Phase transitions in graphs on orientable surfaces

Let $\mathbb{S}_g$ be the orientable surface of genus $g$. We prove that the component structure of a graph chosen uniformly at random from the class $\mathcal{S}_g(n,m)$ of all graphs on vertex set $[n]=\{1,\dotsc,n\}$ with $m$ edges embeddable on $\mathbb{S}_g$ features two phase transitions. The first phase transition mirrors the classical phase transition in the Erd\H{o}s--R\'enyi random graph $G(n,m)$ chosen uniformly at random from all graphs with vertex set $[n]$ and $m$ edges. It takes place at $m=\frac{n}{2}+O(n^{2/3})$, when a unique largest component, the so-called \emph{giant component}, emerges. The second phase transition occurs at $m = n+O(n^{3/5})$, when the giant component covers almost all vertices of the graph. This kind of phenomenon is strikingly different from $G(n,m)$ and has only been observed for graphs on surfaces. Moreover, we derive an asymptotic estimation of the number of graphs in $\mathcal{S}_g(n,m)$ throughout the regimes of these two phase transitions.