Pith. sign in

REVIEW 2 major objections 2 minor 115 references

Multiphysics Analysis of Cryogenically Cooled Photocathode in a CW SRF Injector cavity

T0 review · 2 major / 2 minor · reviewed 2026-08-05 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read A cryogenically cooled copper photocathode can sustain 2 W of laser power in a continuous-wave superconducting RF injector, delivering 100 pC bunches at 1 MHz while leaving the cavity's intrinsic quality factor essentially unchanged.

desk verdict The supplied full text is a different paper (quant-ph cat states), so I can only judge the abstract; on that basis the engineering claim is coherent but unverifiable. read the letter →

arxiv 2508.11764 v2 pith:FT5R6PEZ submitted 2025-08-15 physics.acc-ph physics.app-ph

Dmitry Bazyl , Klaus Floettmann , Elmar Vogel , Igor Zagorodnov This is my paper · ORCID
classification physics.acc-phphysics.app-ph
keywords superconductingRFinjectorphotocathodecryogeniccoolingtwo-temperaturemodelthermalcontactconductanceintrinsicqualityfactorlaser-inducedheatingcontinuous-waveoperation
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper asks whether a cryogenically cooled copper photocathode can survive the heat deposited by the picosecond laser that generates electron bunches in a continuous-wave superconducting RF injector, and whether that heat degrades the cavity's performance. To answer this, the authors build a two-temperature model of the emitting surface at cryogenic temperatures, where electrons and the lattice are not in equilibrium during the short laser pulse, and couple a one-temperature bulk model of the cathode to an electromagnetic model of the whole cavity. They predict that, for the current injector design, the laser's impact on the cavity's intrinsic quality factor is negligible; the real constraint is keeping the copper cathode cold enough. They then propose an improved cathode plug geometry and show by multiphysics simulation that it operates stably at a nominal 2 W laser power, enough for 100 pC bunches at 1 MHz under optimistic quantum efficiency assumptions.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing tool is a two-temperature model of the cathode surface, solved numerically, which treats the electron gas and the crystal lattice as having different temperatures during and just after each picosecond laser pulse; this sets the surface temperature spike. It is embedded in a one-temperature bulk model of the cathode plug coupled to an electromagnetic model of the injector cavity, so that RF losses, laser heating, and cryogenic cooling are solved together. The improved cathode plug geometry is the proposed design change that increases the effective thermal path from the emitting surface to the cold cavity.

What would settle it

Measure the actual thermal contact resistance of the cathode plug–cavity interface at cryogenic temperature, and measure the cathode surface temperature rise when the 2 W, 1 MHz picosecond laser is running; if the measured temperature rise exceeds the two-temperature model's prediction by more than its uncertainty, the claimed stable operation at 2 W is not achieved. Alternatively, run the injector with the laser on and off and compare the cavity's intrinsic quality factor: a measurable degradation would contradict the claimed negligible laser impact.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that the performance limit of this continuous-wave superconducting RF injector is set by the cryogenic stability of the copper cathode, not by laser-induced degradation of the superconducting cavity. Using a two-temperature model for the picosecond laser heating of the emitting surface—capturing the temporary non-equilibrium between hot electrons and the cold lattice—and a one-temperature thermal model of the bulk cathode coupled to the cavity's electromagnetic field, the authors find that the laser's heat load barely affects the cavity's intrinsic quality factor. The bottleneck is heat extraction from the cathode through its direct thermal contact with the cryogenically

Load-bearing premise

The 2 W stability prediction depends on the assumed thermal resistance of the direct mechanical and thermal contact between the copper plug and the cavity, together with the cryogenic two-temperature material parameters (electron-phonon coupling and electronic heat capacity); if the real contact conducts heat worse, or the surface temperature spike is larger than modeled, the stable 2 W operating point fails even though the quality-factor conclusion may survive.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • At the design point, the injector can run stably at 2 W average laser power with 100 pC bunches at 1 MHz.
  • Laser-induced heating does not measurably degrade the cavity's intrinsic quality factor; the cathode's cryogenic stability is the binding operational limit.
  • The improved cathode plug geometry is what makes the 2 W operating point possible under the model.
  • Higher laser loads push the design into a regime where dedicated cryogenic analysis is required.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If the real thermal contact resistance between the cathode plug and the cavity is larger than assumed, the 2 W stability conclusion weakens even though the negligible quality-factor impact could still hold—so measuring that contact is the fastest experimental check.
  • The same two-temperature-plus-bulk coupling could be applied to other photocathode materials, such as high-quantum-efficiency semiconductors operated at cryogenic temperature, where thermal limits are more restrictive.
  • The negligible-quality-factor conclusion likely relies on the laser heat load being small compared with RF losses at the operating gradient; at higher average beam current or laser power, the balance could shift and the cavity quality factor may start to respond to the laser.
  • The optimistic quantum efficiency assumption means that for realistic QE values the required laser power would exceed 2 W, pushing the system closer to the thermal limit, so the stability margin should be tested against the actual cathode quantum efficiency.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Signed reviews

No signed human review yet.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The submission carries the arXiv identifier 2508.11764 (physics.acc-ph) and an abstract reporting a multiphysics thermal analysis of a cryogenically cooled copper photocathode in a CW SRF injector. The abstract states that a two-temperature model and a coupled one-temperature/electromagnetic model predict negligible laser-induced Q0 degradation and stable operation at 2 W laser power (100 pC, 1 MHz) under optimistic quantum efficiency assumptions, with cathode cryogenic stability as the primary limit. However, the full text supplied for review is arXiv:2508.11769v2 [quant-ph], 'Macroscopic Schrödinger-cat states of nonequilibrium electrons...', a paper on light-driven electron dynamics with no content on SRF cavities, cryogenic thermal modeling, or photocathodes. I therefore cannot verify any of the claimed derivations or numerical results.

Significance. If the claimed multiphysics analysis were present and correct, the result would be relevant to high-average-current photoinjector design, particularly the DESY CW SRF injector: it would separate laser-induced RF losses from cathode thermal limits and propose a plug geometry with a concrete 2 W operating point. The abstract's caveat that 100 pC at 1 MHz holds only under optimistic quantum efficiency assumptions is honest, and the connection to the measured 50 MV/m RF test gives an external anchor. But because the submitted full text does not contain the analysis, no significance assessment of the model itself is possible. There are no visible equations, mesh convergence studies, material property tables, or error estimates to credit.

major comments (2)
  1. [Supplied full text (arXiv:2508.11769v2)] The supplied full text is a quantum-optics paper on Schrödinger-cat states, not the physics.acc-ph manuscript announced by the title and abstract. None of the claimed elements—the two-temperature model, the one-temperature bulk model, the coupled electromagnetic model, the direct thermal contact resistance, the Q0 estimate, or the 2 W/100 pC/1 MHz calculation—appears in this text. The central claim is a numerical prediction, and no derivation or simulation setup is available to check. This is a load-bearing absence; the manuscript as submitted cannot be evaluated for soundness. Please supply the correct full text or resubmit the actual manuscript.
  2. [Abstract] Even taking the abstract as the only evidence, the 2 W sufficiency claim is not reproducible. 'Optimistic quantum efficiency assumptions' is not a parameter: no QE value, wavelength, beam spot size, cathode geometry, contact area, or thermal contact resistance are stated. The phrase 'direct thermal contact' carries the cooling burden, and the effective thermal resistance of that contact is the unverified input that gates the 2 W conclusion. Without a table or derivation, the operating-point prediction cannot be checked.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract should identify the DESY cavity test reference and define 'direct thermal contact' geometrically (area, pressure, interface material).
  2. [Abstract] If the correct full text is substituted, include a table of cryogenic material properties and a stated quantum efficiency value; otherwise 'optimistic' remains qualitative.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No circularity identified; the supplied full text is an unrelated manuscript, so no derivation chain is present to exhibit a reduction.

full rationale

The abstract claims a multiphysics prediction (negligible laser impact on Q0, thermal stability at 2 W, 100 pC at 1 MHz) from a two-temperature model of the emitting surface, a one-temperature bulk model, and a coupled electromagnetic model. However, the supplied full text is arXiv:2508.11769v2, a quantum-optics paper with no equations, geometry, material parameters, or solution of those thermal models. Without the actual derivation, no specific step can be shown to reduce to its own inputs by construction. The abstract's stated assumptions (quantum efficiency, direct thermal contact, cryogenic two-temperature parameters) are disclosed inputs rather than fitted outputs, and the cited 50 MV/m RF test is an external milestone. The mismatch between abstract and full text is a serious completeness/verifiability problem, but it is not circularity: there is no self-citation chain, no fitted parameter renamed as a prediction, and no equation that equals another by definition. Under the rule that circularity may be claimed only when the specific reduction is exhibited, the appropriate finding is no significant circularity with score 0.

Assumptions & free parameters 2 free parameters · 3 assumptions · 0 invented entities

All quantitative claims reviewed here rest on the abstract alone because the supplied full text is a different manuscript. The free parameters are inferred: the 100 pC at 1 MHz operating point is an arithmetic consequence of an assumed quantum efficiency that the authors themselves call optimistic, and the thermal conclusions depend on an unquantified cathode-cavity contact resistance. No new physical entities (particles, fields, dimensions) are introduced; the improved plug is a design proposal, not an invented entity.

free parameters (2)
  • Quantum efficiency of the copper cathode at the drive wavelength = ≈ 2×10⁻⁴ (implied: 100 pC × 1 MHz from 2 W at ≈ 4.7 eV photons)
    The abstract's claim that 2 W is "sufficient for 100 pC beams at 1 MHz under optimistic quantum efficiency assumptions" makes the operating-point prediction conditional on an assumed QE. Roughly 2.7×10¹⁸ photons/s from 2 W, versus 6.2×10¹⁴ electrons/s needed, implies QE ≈ 2×10⁻⁴, optimistic for copper. This is a disclosed but load-bearing fitted input.
  • Effective thermal contact resistance of the direct cathode-cavity contact = Not stated in abstract
    The setup phrase "with direct thermal contact" hides the dominant thermal bottleneck: the interface conductance between the cold cavity and the cathode plug at cryogenic temperature. The whole cryogenic-stability conclusion scales with this value, and it is not quantified anywhere in the abstract.
assumptions (3)
  • domain assumption The two-temperature model is valid for copper at cryogenic temperatures (electron-phonon decoupling regime) with literature values for electron-phonon coupling and electronic heat capacity.
    The abstract states the laser heating is addressed by a two-temperature model; the material constants needed are not visible in the abstract and must come from prior literature or fits.
  • domain assumption Lattice thermal properties of copper at 2-4 K (thermal conductivity, Kapitza-type boundary resistance) used in the one-temperature bulk model are accurate for the installed cathode.
    The one-temperature bulk model and the conclusion that cryogenic stability, not Q0, is the operational limit depend on these constants at cryogenic temperatures.
  • domain assumption The electromagnetic model of the injector cavity reproduces the record 50 MV/m axial field from the DESY RF test.
    The abstract benchmarks the layout against the record 50 MV/m RF test; coupling the thermal model to this electromagnetic model inherits that field distribution as an input.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Multiphysics Analysis of Cryogenically Cooled Photocathode in a CW SRF Injector cavity." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/FT5R6PEZ

@misc{pith2026250811764,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Multiphysics Analysis of Cryogenically Cooled Photocathode in a CW SRF Injector cavity},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/FT5R6PEZ}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2508.11764}
}
read the original abstract

The paper evaluates the thermal regime of a cryogenically cooled copper photocathode integrated into a continuous-wave superconducting radio-frequency injector cavity with direct thermal contact. Such a photoinjector layout is being developed at DESY and has recently demonstrated a record-high 50 MV/m axial electric field in radio-frequency tests, marking an important milestone. To address the thermal effect of the picosecond excitation laser, we first develop a two-temperature model to describe the temperature of the emitting surface at cryogenic temperatures and solve it numerically. Subsequently, we present a one-temperature model of the bulk photocathode coupled with an electromagnetic model of the injector cavity. For the current injector design, we predict a negligible impact of the laser on the intrinsic quality factor of the cavity, identifying instead the cryogenic stability of the copper cathode as the primary operational limit. To overcome cooling challenges, we propose an improved configuration of the cathode plug. For the proposed geometry, the multiphysics analysis confirms stable performance at a nominal 2 W laser power, sufficient for 100 pC beams at 1 MHz under optimistic quantum efficiency assumptions. Operation at higher laser loads will benefit from further dedicated cryogenic analysis.

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

115 extracted references · 67 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    Oka and H

    T. Oka and H. Aoki, Photovoltaic Hall effect in graphene, Phys. Rev. B79, 081406(R) (2009)

    2009

  2. [2]

    J. W. McIver, B. Schulte, F.-U. Stein, T. Matsuyama, G. Jotzu, G. Meier, and A. Cavalleri, Light-induced anomalous Hall effect in graphene, Nat. Phys.16, 38 (2020)

    2020

  3. [3]

    Lewenstein, M

    M. Lewenstein, M. F. Ciappina, E. Pisanty, J. Rivera-Dean, P. Stammer, T. Lamprou, and P. Tzallas, Generation of optical Schr¨odinger cat states in intense laser–matter interactions, Nat. Phys.17, 1104 (2021)

    2021

  4. [4]

    Rivera-Dean, T

    J. Rivera-Dean, T. Lamprou, E. Pisanty, P. Stammer, A. F. Ord´o˜nez, A. S. Maxwell, M. F. Ciappina, M. Lewenstein, and P. Tzallas, Strong laser fields and their power to gener- ate controllable high-photon-number coherent-state superpo- sitions, Phys. Rev. A105, 033714 (2022)

    2022

  5. [5]

    Lamprou, J

    T. Lamprou, J. Rivera-Dean, P. Stammer, M. Lewenstein, and P. Tzallas, Nonlinear Optics Using Intense Optical Coherent State Superpositions, Phys. Rev. Lett.134, 013601 (2025)

    2025

  6. [6]

    Stammer, Theory of entanglement and measurement in high- order harmonic generation, Phys

    P. Stammer, Theory of entanglement and measurement in high- order harmonic generation, Phys. Rev. A106, L050402 (2022)

    2022

  7. [7]

    Stammer, J

    P. Stammer, J. Rivera-Dean, T. Lamprou, E. Pisanty, M. F. Ciappina, P. Tzallas, and M. Lewenstein, High Photon Number Entangled States and Coherent State Superposition from the Extreme Ultraviolet to the Far Infrared, Phys. Rev. Lett.128, 123603 (2022)

    2022

  8. [8]

    Rivera-Dean, T

    J. Rivera-Dean, T. Lamprou, E. Pisanty, M. F. Ciappina, P. Tza- llas, M. Lewenstein, and P. Stammer, Quantum state engineer- ing of light using intensity measurements and postselection, Phys. Rev. A112, 013110 (2025)

    2025

Show all 115 references
  1. [9]

    Stammer, J

    P. Stammer, J. Rivera-Dean, A. Maxwell, T. Lamprou, A. Ord ´o˜nez, M. F. Ciappina, P. Tzallas, and M. Lewenstein, Quantum Electrodynamics of Intense Laser-Matter Interac- tions: A Tool for Quantum State Engineering, PRX Quantum 4, 010201 (2023)

    2023

  2. [10]

    Bhattacharya, T

    U. Bhattacharya, T. Lamprou, A. S. Maxwell, A. Ord ´o˜nez, E. Pisanty, J. Rivera-Dean, P. Stammer, M. F. Ciappina, M. Lewenstein, and P. Tzallas, Strong–laser–field physics, non–classical light states and quantum information science, Reports Prog. Phys.86, 094401 (2023)

    2023

  3. [11]

    Lewenstein, N

    M. Lewenstein, N. Baldelli, U. Bhattacharya, J. Biegert, M. F. Ciappina, T. Grass, P. T. Grochowski, A. S. Johnson, T. Lam- prou, A. S. Maxwell, A. Ord ´o˜nez, E. Pisanty, J. Rivera-Dean, P. Stammer, and P. Tzallas, Attosecond Physics and Quantum Information Science, inSpringe...

    2024

  4. [12]

    Cruz-Rodriguez, D

    L. Cruz-Rodriguez, D. Dey, A. Freibert, and P. Stammer, Quan- tum phenomena in attosecond science, Nat. Rev. Phys.6, 691 (2024)

    2024

  5. [13]

    Vidiella-Barranco, H

    A. Vidiella-Barranco, H. Moya-Cessa, and V. Buˇ zek, Interac- tion of Superpositions of Coherent States of Light with Two- level Atoms, J. Mod. Opt.39, 1441 (1992)

    1992

  6. [14]

    C. C. Gerry and E. E. Hach, Interaction of a two-level atom with an even coherent state, Phys. Lett. A179, 1 (1993)

    1993

  7. [15]

    Moya-Cessa and A

    H. Moya-Cessa and A. Vidiella-Barranco, On the Interaction of Two-level Atoms with Superpositions of Coherent States of Light, J. Mod. Opt.42, 1547 (1995)

    1995

  8. [16]

    Joshi and M

    A. Joshi and M. Singh, Effects of Even and Odd Coherent States on the Evolution of the Two-photon Jaynes-Cummings model, J. Mod. Opt.42, 775 (1995)

    1995

  9. [17]

    I. A. Bocanegra-Garay, M. Castillo-Celeita, J. Negro, L. M. Nieto, and F. J. G ´omez-Ruiz, Exploring supersymmetry: In- terchangeability between Jaynes-Cummings and anti-Jaynes- Cummings models, Phys. Rev. Res.6, 043218 (2024)

    2024

  10. [18]

    Tang-Kun, Entropy evolvement properties in a system of Schr¨odinger cat state light field interacting with two entangled atoms, Chinese Phys.15, 542 (2006)

    L. Tang-Kun, Entropy evolvement properties in a system of Schr¨odinger cat state light field interacting with two entangled atoms, Chinese Phys.15, 542 (2006)

    2006

  11. [19]

    A. B. A. Mohamed, H. Eleuch, and C. H. R. Ooi, Non-locality Correlation in Two Driven Qubits Inside an Open Coherent Cavity: Trace Norm Distance and Maximum Bell Function, Sci. Rep.9, 19632 (2019)

    2019

  12. [20]

    A.-B. A. Mohamed, E. M. Khalil, M. M. Selim, and H. Eleuch, Quantum Fisher Information and Bures Distance Correlations of Coupled Two Charge-Qubits Inside a Coherent Cavity with the Intrinsic Decoherence, Symmetry (Basel).13, 352 (2021)

    2021

  13. [21]

    Abdel-Khalek, K

    S. Abdel-Khalek, K. Berrada, E. M. Khalil, H. Eleuch, A.-S. F. Obada, and E. Reda, Tavis–Cummings Model with Moving Atoms, Entropy23, 452 (2021)

    2021

  14. [22]

    Movahedi, D

    R. Movahedi, D. Afshar, and M. Jafarpour, Improvement of the entanglement generation in atomic states using a single-mode field in the Tavis–Cummings model, Eur. Phys. J. D77, 59 (2023)

    2023

  15. [23]

    S. Imai, A. Ono, and N. Tsuji, Electron dynamics induced by quantum cat-state light, arXiv:2501.16801

    arXiv

  16. [24]

    Leman, W

    K. Leman, W. Yiwen, and G. Molin, Supercurrent and Its Quantum Statistical Properties in Mesoscopic Josephson Junc- tion in the Presence of Nonclassical Light Fields, Commun. Theor. Phys.28, 391 (1997)

    1997

  17. [25]

    D. B. Horoshko and S. Ya Kilin, Resonance fluorescence ex- cited by macroscopic superposition in a feedback loop, J. Exp. Theor. Phys.90, 733 (2000)

    2000

  18. [26]

    Tomilin and L

    V. Tomilin and L. Il’ichov, The stationary resonance fluores- cence of a two-level atom in a cat-state field, Opt. Commun. 375, 38 (2016)

    2016

  19. [27]

    V. A. Tomilin and L. V. Il’ichov, Correlations of photoemis- sions in a multiatomic ensemble driven by a cat-state field, Phys. Rev. A96, 063805 (2017)

    2017

  20. [28]

    V. A. Tomilin and L. V. Il’ichov, Lambda-scheme spectroscopy in the cat-state field, J. Exp. Theor. Phys.124, 707 (2017)

    2017

  21. [29]

    J. L. T. Bertassoli and A. Vidiella-Barranco, Note on the emis- sion spectrum and trapping states in the Jaynes–Cummings model, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B41, C199 (2024)

    2024

  22. [30]

    Ling and G.-C

    T. Ling and G.-C. Guo, Superposition of the atomic Bloch state: preparation method, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B14, 1537 (1997)

    1997

  23. [31]

    R. P. Rundle and M. J. Everitt, An informationally complete Wigner function for the Tavis–Cummings model, J. Comput. Electron.20, 2180 (2021)

    2021

  24. [32]

    W. H. Zurek, Decoherence, einselection, and the quantum ori- gins of the classical, Rev. Mod. Phys.75, 715 (2003)

    2003

  25. [33]

    Kuzmich, K

    A. Kuzmich, K. Mølmer, and E. S. Polzik, Spin Squeezing in an Ensemble of Atoms Illuminated with Squeezed Light, Phys. Rev. Lett.79, 4782 (1997)

    1997

  26. [34]

    J. Hald, J. L. Sørensen, C. Schori, and E. S. Polzik, Spin Squeezed Atoms: A Macroscopic Entangled Ensemble Cre- ated by Light, Phys. Rev. Lett.83, 1319 (1999)

    1999

  27. [35]

    Hald and E

    J. Hald and E. S. Polzik, Mapping a quantum state of light onto atoms, J. Opt. B Quantum Semiclassical Opt.3, S83 (2001). 16

    2001

  28. [36]

    J. Ma, X. Wang, C. P. Sun, and F. Nori, Quantum spin squeez- ing, Phys. Rep.509, 89 (2011)

    2011

  29. [37]

    Fr ¨owis, P

    F. Fr ¨owis, P. Sekatski, W. D¨ ur, N. Gisin, and N. Sangouard, Macroscopic quantum states: Measures, fragility, and imple- mentations, Rev. Mod. Phys.90, 025004 (2018)

    2018

  30. [38]

    Shimizu and T

    A. Shimizu and T. Miyadera, Stability of Quantum States of Finite Macroscopic Systems against Classical Noises, Pertur- bations from Environments, and Local Measurements, Phys. Rev. Lett.89, 270403 (2002)

    2002

  31. [39]

    Fr ¨owis and W

    F. Fr ¨owis and W. D¨ ur, Measures of macroscopicity for quantum spin systems, New J. Phys.14, 093039 (2012)

    2012

  32. [40]

    T ´oth, Multipartite entanglement and high-precision metrol- ogy, Phys

    G. T ´oth, Multipartite entanglement and high-precision metrol- ogy, Phys. Rev. A85, 022322 (2012)

    2012

  33. [41]

    Hyllus, W

    P. Hyllus, W. Laskowski, R. Krischek, C. Schwemmer, W. Wieczorek, H. Weinfurter, L. Pezz´e, and A. Smerzi, Fisher information and multiparticle entanglement, Phys. Rev. A85, 022321 (2012)

    2012

  34. [42]

    G. S. Agarwal, R. R. Puri, and R. P. Singh, Atomic Schr¨odinger cat states, Phys. Rev. A56, 2249 (1997)

    1997

  35. [43]

    C. C. Gerry and R. Grobe, Generation and properties of col- lective atomic Schr ¨odinger-cat states, Phys. Rev. A56, 2390 (1997)

    1997

  36. [44]

    Massar and E

    S. Massar and E. S. Polzik, Generating a Superposition of Spin States in an Atomic Ensemble, Phys. Rev. Lett.91, 060401 (2003)

    2003

  37. [45]

    Genes and P

    C. Genes and P. R. Berman, Generating conditional atomic entanglement by measuring photon number in a single output channel, Phys. Rev. A73, 013801 (2006)

    2006

  38. [46]

    Filip, Excess-noise-free recording and uploading of non- classical states to continuous-variable quantum memory, Phys

    R. Filip, Excess-noise-free recording and uploading of non- classical states to continuous-variable quantum memory, Phys. Rev. A78, 012329 (2008)

    2008

  39. [47]

    Lemr and J

    K. Lemr and J. Fiur ´aˇsek, Conditional preparation of arbitrary superpositions of atomic Dicke states, Phys. Rev. A79, 043808 (2009)

    2009

  40. [48]

    A. E. B. Nielsen, U. V. Poulsen, A. Negretti, and K. Mølmer, Atomic quantum superposition state generation via optical probing, Phys. Rev. A79, 023841 (2009)

    2009

  41. [49]

    S. L. Christensen, J. B. B ´eguin, H. L. Sørensen, E. Bookjans, D. Oblak, J. H. M¨ uller, J. Appel, and E. S. Polzik, Toward quantum state tomography of a single polariton state of an atomic ensemble, New J. Phys.15, 015002 (2013)

    2013

  42. [50]

    McConnell, H

    R. McConnell, H. Zhang, S. ´Cuk, J. Hu, M. H. Schleier-Smith, and V. Vuleti´c, Generating entangled spin states for quantum metrology by single-photon detection, Phys. Rev. A88, 063802 (2013)

    2013

  43. [51]

    McConnell, H

    R. McConnell, H. Zhang, J. Hu, S. ´Cuk, and V. Vuleti´c, Entan- glement with negative Wigner function of almost 3,000 atoms heralded by one photon, Nature519, 439 (2015)

    2015

  44. [52]

    Huang and G

    S. Huang and G. S. Agarwal, Weak value amplification of atomic cat states, New J. Phys.17, 093032 (2015)

    2015

  45. [53]

    I. I. Rabi, Space Quantization in a Gyrating Magnetic Field, Phys. Rev.51, 652 (1937)

    1937

  46. [54]

    R. H. Dicke, Coherence in Spontaneous Radiation Processes, Phys. Rev.93, 99 (1954)

    1954

  47. [55]

    Tavis and F

    M. Tavis and F. W. Cummings, Exact Solution for an𝑁- Molecule—Radiation-Field Hamiltonian, Phys. Rev.170, 379 (1968)

    1968

  48. [56]

    C. W. Helstrom,Quantum detection and estimation theory (Academic Press, New York, 1976)

    1976

  49. [57]

    A. S. Holevo,Probabilistic and Statistical Aspects of Quantum Theory(North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1982)

    1982

  50. [58]

    S. L. Braunstein and C. M. Caves, Statistical distance and the geometry of quantum states, Phys. Rev. Lett.72, 3439 (1994)

    1994

  51. [59]

    D. M. Greenberger, M. A. Horne, and A. Zeilinger, Going beyond bell’s theorem, inBell’s Theorem, Quantum Theory and Conceptions of the Universe(Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht,

  52. [60]

    We also allow more general (non-canonical)𝑓(𝛼) functions that are strongly localized in phase space

    A related representation is the Fock–Bargmann representa- tion [113, 114], where a quantum state is uniquely specified by a holomorphic (Bargmann) function, which in turn defines a canonical coefficient function𝑓(𝛼)in the coherent-state ex- pansion. We also allow more general ...

  53. [61]

    Gorlach, M

    A. Gorlach, M. E. Tzur, M. Birk, M. Kr¨ uger, N. Rivera, O. Cohen, and I. Kaminer, High-harmonic generation driven by quantum light, Nat. Phys.19, 1689 (2023)

    2023

  54. [62]

    A. I. Lvovsky and M. G. Raymer, Continuous-variable optical quantum-state tomography, Rev. Mod. Phys.81, 299 (2009)

    2009

  55. [63]

    Mauro D’ Ariano, M

    G. Mauro D’ Ariano, M. G. Paris, and M. F. Sacchi, Quantum Tomography, inAdv. Imaging Electron Phys., Vol. 128 (2003) pp. 205–308

    2003

  56. [64]

    Tyc and B

    T. Tyc and B. C. Sanders, Operational formulation of homo- dyne detection, J. Phys. A. Math. Gen.37, 7341 (2004)

    2004

  57. [65]

    Pezz `e, A

    L. Pezz `e, A. Smerzi, M. K. Oberthaler, R. Schmied, and P. Treutlein, Quantum metrology with nonclassical states of atomic ensembles, Rev. Mod. Phys.90, 035005 (2018)

    2018

  58. [66]

    Gessner, A

    M. Gessner, A. Smerzi, and L. Pezz `e, Metrological Nonlinear Squeezing Parameter, Phys. Rev. Lett.122, 090503 (2019)

    2019

  59. [67]

    Z. Ren, W. Li, A. Smerzi, and M. Gessner, Metrological De- tection of Multipartite Entanglement from Young Diagrams, Phys. Rev. Lett.126, 080502 (2021)

    2021

  60. [68]

    R. L. Stratonovich, On Distributions in Representation Space, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz.31, 1012 (1956), [Sov. Phys. JETP 4, 891 (1957)]

    1956

  61. [69]

    Brif and A

    C. Brif and A. Mann, Phase-space formulation of quantum me- chanics and quantum-state reconstruction for physical systems with Lie-group symmetries, Phys. Rev. A59, 971 (1999)

    1999

  62. [70]

    R. P. Rundle, P. W. Mills, T. Tilma, J. H. Samson, and M. J. Everitt, Simple procedure for phase-space measurement and entanglement validation, Phys. Rev. A96, 022117 (2017)

    2017

  63. [71]

    Davis, M

    J. Davis, M. Kumari, R. B. Mann, and S. Ghose, Wigner neg- ativity in spin-𝑗systems, Phys. Rev. Res.3, 033134 (2021)

    2021

  64. [72]

    Yu and J

    T. Yu and J. H. Eberly, Finite-Time Disentanglement Via Spon- taneous Emission, Phys. Rev. Lett.93, 140404 (2004)

    2004

  65. [73]

    Ficek and R

    Z. Ficek and R. Tana ´s, Delayed sudden birth of entanglement, Phys. Rev. A77, 054301 (2008)

    2008

  66. [74]

    Yu and J

    T. Yu and J. H. Eberly, Sudden Death of Entanglement, Science (80-. ).323, 598 (2009)

    2009

  67. [75]

    4(c) and (f) show that the QFI density gradually separates for the even- and odd- parity outcomes

    As an example of the backaction effect, Figs. 4(c) and (f) show that the QFI density gradually separates for the even- and odd- parity outcomes. A plausible interpretation is that a squeezed single-excitation Dicke-like state appears only for odd-parity outcomes, exhibiting gr...

  68. [76]

    J. H. Eberly, N. B. Narozhny, and J. J. Sanchez-Mondragon, Pe- riodic Spontaneous Collapse and Revival in a Simple Quantum Model, Phys. Rev. Lett.44, 1323 (1980)

    1980

  69. [77]

    Gea-Banacloche, Atom- and field-state evolution in the Jaynes-Cummings model for large initial fields, Phys

    J. Gea-Banacloche, Atom- and field-state evolution in the Jaynes-Cummings model for large initial fields, Phys. Rev. A 44, 5913 (1991)

    1991

  70. [78]

    For𝑁=1 and an initial coherent state|𝛼 0⟩(𝛼 0 ∈ R), the next Born iteration (first backaction correction) yields the Heisenberg-picture field operator as ˆ𝑎 H,1BA(𝑡) ≈ [ ˆ𝑎−i(𝛾𝑡/4)ˆ𝜎𝑦] e−i𝜔𝑡 (keeping only the secular term linear in 𝑡). Equivalently, the Schr ¨odinger-picture s...

  71. [79]

    Dominici, D

    L. Dominici, D. Colas, S. Donati, J. P. Restrepo Cuartas, M. De Giorgi, D. Ballarini, G. Guirales, J. C. L´opez Carre˜no, A. Bra- mati, G. Gigli, E. del Valle, F. P. Laussy, and D. Sanvitto, Ultrafast Control and Rabi Oscillations of Polaritons, Phys. Rev. Lett.113, 226401 (2014)

    2014

  72. [80]

    Lim, H.-g

    J. Lim, H.-g. Lee, S. Lee, C.-Y. Park, and J. Ahn, Ultrafast Ramsey interferometry to implement cold atomic qubit gates, Sci. Rep.4, 5867 (2014)

    2014

  73. [81]

    F¨ urst, A

    C. F¨ urst, A. Leitenstorfer, A. Nutsch, G. Tr¨ankle, and A. Zren- ner, Ultrafast Rabi Oscillations of Free-Carrier Transitions in InP, phys. stat. sol. (b)204, 20 (1997)

    1997

  74. [82]

    Hauke, M

    P. Hauke, M. Heyl, L. Tagliacozzo, and P. Zoller, Measur- ing multipartite entanglement through dynamic susceptibili- ties, Nat. Phys.12, 778 (2016)

    2016

  75. [83]

    Hales, U

    J. Hales, U. Bajpai, T. Liu, D. R. Baykusheva, M. Li, M. Mi- trano, and Y. Wang, Witnessing light-driven entanglement using time-resolved resonant inelastic X-ray scattering, Nat. Commun.14, 3512 (2023)

    2023

  76. [84]

    Pizzi, A

    A. Pizzi, A. Gorlach, N. Rivera, A. Nunnenkamp, and I. Kaminer, Light emission from strongly driven many-body systems, Nat. Phys.19, 551 (2023)

    2023

  77. [85]

    Even Tzur, M

    M. Even Tzur, M. Birk, A. Gorlach, M. Kr¨ uger, I. Kaminer, and O. Cohen, Photon-statistics force in ultrafast electron dy- namics, Nat. Photonics17, 501 (2023)

    2023

  78. [86]

    M. E. Tzur, M. Birk, A. Gorlach, I. Kaminer, M. Kr¨ uger, and O. Cohen, Generation of squeezed high-order harmonics, Phys. Rev. Res.6, 033079 (2024)

    2024

  79. [87]

    Rasputnyi, Z

    A. Rasputnyi, Z. Chen, M. Birk, O. Cohen, I. Kaminer, M. Kr¨ uger, D. Seletskiy, M. Chekhova, and F. Tani, High- harmonic generation by a bright squeezed vacuum, Nat. Phys. 20, 1960 (2024)

    1960

  80. [88]

    Even Tzur and O

    M. Even Tzur and O. Cohen, Motion of charged particles in bright squeezed vacuum, Light Sci. Appl.13, 41 (2024)

    2024

  81. [89]

    S. J. Wang, S. G. Yu, X. Y. Lai, and X. J. Liu, High harmonic generation from an atom in a squeezed-vacuum environment, Phys. Rev. Res.6, 033010 (2024)

    2024

  82. [90]

    Lemieux, S

    S. Lemieux, S. A. Jalil, D. N. Purschke, N. Boroumand, T. J. Hammond, D. Villeneuve, A. Naumov, T. Brabec, and G. Vampa, Photon bunching in high-harmonic emission con- trolled by quantum light, Nat. Photonics19, 767 (2025)

    2025

  83. [91]

    R. V. Gothelf, C. S. Lange, and L. B. Madsen, High-order harmonic generation in a crystal driven by quantum light, Phys. Rev. A111, 063105 (2025)

    2025

  84. [92]

    C. C. Gerry and J. Mimih, The parity operator in quantum optical metrology, Contemp. Phys.51, 497 (2010)

    2010

  85. [93]

    R. J. Birrittella, P. M. Alsing, and C. C. Gerry, The parity operator: Applications in quantum metrology, A VS Quantum Sci.3, 014701 (2021)

    2021

  86. [94]

    X. Xu, X. Sun, J. Chen, M. Rajteri, H. Garrone, C. Pepe, W. Li, J. Li, M. Zhang, T. Bu, Y. Gao, T. Sun, and X. Wang, Development of Ti/Au Transition-Edge Sensors for Single- Photon Detection, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.34, 1 (2024)

    2024

  87. [95]

    E. Y. Song, D. Barberena, D. J. Young, E. Chaparro, A. Chu, S. Agarwal, Z. Niu, J. T. Young, A. M. Rey, and J. K. Thomp- son, A dissipation-induced superradiant transition in a stron- tium cavity-QED system, Sci. Adv.11, eadu5799 (2025)

    2025

  88. [96]

    Q. Shen, W. Ji, J. Guan, L. Qian, Z. Chai, C. Duan, Y. Wang, and K. Xia, Investigation of Rare-Earth Ion-Photon Interaction and Strong Coupling in Optical Microcavities, arXiv:2504.09863

    arXiv

  89. [97]

    M. F. Askarani, A. Das, J. H. Davidson, G. C. Amaral, N. Sin- clair, J. A. Slater, S. Marzban, C. W. Thiel, R. L. Cone, D. Oblak, and W. Tittel, Long-Lived Solid-State Optical Mem- ory for High-Rate Quantum Repeaters, Phys. Rev. Lett.127, 220502 (2021)

    2021

  90. [98]

    C. C. Gerry, A. Benmoussa, and R. A. Campos, Quantum nondemolition measurement of parity and generation of parity eigenstates in optical fields, Phys. Rev. A72, 053818 (2005)

    2005

  91. [99]

    W. J. Munro, K. Nemoto, and T. P. Spiller, Weak nonlinearities: a new route to optical quantum computation, New J. Phys.7, 137 (2005)

    2005

  92. [100]

    G. S. Thekkadath, B. A. Bell, I. A. Walmsley, and A. I. Lvovsky, Engineering Schr¨odinger cat states with a photonic even-parity detector, Quantum4, 239 (2020)

    2020

  93. [101]

    Bruynsteen, T

    C. Bruynsteen, T. Gehring, C. Lupo, J. Bauwelinck, and X. Yin, 100-Gbit/s Integrated Quantum Random Number Generator Based on Vacuum Fluctuations, PRX Quantum4, 010330 (2023)

    2023

  94. [102]

    Bruynsteen, M

    C. Bruynsteen, M. Vanhoecke, J. Bauwelinck, and X. Yin, Integrated balanced homodyne photonic–electronic detector for beyond 20 GHz shot-noise-limited measurements, Optica 8, 1146 (2021)

    2021

  95. [103]

    Lordi, E

    N. Lordi, E. J. Tsao, A. J. Lind, S. A. Diddams, and J. Combes, Quantum theory of temporally mismatched homodyne mea- surements with applications to optical-frequency-comb metrol- ogy, Phys. Rev. A109, 033722 (2024)

    2024

  96. [104]

    Hubenschmid, T

    E. Hubenschmid, T. L. M. Guedes, and G. Burkard, Opti- cal Time-Domain Quantum State Tomography on a Subcycle Scale, Phys. Rev. X14, 041032 (2024)

    2024

  97. [105]

    G. Yang, M. Kizmann, A. Leitenstorfer, and A. S. Moskalenko, Subcycle tomography of quantum light, arXiv:2307.12812

  98. [106]

    Kraus,States, Effects, and Operations: Fundamental No- tions of Quantum Theory, edited by A

    K. Kraus,States, Effects, and Operations: Fundamental No- tions of Quantum Theory, edited by A. B¨ohm, J. D. Dollard, and W. H. Wootters, Lecture Notes in Physics, Vol. 190 (Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1983)

    1983

  99. [107]

    H. M. Wiseman and G. J. Milburn,Quantum Measurement and Control(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2009)

    2009

  100. [108]

    Aharonov, D

    Y. Aharonov, D. Z. Albert, and L. Vaidman, How the result of a measurement of a component of the spin of a spin- 1/2 particle can turn out to be 100, Phys. Rev. Lett.60, 1351 (1988)

    1988

  101. [109]

    C. M. Caves and G. J. Milburn, Quantum-mechanical model for continuous position measurements, Phys. Rev. A36, 5543 (1987)

    1987

  102. [110]

    Dalibard, Y

    J. Dalibard, Y. Castin, and K. Mølmer, Wave-function approach to dissipative processes in quantum optics, Phys. Rev. Lett.68, 580 (1992)

    1992

  103. [111]

    H. M. Wiseman and G. J. Milburn, Quantum theory of field- quadrature measurements, Phys. Rev. A47, 642 (1993)

    1993

  104. [112]

    Misra and E

    B. Misra and E. C. G. Sudarshan, The Zeno’s paradox in quan- tum theory, J. Math. Phys.18, 756 (1977)

    1977

  105. [113]

    Fock, Verallgemeinerung und L¨osung der Diracschen statis- tischen Gleichung, Eur

    V. Fock, Verallgemeinerung und L¨osung der Diracschen statis- tischen Gleichung, Eur. Phys. J. A49, 339 (1928)

    1928

  106. [114]

    Bargmann, On a Hilbert space of analytic functions and an associated integral transform part I, Commun

    V. Bargmann, On a Hilbert space of analytic functions and an associated integral transform part I, Commun. Pure Appl. Math.14, 187 (1961)

    1961

  107. [115]

    Genes, P

    C. Genes, P. R. Berman, and A. G. Rojo, Spin squeezing via atom-cavity field coupling, Phys. Rev. A68, 043809 (2003)

    2003

Pith tools

Reviewed August 5, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.