Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives

As of 15 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 34 of 34 outbound references and 6 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:1909.01380.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
1909.01380 v1

Coverage vector

measured 34 of 34 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.475624Z

measured 40 of 40 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00

measured 6 of 6 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-12T11:07:17.118607Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-05-19T05:32:05.684858Z

Reference resolution

34 of 34 outbound references displayed

verified exact1
verified fuzzy1
unresolved32
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 55f02811-2ac8-462c-8a4d-46b85ca129ff · outbound

This paper cites URL: " 'urlintro :=.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives URL: " 'urlintro :=

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.315696Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bd99d634-6a74-4c0f-878a-48d6bb4071b7 · outbound

This paper cites write newline.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives write newline

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.321188Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cc96926e-9907-428e-b6d2-450c369c0acb · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Unresolved cited work

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.901859Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 84950e36-4b75-4d80-98e4-4685b608836a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Unresolved cited work

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.330130Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c66409e5-7e8d-4aad-8002-37993c0e6024 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Unresolved cited work

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.888436Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 1f65e0e4-0669-488c-b4f5-69237a8ebc16 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Unresolved cited work

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.874057Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 874f051f-1c74-4378-8495-0d27e2ecfb1c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.861862Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 6f449e7f-8a8c-4cf2-8f7f-47b1216697b3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Unresolved cited work

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.349055Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8a87643d-be2d-4e23-b114-a0a0b4adedc5 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.841635Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation da69dd1f-ab79-4012-887f-b00dc02d021d · outbound

This paper cites BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.358421Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9832ab80-774c-4f72-90b9-4f8781cab8bf · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Unresolved cited work

Reference 11

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.582096Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation a995c336-b203-401e-9d3a-db8cf9c8153c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Unresolved cited work

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.829472Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation ff5c1428-9c1c-4299-aeed-242f08b35df7 · outbound

This paper cites Cross-lingual Language Model Pretraining.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Cross-lingual Language Model Pretraining

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.371364Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5acdb618-3eac-4e6f-ab79-1150d3cc02c9 · outbound

This paper cites Manning, Mihai Surdeanu, John Bauer, Jenny Finkel, Steven J.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Manning, Mihai Surdeanu, John Bauer, Jenny Finkel, Steven J

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.375937Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fa1f7474-4ddb-443e-bc34-6bb6e4f37226 · outbound

This paper cites Morcos, Maithra Raghu, and Samy Bengio.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Morcos, Maithra Raghu, and Samy Bengio

Reference 15

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.816879Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation d5994dae-8cf1-44f2-b47a-47daf12705e0 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Unresolved cited work

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.804665Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 83710dff-53fb-4f06-90fd-1cf199a227b1 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.792363Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation cd657f4a-db84-423f-8f04-eb7fe69f0dcd · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.397652Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6b3a2651-9162-47cd-b41d-10ad90defc34 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Unresolved cited work

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.403046Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 35f530cb-43d7-465a-b410-35a990997b9e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Unresolved cited work

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.773484Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation c0c222d8-c187-4b5b-8fa2-963ec8cd8a33 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.761866Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 740fff74-4051-420e-8806-7bad29e5fbb3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.750849Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 79f3655b-852d-44a4-8ad7-e00c0fcd9a84 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Unresolved cited work

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.423129Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a74cfb9b-dd5e-4260-a950-b1778a0b1c3c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Unresolved cited work

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.427827Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 48878417-fdba-4aa8-96c0-17423306ff55 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Unresolved cited work

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.432299Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4c827640-de1d-4bf4-9971-73697b88f8ef · outbound

This paper cites Opening the Black Box of Deep Neural Networks via Information.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Opening the Black Box of Deep Neural Networks via Information

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.438095Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9c0e9c73-90de-4a0b-943b-7601347230cf · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Unresolved cited work

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.739067Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 1898b569-722c-423a-b88a-1f10bcf8dcac · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Unresolved cited work

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.726159Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 6a9c90cc-c852-480f-8b4a-86502253d151 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Unresolved cited work

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.712960Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 3045c099-5a7a-4ae0-ad8c-8f0363775720 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.698484Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 4b6045e2-4778-4021-b7fa-eb32a50df02b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Unresolved cited work

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.684741Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 4788e018-9a50-4de4-819f-a38521df8fbc · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Unresolved cited work

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.672022Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation a7692509-fde5-4563-8e0f-8436642ef4ca · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Unresolved cited work

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.470942Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c7c4da1f-4429-443b-a00a-e098bfb647c4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives Unresolved cited work

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T05:24:27.658748Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Pith citing papers

Observation 8dcf5a65-975e-4f46-be2e-33f41537d169 · inbound

Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer cites this paper.

Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives

Reference 74

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-12T05:37:55.984849Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation def03a05-a250-46df-94d8-c585e739b61d · inbound

On the Effectiveness of Incremental Training of Large Language Models cites this paper.

On the Effectiveness of Incremental Training of Large Language Models The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T11:07:17.118607Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c2887db0-7b0b-4d6d-a0d6-84ed00247109 · inbound

The Generalization Ridge: Information Flow in Natural Language Generation cites this paper.

The Generalization Ridge: Information Flow in Natural Language Generation The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives

Reference 4

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-19T05:32:05.687379Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation de53c410-dba1-44c6-985f-0ecf0f3114bd · inbound

Learning is Forgetting: LLM Training As Lossy Compression cites this paper.

Learning is Forgetting: LLM Training As Lossy Compression The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives

Reference 5

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-11T06:41:32.239399Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 082c675d-b46c-49d2-bbe0-3c04829bc74a · inbound

HyperLens: Quantifying Cognitive Effort in LLMs with Fine-grained Confidence Trajectory cites this paper.

HyperLens: Quantifying Cognitive Effort in LLMs with Fine-grained Confidence Trajectory The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives

Reference 13

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-11T19:36:10.788114Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 406082ef-700c-4f4d-8b83-8b85bc700122 · inbound

Mobius Learning: Cyclic Depth Folding in Transformers cites this paper.

Mobius Learning: Cyclic Depth Folding in Transformers The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectives

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T16:53:42.905246Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.