Pith. sign in

REVIEW 3 major objections 5 minor 35 references

Laser Synchronisation Over One Hundred Kilometers With Stability at Picosecond Scale

T0 review · 3 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-02 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗

Pith's one-line read This paper reports that a White Rabbit-based timing system locks a pulsed laser to a remote reference clock over 100 km of optical fiber with picosecond-scale short-term stability and 5.5 ps long-term drift.

desk verdict Solid short-term demonstration of WR-based laser sync over 100 km; long-term accuracy claim needs a calibration caveat. read the letter →

arxiv 2602.20622 v3 pith:FGFZCDNL submitted 2026-02-24 physics.acc-ph physics.ins-det

Alice Renaux (IJCLab) , Ronic Chiche (IJCLab) , A. Martens (IJCLab) , Antoine Back (IJCLab) , Paul-Éric Pottie (LTE) , Daniel Charlet (IJCLab) This is my paper · ORCID
classification physics.acc-phphysics.ins-det
keywords WhiteRabbittimingsynchronizationpicosecondstabilityphasenoiseopticalfiberlinklaserlockingacceleratordiagnosticsarbitraryfrequencygeneration
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper aims to show that a low-cost timing system built on the White Rabbit protocol can synchronize a pulsed diagnostic laser to a reference clock over fiber links up to 100 km long with picosecond-level stability and accuracy. This matters because large accelerator facilities need to time-tag and synchronize many laser-based diagnostics and detectors, but the current femtosecond-level distribution systems are expensive and more precise than many applications require. The authors demonstrate that their system holds the laser's phase relative to a remote reference with an integrated phase noise of 1.4 ps RMS, maintains a lock for at least 16 hours, and shows a long-term drift of 5.5 ps over half a day on a 100 km link. If correct, this provides a practical, scalable alternative for picosecond-class synchronization across large accelerator complexes.

What carries the argument

The Idrogen board, an FPGA-based µTCA board implementing the White Rabbit protocol in slave mode, with an ultra-low-noise clock tree and a Digital Dual Mixer Time Difference (DDMTD) architecture operated at 125 MHz, together with an SI5362-EVB arbitrary frequency generator that produces clocks at the laser's repetition rate and fourth harmonic, and a passive-mixer phase detector feeding a PID controller to steer the laser's PZTs. The White Rabbit protocol (an Ethernet-based timing protocol) distributes the reference clock and measures fiber link delay, while the SI5362 synthesizes the exact frequencies needed to phase-lock the laser to the remote reference.

What would settle it

Inject a calibrated, variable delay at the laser photodiode signal before the mixer and verify that the measured phase shift changes by exactly the injected delay; if the measured shift deviates by more than the claimed ±20 ps, the accuracy claim would need to be revised.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The system synchronizes a pulsed laser with picosecond stability over one hundred kilometers on the short term, with long-term stability of 5.5 ps RMS over half a day for the 100 km link and a phase accuracy of ±20 ps. The authors demonstrate this by locking a commercial passively mode-locked laser (MENHIR-1030, repetition rate 216.66 MHz) to a remote 10 MHz OCXO reference through two White Rabbit-enabled Idrogen boards separated by up to 100 km of fiber, using an SI5362 frequency synthesizer to generate the required harmonics and a phase-locked loop acting on the laser's piezo transducers. The measured phase noise spectral density and the directly measured phase differences are consistent,

Load-bearing premise

The reported accuracy and long-term stability numbers assume that the passive-mixer phase detection chain was calibrated so that the measured phase difference accurately represents the true synchronization error, but the paper does not describe how that calibration was performed.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • Accelerator diagnostics such as Compton polarimeters and bunch-by-bunch beam monitors can be synchronized over tens of kilometers using commodity networking equipment instead of dedicated femtosecond distribution systems.
  • The demonstrated 5.5 ps long-term drift over half a day is within the tolerance of many accelerator detectors, so a single distributed timing reference could serve multiple components.
  • Because the frequency synthesis is arbitrary with Hertz precision, the same hardware can generate diverse clock frequencies locked to the distributed reference, simplifying installation.
  • The absence of active fiber-length stabilization in the demonstration suggests that the White Rabbit protocol's built-in link delay measurement is sufficient for picosecond applications, avoiding complex compensation loops.
  • A continuous 16-hour lock shows operational feasibility for long accelerator runs, limited only by experiment time and hardware availability.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If the unverified phase-detection calibration is independently confirmed, the same architecture could be extended to synchronize detectors and laser systems across a 100 km-scale facility using existing networking hardware, making the approach a drop-in upgrade path.
  • The hourly phase drift observed in the measurements is attributed to room temperature cycling, and the paper suggests it originates mainly in the SI5362 board; adding temperature probes to that board and to the Idrogen boards would directly test this attribution and likely allow software-based correction.
  • A quantitative cost and complexity comparison against femtosecond all-optical distribution systems is implied by the paper's positioning but not provided; such a comparison would clarify the practical advantage for facilities that only need picosecond precision.
  • The slight noise increase seen at 100 km above 300 Hz is attributed to added amplifiers; replacing those with lower-noise amplifiers should recover the shorter-link noise spectrum, which could be verified by a direct measurement.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 5 minor

Summary. The paper presents a White-Rabbit-based timing system (the Idrogen board) that generates an arbitrary-frequency clock locked to a reference, and uses it to synchronize a commercial mode-locked laser (MENHIR-1030) over fiber links of 10 m, 5 km, 50 km, and 100 km. The authors measure the residual phase noise PSD, the overlapping Allan deviation, and long-term (12–19 h) phase drift of the laser relative to a 10 MHz SMB100A OCXO reference. They report an integrated phase noise of 1.4 ps RMS, an Allan deviation of 3.1e-12 at 1 s with a tau^-1 decay, a long-term RMS delay of 5.5 ps for the 100 km link, and a phase accuracy of ±20 ps. The central claim is that a low-cost, White-Rabbit-based system can provide picosecond-level synchronization of accelerator laser diagnostics over 100 km.

Significance. If the claims hold, the paper offers a practical and low-cost alternative to femtosecond-class fiber distribution systems for accelerator diagnostics that need only picosecond stability. The experimental methodology is largely sound: the phase noise PSD measurements are internally consistent across different fiber lengths, and the short-term time-domain RMS values agree with the integrated phase noise. The authors are also transparent about several limitations (e.g., imperfect filtering, room-temperature variations, open-loop operation without enclosures). However, the long-term stability and accuracy claims rest on a phase-detection chain whose calibration is not described, and the 100 km Allan deviation shows an unexplained departure near 10 s. These gaps must be addressed before the headline claims can be fully accepted.

major comments (3)
  1. [Section III, Figs. 6 and 7] The 'calibrated phase difference' is not actually calibrated in a metrological sense. The only calibration statement is that opening the laser/SIC loop gives a ~700 mV sine, which sets the volts-per-radian slope. This does not establish the null/zero-phase offset of the passive mixer, the linearity and harmonic error over the operating range, the temperature dependence of offset and gain over 12–19 h, or traceability of the zero-phase point to the SMB reference. The long-term RMS values (5.5 ps for 100 km) and the ±20 ps 'accuracy' claim depend entirely on this chain. An unquantified DC offset drift would appear as an apparent delay drift in Fig. 6; a gain drift would rescale both the RMS and mean values. No uncertainty budget is provided. This is load-bearing for the paper's headline long-term claims.
  2. [Section III, Fig. 5] The overlapped Allan deviation for the 100 km link shows a clear departure from the regular tau^-1 decay at ~10 s timescales, while shorter links do not. The text states 'This effect is left for further investigations.' Since the paper claims picosecond-level stability over 100 km and explicitly compares fiber lengths, an unexplained feature in the central stability metric weakens the claim. The authors should either provide a plausible cause (e.g., the mid-span optical amplifier, polarization effects, or environmental sensitivity of the long spool) or quantify how this feature affects the reported long-term stability.
  3. [Abstract and Section V] The term 'accuracy of the phase difference corresponding to ±20 ps' is not supported by the presented measurements. Accuracy, in a time/frequency context, requires calibration against a traceable reference and knowledge of systematic offsets. What is actually measured in Fig. 6 is the peak-to-peak drift of the average phase over 16 hours, which is a stability (or drift) statement, not an accuracy statement. Unless the zero-phase of the detection chain is calibrated and its offset uncertainty quantified, the paper should refer to 'peak-to-peak drift of 20 ps' or provide the necessary calibration.
minor comments (5)
  1. [Title] The arXiv title ('Laser Synchronisation Over One Hundred Kilometers With Stability at Picosecond Scale') differs from the manuscript title ('A Low Cost Picoseconds Precision Timing and Synchronization Over A Hundred Kilometer'). The latter has a grammar issue ('A ... Over A Hundred Kilometer'). Please harmonize and correct.
  2. [Section III] Typo: 'exhibibits' should be 'exhibits'.
  3. [Section III, Fig. 3 caption] The caption lists items (i)–(iv) but the text around Fig. 3 does not clearly map each curve to the PSD. It would help readability to explicitly label the curves in the figure or caption.
  4. [Section III, Fig. 7] The exponentially modified Gaussian is introduced and used, but the motivation could be clearer: the text says 'thermal variations induce a shift in the delay with some finite relaxation time.' A brief mathematical definition of the fitted function and its parameters would help reproducibility.
  5. [General] The paper uses 'precision' and 'accuracy' interchangeably in places (e.g., abstract and conclusion). These have distinct metrological meanings; please use them consistently, especially given the accuracy claim under question.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No circularity: the reported results are direct measurements against an external SMB100A OCXO reference, with independent instrumentation cross-checks.

full rationale

This is an experimental measurement paper rather than a derivation, so most circularity patterns do not apply. The synchronization chain is: a master Idrogen board disciplined by an external Rhode & Schwarz SMB100A OCXO, a White-Rabbit link to a slave board, a SI5362 arbitrary-frequency generator, and a laser phase-locked to the generated clock. The central claims—1.4 ps RMS phase noise, 3.1e-12 Allan deviation at 1 s, 5.5 ps long-term RMS for 100 km, and ±20 ps accuracy—are obtained by direct measurement with a NoiseXT DNA-400M phase-noise analyzer, an Agilent E5052A, and a passive-mixer/oscilloscope phase detector. No fitted parameter is renamed as a prediction: the only calibration described is the open-loop 700 mV beat amplitude used to convert mixer output to phase, which is a measurement calibration, not a fitted input that predetermines the reported stability. The paper explicitly cross-checks the phase-detector RMS values against the independently measured phase-noise PSD, and states that the phase-noise result was reproduced with a second instrument. Self-citations such as [7] and [28] concern applications of such systems and are not load-bearing for the measurement claims. The uncharacterized phase-detector zero-point and gain drift noted in the skeptical review are legitimate metrology concerns and could affect interpretation of the long-term numbers, but that is a correctness/calibration risk, not circular reasoning. The paper does not define its target in terms of its inputs, does not import a uniqueness theorem, and does not smuggle in an ansatz via self-citation. Therefore no specific circular step can be exhibited, and the honest finding is no significant circularity.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 4 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The paper introduces no free parameters or invented entities. It rests on the performance of commercial components and the WR protocol; the least-examined premise is the calibration of the phase measurement chain, which underlies the accuracy claim.

assumptions (4)
  • domain assumption The White Rabbit protocol provides sub-nanosecond synchronization over optical fiber links of up to 100 km.
    The paper relies on WR's established performance (refs [32],[33]) to interpret the end-to-end results; no independent WR-link-only phase noise measurement is provided.
  • domain assumption The SI5362-EVB generates output clocks at the requested frequencies (F0, 4F0) with phase noise commensurate with its input clock.
    The SIC output phase noise is measured (curve ii of Fig. 3), but its long-term stability is found to dominate the drift; the paper does not separate the SI5362's intrinsic stability from the WR-disciplined input.
  • domain assumption The 100 km fiber with a mid-span optical amplifier maintains a stable WR link; the optical amplifier's phase noise contribution is small enough to allow the observed measurements.
    The paper observes an unexplained departure in the Allan deviation at ~10 s for the 100 km link ('This effect is left for further investigations'), yet still includes the 100 km results in the central claim.
  • domain assumption The measurement chain (mixer, filters, oscilloscope) does not introduce uncorrected phase errors in the long-term phase detection.
    The paper states the phase difference is 'calibrated' but does not describe the calibration method, so the absolute accuracy claim rests on an unverified assumption.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Laser Synchronisation Over One Hundred Kilometers With Stability at Picosecond Scale." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/FGFZCDNL

@misc{pith2026260220622,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Laser Synchronisation Over One Hundred Kilometers With Stability at Picosecond Scale},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/FGFZCDNL}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2602.20622}
}
abstract

Large-scale systems, such as very large accelerators used for fundamental research, require the implementation of precise timing and synchronization systems over distances of several kilometers. Femtosecond synchronisation has been reached by the implementation of costly and complex clock distribution systems. However, many devices, such as accelerator diagnostics or detectors for physics at colliders, only require picosecond stability and, in some cases, similar accuracy. An approach that is based on the CERN White Rabbit protocol, deployed on an electronic system capable of generating arbitrary frequencies with Hertz precision, is proposed here. Results of performance tests for the synchronization of a laser system, typically employed as a diagnostic for electron/positron beam polarimetry in accelerators, are provided in this Paper. We demonstrate that the system can synchronize a pulsed laser with picosecond stability over one hundred kilometers on the short-term. The long-term stability over half a day is found to be of 5.5~ps for the 100~km link. The accuracy of the phase difference corresponding to $\pm 20$~ps is obtained. This work paves the way for the deployment of White-Rabbit-based synchronization systems for accelerator components, such as lasers, but also for large-scale detectors.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2602.20622 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Views of the Idrogen board. Idrogen board is a µTCA board based on an Altera Arria®10 FPGA. This FPGA was chosen for its perfor￾mance/price ratio. The main hardware elements of the Idrogen board are illustrated in Fig.1. At the heart of the Idrogen lies a high-speed FPGA that orchestrates all board functionalities, serving as the central controller for communication, timing, and signal processing tasks. This board h… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Power spectral density of phase noise for the (i) free running laser; [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Power spectral density of phase noise for the (iv) the laser output with [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_4.png] view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (2 more)
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Measurement of the overlapped allan deviation of the laser locked on [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_5.png]
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Histogram of the measured RMS delay showing a near Gaussian [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_7.png]

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

35 extracted references · 7 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    LHC Machine,

    L. Evans and P. Bryant, “LHC Machine,” Journal of Instrumentation, vol. 3, pp. S08001, 2008

    2008

  2. [2]

    KEK B-factory design report,

    N. Toge (ed.), “KEK B-factory design report,” KEK note , 95-7, 1995

    1995

  3. [3]

    The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) 2018 Summary report,

    T.K. Charles and others, “The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) 2018 Summary report,” CERN Yellow reports , CERN-2018-005-M, 2018

    2018

  4. [4]

    The International Linear Collider Techni- cal Design Report - V olume 3.II: Accelerator Baseline Design,

    C. Adolphsen and others, “The International Linear Collider Techni- cal Design Report - V olume 3.II: Accelerator Baseline Design,” 2013, https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.6328

    arXiv 2013

  5. [5]

    CEPC Technical Design Report: Accelerator,

    J. Gao, “CEPC Technical Design Report: Accelerator,” Radiat Detect Technol Methods 8, 1–1105 (2024)

    2024

  6. [6]

    M. Benedikt and others, ”Future Circular Collider Feasibility Study Report V olume 2: Accelerators, technical infrastructure and safety,”CERN reports, 2025, https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.00274. JOURNAL OF LATEX CLASS FILES, VOL. 14, NO. 8, AUGUST 2021 6

    arXiv 2025

  7. [7]

    Charlet and others, ”Conceptual study of a Compton polarimeter for the upgrade of the SuperKEKB collider with a polarized electron beam,” Journal of Instrumentation , vol

    D. Charlet and others, ”Conceptual study of a Compton polarimeter for the upgrade of the SuperKEKB collider with a polarized electron beam,” Journal of Instrumentation , vol. 10, pp P10014, 2023

    2023

  8. [8]

    Frisch, D

    J. Frisch, D. Bernstein, D. Brown and E. Cisneros, ”A high stability, low noise RF distribution system,” in Proceedings of the 2001 Particle Accelerator Conference, Chicago, IL, USA , 2001, pp. 816-818 vol.2, doi: 10.1109/PAC.2001.986485

    arXiv 2001

Show all 35 references
  1. [9]

    Schulz, A.-L

    S. Schulz, A.-L. Calendron, M.K. Czwalinna, M. Felber, A. Gr ¨unhagen, T. Kozak, N. Kschuev, T. Lamb, B. Lautenschlager, H. Schlarb, M. Sch¨utte, D. Schwickert, F. Zummack, ”Latest achievements in femtosec- ond synchronization of large scale facilities,” in Proceedings of IPAC...

    2025 doi

  2. [10]

    et al., ”Femtosecond all-optical synchronization of an X-ray free-electron laser”, Nat

    Schulz, S., Grgura ˇs, I., Behrens, C. et al., ”Femtosecond all-optical synchronization of an X-ray free-electron laser”, Nat. Commun. 6, 5938 (2015)

    2015

  3. [11]

    M. Xin, K. S ¸afak, and F. K¨artner, ”Ultra-precise timing and synchroniza- tion for large-scale scientific instruments,” Optica 5, 1564-1578 (2018)

    2018

  4. [12]

    Tratnik, L

    J. Tratnik, L. Pavlovic, B. Batagelj, L. Naglic, T. Korosec and M. Vidmar, ”Electro-optical synchronization system with femtosec- ond precision,” in 2010 Conference on Optical Fiber Communication (OFC/NFOEC), collocated National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, San Diego, CA,...

    2010 doi

  5. [13]

    Fujieda, M

    M. Fujieda, M. Kumagai, T. Gotoh and M. Hosokawa, ”Ultrastable Fre- quency Dissemination via Optical Fiber at NICT,” in IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 1223-1228, April 2009

    2009

  6. [14]

    Lessing, H

    M. Lessing, H. S. Margolis, C. T. A. Brown, et G. Marra, ”Frequency comb-based time transfer over a 159 km long installed fiber network”, Applied Physics Letters , vol. 110, p. 221101, 2017

    2017

  7. [15]

    Lopez et al., ”Simultaneous remote transfer of accurate timing and optical frequency over a public fiber network”, Applied Physics B , vol

    O. Lopez et al., ”Simultaneous remote transfer of accurate timing and optical frequency over a public fiber network”, Applied Physics B , vol. 110, pp. 3-6, 2013

    2013

  8. [16]

    Kobayashi et al., ”LLRF controls in SuperKEKB Phase-1 commis- sioning”, 2018, https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.09037

    T. Kobayashi et al., ”LLRF controls in SuperKEKB Phase-1 commis- sioning”, 2018, https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.09037

    2018 arXiv

  9. [17]

    and Aryshev, A

    Popov, K. and Aryshev, A. and Terunuma, N., ”KEK ATF Linac, Damp- ing Ring accelerating field and RF-Gun laser system phase&amplitude stability study”, Journal of Physics: Conference Series , vol. 3094, pp. 012044, 2025

    2025

  10. [18]

    Włostowski et al., ”White Rabbit and MTCA.4 Use in the LLRF Upgrade for CERN’s SPS”, in Proc

    T. Włostowski et al., ”White Rabbit and MTCA.4 Use in the LLRF Upgrade for CERN’s SPS”, in Proc. ICALEPCS’21, Shanghai, China, Mar . 2022, pp. 847-852, doi:10.18429/JACoW-ICALEPCS2021-THBR02

    2022 doi

  11. [19]

    Hazell et al., ”Phase stability compliancy testing of a White Rabbit based solution for the LHC RF and Timing Distribution Backbone upgrade”, Journal of Instrumentation , vol

    P. Hazell et al., ”Phase stability compliancy testing of a White Rabbit based solution for the LHC RF and Timing Distribution Backbone upgrade”, Journal of Instrumentation , vol. 19, p. C12019, 2024

    2024

  12. [20]

    Varela, ”Timing and synchronization in the LHC experiments”, CERN report, CMS-CR-2000-012, doi: 10.5170/CERN-2000-010.77

    J. Varela, ”Timing and synchronization in the LHC experiments”, CERN report, CMS-CR-2000-012, doi: 10.5170/CERN-2000-010.77

    2000 doi

  13. [21]

    15, p C03041, 2020

    Cavallari, F., ”High performance timing detectors for high energy physics experiments and new developments for the high luminosity LHC”, Journal of Instrumentation , vol. 15, p C03041, 2020. doi: 10.1088/1748- 0221/15/03/C03041

    2020 doi

  14. [22]

    Masuda, ”Timing signal distribution for synchrotron radiation ex- periments using RF over White Rabbit,” in 17th Int

    T. Masuda, ”Timing signal distribution for synchrotron radiation ex- periments using RF over White Rabbit,” in 17th Int. Conf. on Acc. and Large Exp. Physics Control Systems , WEPHA096, page 1316, doi:10.18429/JACoW-ICALEPCS2019-WEPHA096

    doi

  15. [23]

    Riku Nomaru and Gaku Mitsuka and Larry Ruckman, ”Measurement of Sudden Beam Loss Events Using Bunch-by-Bunch BPMs at Su- perKEKB”, 2025, https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.13617

    2025

  16. [24]

    Willeke, Ferdinand, and Beebe-Wang, J., ”Electron Ion Collider Con- ceptual Design Report 2021,” 2021, https://doi.org/10.2172/1765663

    2021 doi

  17. [25]

    Duan et al., ”A preliminary design of a Compton polarimeter at BEPCII”, in Proc

    Z. Duan et al., ”A preliminary design of a Compton polarimeter at BEPCII”, in Proc. IBIC2024, Beijing, Sep. 2024 , pp. 645-648, doi:10.18429/JACoW-IBIC2024-THP72

    2024 doi

  18. [26]

    Akiyama, H

    T. Akiyama, H. Matsuzawa, E. Haraguchi, T. Ando and Y . Hirano, ”Phase stabilized RF reference signal dissemination over optical fiber employing instantaneous frequency control by VCO,” in IEEE/MTT- S International Microwave Symposium Digest, Montreal, QC, Canada, 2012, pp. 1-...

    2012

  19. [27]

    Alkadai et al., ”Commissioning of ThomX Compton source subsys- tems and demonstration of 1010 x-rays/s,”, Phys

    M. Alkadai et al., ”Commissioning of ThomX Compton source subsys- tems and demonstration of 1010 x-rays/s,”, Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams , vol. 28, pp. 023401, 2025, doi:10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.28.023401

    2025 doi

  20. [28]

    Martens et al., ”Design of the optical system for the gamma factory proof of principle experiment at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron,” Phys

    A. Martens et al., ”Design of the optical system for the gamma factory proof of principle experiment at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron,” Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams , vol. 25, pp. 101601, 2025, doi:10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.25.101601

    2025 doi

  21. [29]

    Torres-Gonz ´alez, J

    F. Torres-Gonz ´alez, J. D ´ıaz, E. Mar ´ın-L´opez and R. Rodriguez-G ´omez, ”Scalability analysis of the white-rabbit technology for cascade-chain networks,” in IEEE International Symposium on Precision Clock Syn- chronization for Measurement, Control, and Communication (ISPC...

    2016

  22. [30]

    2, pp.108-141, 2024

    J Va’vra, ”Precision Timing Detectors in Particle Physics: Progress and Challenges in Picosecond Resolution Technologies,” Current Research Progress in Physical Science , V ol. 2, pp.108-141, 2024

    2024

  23. [31]

    Royon, F

    C. Royon, F. Gautier, ”Fast timing detectors with applications in cosmic ray physics and medical science”, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment , vol. 1058, pp. 168886, 2024

    2024

  24. [32]

    Serrano, M

    J. Serrano, M. Cattin, E. Gousiou, E. van der Bij, T. Wlostowski, G. Daniluk, M. Lipinski, ”The White Rabbit project”, 2nd International Beam Instrumentation Conference, Oxford, UK, 16 - 19 Sep 2013, pp.THBL2

    2013

  25. [33]

    Lipi ´nski, T

    M. Lipi ´nski, T. Włostowski, J. Serrano and P. Alvarez, ”White rabbit: a PTP application for robust sub-nanosecond synchronization,” 2011 IEEE International Symposium on Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement, Control and Communication, Munich, Germany, 2011, pp. 25-...

    2011

  26. [34]

    Moreira, P

    P. Moreira, P. Alvarez, J. Serrano and I. Darwazeh, ”Sub-nanosecond digital phase shifter for clock synchronization applications,” 2012 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium Proceedings, Baltimore, MD, USA, 2012, pp. 1-6 , doi: 10.1109/FCS.2012.6243715

    2012

  27. [35]

    Grushka, ”Characterization of exponentially modified Gaussian peaks in chromatography”, Analytical Chemistry, V ol

    E. Grushka, ”Characterization of exponentially modified Gaussian peaks in chromatography”, Analytical Chemistry, V ol. 44, pp. 1733-1738, 1972

    1972

Pith tools

Reviewed August 2, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.