Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders

As of 19 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 44 of 44 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2608.08284.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2608.08284 v1

Coverage vector

measured 44 of 44 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:04.823633Z

measured 44 of 44 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

44 of 44 outbound references displayed

verified exact1
verified fuzzy14
unresolved29
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
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External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation bdd3e10c-7cf5-48d5-b1fd-68abdb895d92 · outbound

This paper cites O’Brien, Carrie J.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders O’Brien, Carrie J

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:04.253269Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b7312d88-de5d-431c-82f8-af401e943e1f · outbound

This paper cites The rise and potential of large language model based agents: A survey.Science China Information Sciences, 68, 2025.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders The rise and potential of large language model based agents: A survey.Science China Information Sciences, 68, 2025

Reference 2

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:10.272694Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 0d175eaf-60a7-48a0-99cd-d235ef420302 · outbound

This paper cites WebGPT: Browser-assisted question-answering with human feedback.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders WebGPT: Browser-assisted question-answering with human feedback

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:04.274817Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation edc1ff38-0707-414b-b0f3-12c124714785 · outbound

This paper cites Large language models for information retrieval: A survey.ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 2025.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Large language models for information retrieval: A survey.ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 2025

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:04.280799Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ec7e02d1-ac35-43a8-9859-dc26aa10ff58 · outbound

This paper cites Recommender systems in the era of large language models.IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 2024.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Recommender systems in the era of large language models.IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 2024

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:04.286143Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 691727cb-9af3-46e9-a7c7-18b1a25c44ba · outbound

This paper cites Large Language Models for Generative Recommendation: A Survey and Visionary Discussions.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Large Language Models for Generative Recommendation: A Survey and Visionary Discussions

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:04.292471Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4195c852-bd8f-4ea7-988e-fccbba081cf7 · outbound

This paper cites Zhang, K.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Zhang, K

Reference 7

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:10.188791Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation bd474469-4884-4dd5-b7d4-116d27c34e1e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Unresolved cited work

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:10.111646Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 66d9afd7-4e2c-4f23-a2d6-70622629767e · outbound

This paper cites A Survey on Fairness in Large Language Models.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders A Survey on Fairness in Large Language Models

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:04.334752Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b973d6ff-3b01-436a-8b0d-605a57efc983 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Unresolved cited work

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:10.035054Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 2bf3a105-88e7-46c9-9263-dc373e87269e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Unresolved cited work

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:04.352199Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 561e0fff-6c59-4ba1-8f2c-42aaecdfbe47 · outbound

This paper cites Griffiths.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Griffiths

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:04.355722Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 241bf840-93b1-410a-a0e7-ee4a31e2b113 · outbound

This paper cites Aligned but blind: Align- ment increases implicit bias by reducing awareness of race.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Aligned but blind: Align- ment increases implicit bias by reducing awareness of race

Reference 13

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:09.944745Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 07388f77-af69-426e-a49b-a34a98ecb6e5 · outbound

This paper cites Cassese, G.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Cassese, G

Reference 14

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:09.824415Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation a40f9b52-3742-4ead-a249-4f33251e7e7a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:04.369579Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ffa2779a-67e8-42e2-b0a7-9b9e3e92fa99 · outbound

This paper cites Hernandez, B.Z.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Hernandez, B.Z

Reference 16

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:09.685673Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 38c11cfe-b47e-4b53-9039-0806298126bb · outbound

This paper cites Gender bias in coreference resolution: Evaluation and debiasing methods.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Gender bias in coreference resolution: Evaluation and debiasing methods

Reference 17

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:07.056337Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 009c7ccf-d145-45cd-9402-22d7798523a9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:06.810235Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 955d9460-cb4c-4acb-8c85-5068631f6779 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Unresolved cited work

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:06.793344Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 6c89ffb6-1862-4790-91be-1aadac09277d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Unresolved cited work

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:06.770814Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation eb9da857-2c6f-436c-863b-6a95c4d4000a · outbound

This paper cites Greenwood, S.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Greenwood, S

Reference 21

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:06.762048Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 2e477383-089a-4805-bbb8-b3f5cc2dc746 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:06.730790Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 16c5d5a4-6176-425c-8c08-298dbecb8eae · outbound

This paper cites Rampisela, M.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Rampisela, M

Reference 23

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:06.673904Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 9b479a70-92d9-4ad1-a376-8e68c0570db0 · outbound

This paper cites Rampisela, M.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Rampisela, M

Reference 24

Resolution: verified exact; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:05.830536Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 7527ee92-fff6-4be8-bfed-1f80e8eeabf4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Unresolved cited work

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:06.615199Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 77562cab-c48b-49b1-b1b4-65dcbc2b1876 · outbound

This paper cites Is ChatGPT fair for recommendation? Evaluating fairness in large language model recommendation.arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.07609, 2023.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Is ChatGPT fair for recommendation? Evaluating fairness in large language model recommendation.arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.07609, 2023

Reference 26

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 55b5da81-9087-482d-a2af-1c2f5e0765e9 · outbound

This paper cites Ethical and social risks of harm from Language Models.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Ethical and social risks of harm from Language Models

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:04.461980Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation baa8b4d8-80c5-49c1-84cf-565da0384096 · outbound

This paper cites Gallegos, Ryan A.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Gallegos, Ryan A

Reference 28

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:06.505626Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 90f9c2a5-fdce-475b-a11f-876ed95cc411 · outbound

This paper cites BOLD: Dataset and metrics for measuring biases in open-ended language generation.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders BOLD: Dataset and metrics for measuring biases in open-ended language generation

Reference 29

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:06.496609Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation adcbc09b-c94e-47e0-84b2-19d0ffeb607b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:06.484744Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation c81c6ff9-b6de-4ed9-be55-9a2779df83f1 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Unresolved cited work

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:06.445235Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 7adb1549-06c1-4468-840d-0203bf14f614 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Unresolved cited work

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:06.399934Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 6a49772b-206c-499c-a907-891d3181c3db · outbound

This paper cites Iskander, K.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Iskander, K

Reference 33

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:06.349326Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 4d34b231-15eb-4128-93a2-4d555a7a078b · outbound

This paper cites Representation Engineering: A Top-Down Approach to AI Transparency.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Representation Engineering: A Top-Down Approach to AI Transparency

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:04.674074Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 77d36062-9d72-4fe0-b184-f49c24e40424 · outbound

This paper cites Golgoon, K.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Golgoon, K

Reference 35

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:06.325323Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation dff72fb3-b543-49e0-9093-b40e8c72d1f9 · outbound

This paper cites ContextCite: Attributing Model Generation to Context.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders ContextCite: Attributing Model Generation to Context

Reference 36

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 70d60840-dd07-4f77-8aeb-28cac61aa006 · outbound

This paper cites AttnTrace: Contextual Attribution of Prompt Injection and Knowledge Corruption.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders AttnTrace: Contextual Attribution of Prompt Injection and Knowledge Corruption

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:04.736426Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 765e4c74-8812-4e6f-97b6-d5712daa7b06 · outbound

This paper cites Webber, A.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Webber, A

Reference 38

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:06.292352Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 1a161460-9fe6-4a2b-804b-60fa499385af · outbound

This paper cites A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms.IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 9(1):62–66, 1979.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms.IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 9(1):62–66, 1979

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:04.754821Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5eb32153-2432-4fd2-92df-052bc04befef · outbound

This paper cites Item recommendation on monotonic behavior chains.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Item recommendation on monotonic behavior chains

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:04.773729Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8060759f-0bd7-48f0-a967-7ae6ffe34fa1 · outbound

This paper cites Maxwell Harper and Joseph A.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Maxwell Harper and Joseph A

Reference 41

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:04.784420Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation adec04b1-58f6-4044-ba68-772973050e33 · outbound

This paper cites Game recommendations on steam.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Game recommendations on steam

Reference 42

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:06.266482Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation e92e78f2-40f4-43c1-82c3-23d2699b433a · outbound

This paper cites System prompt optimization with meta- learning.arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.09666, 2025.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders System prompt optimization with meta- learning.arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.09666, 2025

Reference 43

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:04.806728Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5d926c09-71cc-4928-99b9-003410d695e8 · outbound

This paper cites Steering Language Models With Activation Engineering.

Fair on the Surface? Benchmarking Hidden-Output Fairness Gaps in LLM Recommenders Steering Language Models With Activation Engineering

Reference 44

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T00:16:04.823633Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.