make the two-episode claim load-bearing, the paper needs a discriminating test against these alternatives, such as a hydrodynamical comparison of precessing-jets versus two-pairs morphologies, or a quantitative measure of the indentation and the sub-ear opening angles. Without such a test, the decomposition into two distinct kick episodes is not falsifiable.
minor comments (5)
  1. [Sec. 2.2 / Fig. 2 caption] The 35-kyr assumed age in Fig. 2d should be reconciled with the 23.2-kyr estimate derived in Sec. 2.1 and Appendix A; the current text uses both without explaining which value is preferred for the kick decomposition.
  2. [Sec. 4] There is a typo in the list of point-symmetric morphologies: 'nuzzles' should be 'nozzles' (the term was defined correctly in Sec. 1.2).
  3. [Sec. 4] The statement that the results 'put on solid ground' the authors' long-standing call for a paradigm shift is too strong for a single-object visual-inspection study with the uncertainties described above; a more measured conclusion would better match the evidence presented.
  4. [Fig. 3 / Sec. 3] The gravitational-wave horseshoe zone is scaled from Soker (2023b) using the S147 jet energy estimate, but the figure does not show the scaling calculation or the assumed fraction of explosion energy; adding the formula and a reference to the scaling assumptions would improve reproducibility.
  5. [References] The reference list contains duplicate entries: Mu¨ller et al. (2025a) and (2025b) refer to the same paper (same journal, volume, pages, and DOI). Please consolidate.

Circularity Check

2 steps flagged · score 6.0 of 10

The 23.2 kyr age is an artifact of forcing the hand-drawn symmetry axes to cross the NS trajectory, and the key exclusion of non-jet alternatives rests on a self-citation.

  1. fitted input called prediction [Section 2.1 and Appendix A]
    "The locations of the ends of the axes are not well defined and serve to illustrate the different axes of symmetry. We ensure that the two axes cross along the trajectory of the NS (dashed-red line) according to its’ proper motion direction, the red arrow in Figure 1. ... The intersection point is the origin of the NS and jets (and hence, explosion), and corresponds to an age of τS147 = 23.2+2.2−2.5 kyr"

    The axes are explicitly placed so that they intersect the NS proper-motion trajectory, and that same intersection is then 'measured' as the explosion origin and converted into an age. The age is therefore not an independent morphological measurement: it is the point along the pre-selected trajectory at which the poorly defined ('not well defined') ear axes were forced to cross. In Appendix A the procedure samples 10^6 axis variants but keeps only intersections within 50 arcsec of the same trajectory, so the quoted median and 15th/85th percentiles are a projection of the input constraint, not a test of it. No uncertainty in the axis orientation or endpoint choice is propagated into the kick directions or the age.

  2. self citation load bearing [Section 1.2]
    "Instabilities in the explosion process, interaction with a circumstellar material (CSM) that the progenitor of the CCSN has lost before explosion (e.g., Chiotellis et al. 2021, 2024; Velázquez et al. 2023; Meyer et al. 2022, 2024b), and interaction with the interstellar medium (e.g., Wu & Zhang 2019; Yan et al. 2020; Lu et al. 2021; Meyer et al. 2024a) cannot form point-symmetric morphologies as Soker & Shishkin (2025) argued."

    This sentence is the load-bearing premise that lets the authors interpret the ears and X-ray bright zones as jet products rather than CSM/ISM structures. It is delegated to Soker & Shishkin (2025), a paper by the same group, not to an independent or machine-checked result. If that premise fails, the two-axis morphology does not imply two jet pairs, and the two kick episodes do not follow. The paper does provide an independent observational comparison with Kepler and G1.9+0.3 later in Section 4, which moderates but does not remove the reliance on the self-citation.

full rationale

The paper's central new measurements are the two kick components and the 23.2 kyr age. The age step is circular by construction: the symmetry axes are drawn to cross the NS trajectory, and the intersection is then interpreted as the explosion origin; Appendix A's sampling around ear endpoints and selection of intersections within 50 arcsec of the same trajectory propagates the constraint rather than testing it. The two kick components (~473 and ~416 km/s) are a vector decomposition of the observed NS velocity along those same hand-drawn axes; they are arithmetic consequences of the chosen geometry rather than independent predictions, though the equal-magnitude outcome is not itself forced. The energy estimate in Eqs. (2)-(3) is an explicitly parameterized consistency check (fj1=0.16, fj2=0.04, Macc=0.1Msun, vj=5e4 km/s), so it is not circular, but it is also not a prediction. The exclusion of non-jet alternatives leans on a self-citation (Soker & Shishkin 2025) for the claim that CSM/ISM cannot form point-symmetric morphologies; this is load-bearing but partially backed by an independent comparison to Type Ia SNRs. Overall, the age result reduces by construction and the uniqueness premise is partly self-citational, so the score is 6 rather than 0; the morphological data are public and the derivation could be tested by an independent axis-determination procedure.

Assumptions & free parameters 7 free parameters · 5 assumptions · 3 invented entities

All free parameters serve one purpose: to convert the observed NS velocity (407 km/s) and the visually drawn axes into a claim about very energetic jets. Eq (2) is a scaling whose input parameters (fj1=0.16, fj2=0.04, Macc=0.1 Msun, vj=5e4 km/s) are chosen so the output is ~430 km/s, and Eq (3) then inherits those choices to produce Ej12 ~ 5e50 erg, which is rescaled by a factor of five into the gravitational wave curve of Fig 3. The morphological axioms are the load-bearing part: the pairings, axes, and explosion origin are all read off the images under JJEM assumptions. No new particles or fields are introduced; the new entities are the specific jet pairs in this remnant, none of which has evidence independent of the morphology being interpreted.

free parameters (7)
  • fj1 (mass fraction of stronger jet) = 0.16
    Chosen in Eq (2) so that the scaling returns ~430 km/s, matching the claimed kick.
  • fj2 (mass fraction of weaker jet) = 0.04
    Chosen in Eq (2) to give a 4:1 jet asymmetry that reproduces the kick magnitude.
  • Macc (accreted mass per kick episode) = 0.1 M_sun
    Assumed in Eqs (2)-(3); with vj it sets the required kick and jet energy.
  • vj (jet speed) = 5e4 km/s
    Assumed in Eqs (2)-(3); a nominal non-relativistic jet speed for JJEM.
  • Explosion energy Eex,51 = 1.5-2
    Chosen so that the ear energy fractions 0.4/Eex and 0.1/Eex 'better fit the large kick velocity' (Sec 2.3).
  • Eye-drawn symmetry axes (yellow dashed, cyan) = positions fixed by inspection of Figs 1-2
    The two ear sub-axes and the X-ray axis are placed visually and 'the locations of the ends of the axes are not well defined' (Sec 2.1).
  • Ratio of kick magnitudes DX/Dears = 0.88
    Taken from the drawn arrow lengths in Fig 2d; enters the vector sum that fixes the two per-episode kicks.
assumptions (5)
  • domain assumption Core-collapse supernovae explode via jittering jets (JJEM)
    The interpretive framework of the whole paper (Sec 1.1); the morphology is read as jet imprints because JJEM is assumed, and the conclusion is that JJEM is strengthened.
  • ad hoc to paper Morphological features of SNRs (ears, X-ray bright zones) are direct imprints of jet pairs whose axes are recoverable by eye
    Used to define the two symmetry axes in Figs 1-2; the paper itself notes axis endpoints are 'not well defined' (Sec 2.1).
  • domain assumption Unequal opposite jets impart a kick to the NS (kick-BEAP)
    The mechanism is taken from Bear et al. (2025), same group; Eq (2) applies it. The paper argues the mechanism can work but does not derive it here.
  • domain assumption The NS trajectory can be extrapolated as a straight line and its crossing with the ear axis marks the explosion site
    Basis of the age estimate in Sec 2.1 and Appendix A; the axes were drawn to cross the trajectory, and the authors note the ambient proper motion may contribute a few x 10 km/s.
  • standard math Standard momentum and energy conservation for jet/NS interaction
    Eqs (2)-(3) are projections of momentum conservation; uncontroversial.
invented entities (3)
  • Ear-inflating jet pair 1
    purpose: To explain the flat, wide structure and the indentation of the two ears
    No direct detection; inferred from overexposed H-alpha substructure interpreted through JJEM.
  • Ear-inflating jet pair 2
    purpose: To explain the second sub-axis inside the ears and the point-symmetric morphology
    Same status as pair 1; the two pairs differ only by the small angle between their axes.
  • X-ray axis jet pair
    purpose: To explain the two opposite X-ray bright zones and impart the first kick episode
    The X-ray zones are real, but their interpretation as jet-compressed gas and the axis connecting them are inferred; the paper postulates jets rather than, e.g., ISM effects.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Natal kick by early-asymmetrical pairs of jets to the neutron star of supernova remnant S147." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/DIQOTV7S

@misc{pith2026250621548,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Natal kick by early-asymmetrical pairs of jets to the neutron star of supernova remnant S147},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/DIQOTV7S}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2506.21548}
}
read the original abstract

We analyze the bipolar morphology of the jet-shaped core-collapse supernova (CCSN) remnant (CCSNR) S147 and its neutron star (NS) kick velocity, and suggest that two pairs of unequal, opposite jets contributed to the NS kick velocity. This kick by early asymmetrical pairs (kick-BEAP) of jets mechanism operates within the framework of the jittering jets explosion mechanism (JJEM). We examine the prominent pair of large ears and, based on their flat structure rather than the more common conical structure of ears, conclude that two pairs of jets close in angle inflated the two opposite ears. We connect two opposite X-ray bright zones by an additional axis to create the full point-symmetric morphology of CCSNR S147. We propose that the two unequal jets that formed the X-ray bright zones imparted the first kick-BEAP, while the two pairs of jets that formed the ears imparted the second kick-BEAP. The two kick velocities are of about equal magnitude of ~450 km/s, which implies very energetic jets. Such jets can excite gravitational waves that present detectors can detect from the Galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds. We use the morphology we identify to estimate the CCSNR age at 23,000 yr. Our results strengthen the JJEM.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2506.21548 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Upper panel: An Image of SNR S147 taken and processed by Mr. Christian Koll (https://app.astrobin.com/i/vh6kx6). The blue and green colors represent [O iii] and the red represents Hα. The two dashed yellow lines represent our proposed symmetry axes for two possible pairs of jets that shaped the two wide ears (see text). We draw these two symmetry axes by the sub- -structures in each wide ear, so that they cross at t… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. An annotated view of S147, combining eROSITA X-ray and IGAPS Hα. (a) RGB X-ray image, spanning 0.3−0.6 keV (red), 0.6 − 1.0 keV (green), 1.0 − 1.5 keV (blue) from Michailidis et al. (2024) with denoted sub-regions they used to perform spectral analysis. Note the surface-bright regions B and H. We denote the current NS location with a blue asterisk in this panel and all subsequent panels. (b) X-ray counts image of S1… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. A figure adapted from Soker (2023b), who added a horseshoe-shaped yellow zone to a figure from Mezzacappa et al. (2023). The horseshoe-shaped yellow zone here is higher than in Soker (2023b). It is a crude estimate of the characteristic spectrum of hf −1/2 by an energetic pair of jets that imparts a NS kick velocity of hundreds of km s−1 in the frame of the JJEM of a CCSN at a distance of D = 10 kpc. The pair of jet… view at source ↗

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Forward citations

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Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

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Reviewed August 6, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.