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Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank

As of 9 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 62 of 62 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2506.20501.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2506.20501 v1

Coverage vector

measured 62 of 62 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:19.386048Z

measured 62 of 62 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

62 of 62 outbound references displayed

  • verified exact0
  • verified fuzzy4
  • unresolved57
  • parse uncertain0
  • malformed identifier1
  • metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation af04aa22-b077-4726-9edc-920726d596d8 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 1

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:14.815477Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:14.815477Z digest=sha256:2525cc9aa09b6ca118dfa1fc49b129e3b91b833a0e472fbf484e425637d18ac1

Observation 194db670-6ba6-4599-8b51-49fe23fa0d78 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 2

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:14.949820Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:14.949820Z digest=sha256:82506720e6433442648765cfa8a2e8c5f42a442af440614273aef2b0516ba1ac

Observation 5850120f-58e2-4974-aa6c-d5ac5581d8a7 · outbound

This paper cites Bruce Croft.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Bruce Croft

Reference 3

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unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:15.012592Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:15.012592Z digest=sha256:304ab5bc19e48e87bb87892ba72a0f05fc00bb2a9ea5e818f961c2c355c93a70

Observation 56cec20b-bf51-472e-afee-ec0d6c76b921 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 4

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:15.052134Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:15.052134Z digest=sha256:bf9cf6cfe7b10f016dfd1e9efcf8c4b0572e97fed740e3cc29f45bbf9b08590f

Observation be5c37a7-e26c-48af-b470-40246a68f224 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 5

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:15.129052Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:15.129052Z digest=sha256:7f31ab07b3a08503cbacd48accfca48c2b769cfa525b8dc28c0f7c1864c6995a

Observation d46e9660-7dba-4ed6-a9ab-1849f4104b43 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 6

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:15.192288Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:15.192288Z digest=sha256:cb49f85ddedecc44eeca526a9b575356e1d924c8fa9120e6a61da967062d402a

Observation 0fca9147-d458-4677-a0c5-9ef9925e730b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:15.223715Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:15.223715Z digest=sha256:f008dabafcb640f37039a29b6dcd45c6fcf11ee7058940d70cfa2eb5b08ba90f

Observation 80a12951-4969-408e-b609-4dfb4ac48b1c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 8

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:15.307100Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:15.307100Z digest=sha256:7674d2e05b399666a2f71aa86ee513626e1085bbd6738d027bb99009d47ba20f

Observation a2630331-0bf8-4f53-874b-658c330065d1 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:15.315150Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:15.315150Z digest=sha256:40f19a10da73a03e9ffb6592e052ccdfa7acae65a43e1108ad3085270e1de622

Observation 21968fe2-5ee5-4fd9-bd6f-86ce1bf75d35 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 10

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:15.420327Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:15.420327Z digest=sha256:507dc72edba62908e3bc1e464507ab41d5f16efffbf44e12797213fe221d341b

Observation d956b355-8efc-45d2-8044-6da12455adf6 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 11

Resolution
malformed identifier
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:15.491963Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:15.491963Z digest=sha256:99be5f9fbf153dd27de301387f432b12414879da4cb7e54b92d48f2378637da2

Observation e1b2e656-f090-42f1-9a54-ffa17987ce22 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 12

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:15.576090Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:15.576090Z digest=sha256:1d52533e2cb756873f0f0bfe0835a7b5b69af8eda5d8bdd429256bb4e9fc64df

Observation a0a1077e-1170-452f-a8a2-e179955f4a00 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:15.674229Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:15.674229Z digest=sha256:7d4c9c5c7175d144ee44e0db4f6f739fb855a80536deb3d61def68a1f09c93cd

Observation 4873e748-cdc6-466b-a331-893146c3feae · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:15.736015Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:15.736015Z digest=sha256:698ff340c3816653164bab7d1dadb062b08c53ec733be85cdc3440387a788817

Observation da09abf9-5888-4ee6-8ebb-991b96c393ac · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:15.791619Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:15.791619Z digest=sha256:bf6ae5d91d3834b870b4ebc112e07999ca046eaab283b3b11b36f9f2c35e9c8d

Observation 36e3916f-1a94-44e4-93bb-d1c7f8517d33 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 16

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unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:15.882750Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:15.882750Z digest=sha256:4cbb599263ce245b3817ee3fe9f705095f6f624a5ffd85da272f3321eeb76f11

Observation c71a4dfd-1c9e-437b-968f-d4f35052ccce · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

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unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:15.995366Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:15.995366Z digest=sha256:7c258b9a0b5ddacf0146fd55b5ad970d3ad800c981259ef080d7e2a62f01f4ad

Observation c26e7a86-975c-4ca9-aaea-013d4caf212b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:16.034701Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:16.034701Z digest=sha256:d1ac9408d45fc4ef2aef3f6734d533da04150e1499d0857e35b90cb667fc78a0

Observation db9255a6-a7e1-4d9c-9525-2e1cd954d66e · outbound

This paper cites Borgwardt, Malte J.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Borgwardt, Malte J

Reference 19

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:21.514714Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:16.084920Z digest=sha256:c0673ba2c4cef8a0e100c3b196f4aa78f8e930bd3e780aa0f657bf3be2462351

Observation 2314772f-6346-48a8-b823-f26e95e61703 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 20

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:16.175427Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:16.175427Z digest=sha256:1c772dfc27f37050de077dbb733789b3a3ec1c46da1e131442acc5cf5d0b27ab

Observation d0dfe3d2-af63-4ba0-b11e-d01290f68b71 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

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no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:16.236005Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:16.236005Z digest=sha256:fd944ca9c794ef44dc00ed5e85d5f424142fca844edbf6d4c00e1f3deb81984b

Observation 5636d71c-d32f-4a2f-a4fa-9f65083c9cad · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:16.373490Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:16.373490Z digest=sha256:c936150bc0c62eb47e8fb9e4828f3926b84adbc335efe61af2cae55afc78e3ff

Observation 8b3818b8-656b-49d7-b98b-33ceea33d38d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 23

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:16.470815Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:16.470815Z digest=sha256:fc263e99eafb5f426fdeec5f15ae5c1ffbd0c3d45f83371704f966f5560289c7

Observation 3f1da9b7-4eac-4f28-a7ba-cf237d38373f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 24

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:16.532350Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:16.532350Z digest=sha256:89802c849f53d130d0240515fe7cc9f7d3f0e6569d4014d394a8c50050e22fc3

Observation c56ae215-60fb-48dd-b805-3df2cda5100a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 25

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:21.245956Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:16.575010Z digest=sha256:329f264126acf7b50856f9c6f9f6315b20c03d6e897fd4050d610ab57ef486dd

Observation 465a45a3-146a-42ae-8327-5072938d2eb8 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 26

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unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:16.693038Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:16.693038Z digest=sha256:168896305c8989635d047dd9d5b86744ccba6f53d4dc3e59e6440338241c90be

Observation bf39cc00-334b-4ecb-86cc-9d5414d05681 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 27

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unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:16.766398Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:16.766398Z digest=sha256:5c5dc70e460ce6ce3a225245692e31a4e4dd06480e6547091eac5bd4d8a42c93

Observation 671cc4ab-5d52-4a3d-82e9-3954a4071be1 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 28

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unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:16.815174Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:16.815174Z digest=sha256:29551c46ebac3e71764c2f40abd20783aa7a6b6bc40becaec8de8e2becaa29fd

Observation a94d064a-5297-468f-ad12-d863f4705f41 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 29

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:16.932139Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:16.932139Z digest=sha256:30e7b79327cdaa0c22a3712faa9531285e3b7a8cc0e4feb4924f81ec15e472f9

Observation 760d2e2e-ca26-46b5-8da6-14412ce899b3 · outbound

This paper cites Personalized Transformer-based Ranking for e-Commerce at Yandex.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Personalized Transformer-based Ranking for e-Commerce at Yandex

Reference 30

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:17.018958Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:17.018958Z digest=sha256:7453e70b6c10503145b138c624e33e52dac5d8b76ca1788ac7e5181afa98e798

Observation dfd60ab1-517c-4d21-a721-0d31325ef944 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 31

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:17.057644Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:17.057644Z digest=sha256:77206b60798099e3ffef0633fc9016c64066be7c382044030011a06ed9172a60

Observation 5be86c5e-a4f6-44e0-9fcb-f9b7c32c2361 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 32

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:21.027598Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

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Observation 647890a5-701a-43b2-b30c-798abc9f23ba · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 33

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:20.953259Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

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Observation 1149a115-8ad5-4ec5-a160-e0488fb670e3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 34

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:17.309404Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:17.309404Z digest=sha256:37b6ec83ecbe6836df196b3d093e49d56ebbe5ea70ae92e499bf88c0891257b7

Observation 85bf8369-cbc9-459a-b1df-6c596006c3a2 · outbound

This paper cites Muthukrishnan, Vishwa Vinay, and Zheng Wen.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Muthukrishnan, Vishwa Vinay, and Zheng Wen

Reference 35

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unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:17.353364Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:17.353364Z digest=sha256:aaff796d9976ceea2c9545982b0a883fca95bc40b4157e59528e35159d8f11e8

Observation 15aaa81d-5ef0-4f0d-8826-c8c98d6ab4e2 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 36

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:20.858287Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

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Observation 02cf3c02-39a7-431c-8f6a-f956bcabb341 · outbound

This paper cites Decoupled Weight Decay Regularization.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Decoupled Weight Decay Regularization

Reference 37

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no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:17.526544Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

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Observation b9d59971-797c-47b1-99c6-44c5d7d8a3e4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 38

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unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:17.575112Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:17.575112Z digest=sha256:c4f3ea98033c29509d6734b1233c5de79aea129193de5adfdbbc88fb6e7d4653

Observation 43ab2755-69bf-4317-b1f4-57fc203fcf64 · outbound

This paper cites Maddison, Andriy Mnih, and Yee Whye Teh.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Maddison, Andriy Mnih, and Yee Whye Teh

Reference 39

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unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:17.678485Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:17.678485Z digest=sha256:faef08a9af2ffb1ab91e2b735ce3461dbb53f328f9a61dfcea163566d383dffb

Observation b2fd213a-6c88-452f-bd46-9020b7ab98b9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 40

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unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:17.716692Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

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Observation a55fb5fb-bae6-4d4c-a6ad-3dac14cef8a2 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 41

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no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:17.769106Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:17.769106Z digest=sha256:cffa9020b9674615abb46ee73d53ede3b09669056ff4153f2d607ca1cdd8e22a

Observation ae9f79c8-624c-4d90-a816-af88d0cb3811 · outbound

This paper cites Introducing LETOR 4.0 Datasets.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Introducing LETOR 4.0 Datasets

Reference 42

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no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:17.863659Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:17.863659Z digest=sha256:430dbcb97bd2b8094eb9c62b5ea376b75eb3b075b7e00a1d924a1e2207229c2e

Observation ac1c9066-2048-4db7-b935-42cbf2781229 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 43

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unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:17.903686Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:17.903686Z digest=sha256:b56bf6384cfd6622e55a808e5d6bd78ab657e1b76b923177ed01491a7c33ceda

Observation acd8f081-c12b-4098-b981-86b1f2cddc91 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 44

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no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:17.964055Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:17.964055Z digest=sha256:b35a490366b5ad4994c21b68cb3422a71b9ea92c60ea8475ea8421194c63723c

Observation d3f48645-9a78-4984-b3b3-2590981ad252 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 45

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unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:18.070354Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:18.070354Z digest=sha256:8a8010bb90e6aace6361bf01646f64d2fb610c08ae9f8bb0abd3dc25936b5ea6

Observation deed4747-dc5f-4dba-a44e-abe680818506 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 46

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:20.730076Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:18.107401Z digest=sha256:1deb223a0aaa91fd10a9fe820016f917de494734e26927d1b3ac6017c33202f0

Observation 2255a754-faac-45c8-9dec-383674cd81f5 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 47

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unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:18.159487Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:18.159487Z digest=sha256:0209e84c482aaea3ab9ee3d0da4e26a670147f0d0275e358db6e3c3aaaa1475c

Observation 56eeb4e8-d066-471d-b599-852b2a2ff24f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 48

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:20.616527Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:18.315908Z digest=sha256:63f0e259844c8ed7e01c9db7692019c024b6fe4779d204eea540df2e5f794cb6

Observation 6a8241a2-e05b-48a7-8522-2a3c23c3b798 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 49

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unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:20.531182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:18.388633Z digest=sha256:ab09bf8accbcab481b24f4f565d1b364806b4e4ddd8c9db542dbee85d9fc0ba8

Observation 413f8546-51c8-4fe1-a5a9-c88c5d48e97f · outbound

This paper cites 1989.Learning from Delayed Rewards.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank 1989.Learning from Delayed Rewards

Reference 50

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no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:18.489882Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:18.489882Z digest=sha256:ea9b99d4307b85ae8ab12b26a14076ba10395de2ab9eace639fb6042dea439b3

Observation 868a54ba-3af0-4b4d-b63a-f83d418b9eca · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 51

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unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:18.634966Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:18.634966Z digest=sha256:4e6f16107cc714b4f6f42c90b76867cfab6cac142feb4e358947a6f81545a742

Observation 1dd09409-afc3-4c5b-97bc-42155548380a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 52

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unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:20.422444Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:18.756640Z digest=sha256:5f3c8708373b82f4e43212f78791d108808e0ea1916721e90f8b0d59f51d6f9a

Observation 09ef8209-f2df-4a9e-95b1-7a56d83a9161 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 53

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:20.255945Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:18.893360Z digest=sha256:e50f87f3b85a899a3c1393a6d6e15229f012422e1a70e1172127e938c8e95cd3

Observation b046711f-4d33-432a-9e4f-381a9a073afd · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 54

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unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:19.042258Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:19.042258Z digest=sha256:688516464e5eb240af98811095ab108a1da8eb8ba14ac95d1e58b064a9ed9fb7

Observation 51a43969-5369-49d9-831b-55d25ce32006 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 55

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:20.104473Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:19.189014Z digest=sha256:0abb6ab333db7a7079125f203708963bc8e3106944c959e3d0b7641a85d5d275

Observation d5c4e287-04b9-4608-8c54-bdbb036ecc1d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 56

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:19.953443Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:19.295707Z digest=sha256:1eefc36ba4b7342d87f11d0d967e5219d93a22a4fc3440f9bc119b978ab648e4

Observation f7eb2569-8ea5-4736-8b87-24a127e02620 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank Unresolved cited work

Reference 57

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:19.784828Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:19.386048Z digest=sha256:4d9bcfc0242dcdec867cf90dd2c87c4d8934095415d6eb85589e29aca023db99

Observation b9245ce7-61d6-4c54-8da3-3a011057543c · outbound

This paper cites In In- ternational ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR).

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank In In- ternational ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR)

Reference 2005

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:21.134287Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:16.851416Z digest=sha256:8c6884472749b8c8f746d5881bf048b7307527854a6882de928c244ee01612da

Observation e3c35bc9-1673-4e0b-a1dd-2908007f0c62 · outbound

This paper cites In The World Wide Web Conference (WWW).

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank In The World Wide Web Conference (WWW)

Reference 2019

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:21.813186Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:14.872417Z digest=sha256:42a64a4341c2c97bb76fc43b4d309d6d788ec7b43befb5bf5b6c86a9640ab07e

Observation f3b5951c-df60-484b-a9aa-2a4cc9e9c2bd · outbound

This paper cites In International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (WSDM).

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank In International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (WSDM)

Reference 2020

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unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:18.273099Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:18.273099Z digest=sha256:c9243de7bf88b1f5d7cdb9673882b930e42dbd254bedf4d38b1de9f2d719ac09

Observation 2671bfd0-993f-4ca2-aca1-21a3bd31489f · outbound

This paper cites In Proceedings of the 46th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR).

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank In Proceedings of the 46th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR)

Reference 2023

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:15.963382Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:15.963382Z digest=sha256:eb953ab1ca9edaf81416daf1815c5221e1a8f90c9afe40e695bd641f642afc65

Observation 2c95cbf2-a8b6-4adf-a700-2a6aac6bf863 · outbound

This paper cites In Proceedings of the 17th ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (WSDM).

Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank In Proceedings of the 17th ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (WSDM)

Reference 2024

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:55:21.366962Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-06T22:55:16.278691Z digest=sha256:65c058f475e21cfba242a6ebd7b7a03029c563a5151e5d4118b71bb0ce4d01ab

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.