Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Assessing the Performance Gap Between Lexical and Semantic Models for Information Retrieval With Formulaic Legal Language

As of 19 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 26 of 26 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2506.12895.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2506.12895 v1

Coverage vector

measured 26 of 26 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T00:41:15.214099Z

measured 26 of 26 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

26 of 26 outbound references displayed

verified exact2
verified fuzzy2
unresolved21
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier1
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation d87907a8-2c43-4434-a512-8fca7919f936 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Assessing the Performance Gap Between Lexical and Semantic Models for Information Retrieval With Formulaic Legal Language Unresolved cited work

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T00:41:17.844989Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 74df3e4b-f61b-46f9-810e-61aa5beb0546 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Assessing the Performance Gap Between Lexical and Semantic Models for Information Retrieval With Formulaic Legal Language Unresolved cited work

Reference 2

Resolution: malformed identifier; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T00:41:13.388255Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b6f0dba4-0b23-4477-9e4c-4821e24787b1 · outbound

This paper cites BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding.

Assessing the Performance Gap Between Lexical and Semantic Models for Information Retrieval With Formulaic Legal Language BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T00:41:13.479192Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f0771841-e639-4fee-bff7-58e52183dc5a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Assessing the Performance Gap Between Lexical and Semantic Models for Information Retrieval With Formulaic Legal Language Unresolved cited work

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T00:41:17.650624Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 9a5f99e0-7a39-42fb-abfd-53b0cbb8f0ee · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Assessing the Performance Gap Between Lexical and Semantic Models for Information Retrieval With Formulaic Legal Language Unresolved cited work

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T00:41:13.632739Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 354b405c-cd37-4693-9edf-24468babe578 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Assessing the Performance Gap Between Lexical and Semantic Models for Information Retrieval With Formulaic Legal Language Unresolved cited work

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T00:41:17.470331Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 6d3975c2-90f7-4610-9bb9-98ca856882c2 · outbound

This paper cites Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply.

Assessing the Performance Gap Between Lexical and Semantic Models for Information Retrieval With Formulaic Legal Language Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T00:41:13.750056Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 44a3d3ee-ff00-40a8-9d28-33ae38cba54d · outbound

This paper cites CLERC: A Dataset for Legal Case Retrieval and Retrieval-Augmented Analysis Generation.

Assessing the Performance Gap Between Lexical and Semantic Models for Information Retrieval With Formulaic Legal Language CLERC: A Dataset for Legal Case Retrieval and Retrieval-Augmented Analysis Generation

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T00:41:13.810646Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 18c6e1de-191e-46b0-8c2e-d54e39504cee · outbound

This paper cites Billion-scale similarity search with GPUs.

Assessing the Performance Gap Between Lexical and Semantic Models for Information Retrieval With Formulaic Legal Language Billion-scale similarity search with GPUs

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T00:41:13.874375Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d830e38d-c5da-4da3-aac0-1d74463a9928 · outbound

This paper cites Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answering.

Assessing the Performance Gap Between Lexical and Semantic Models for Information Retrieval With Formulaic Legal Language Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answering

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T00:41:13.941890Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5d66b708-ef83-47e9-b90f-92b0f0fdef14 · outbound

This paper cites Latent Retrieval for Weakly Supervised Open Domain Question Answering.

Assessing the Performance Gap Between Lexical and Semantic Models for Information Retrieval With Formulaic Legal Language Latent Retrieval for Weakly Supervised Open Domain Question Answering

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T00:41:14.006223Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8723b885-ff98-49a2-8f85-a404b8def088 · outbound

This paper cites Case law retrieval: problems, methods, challenges and evaluations in the last 20 years.

Assessing the Performance Gap Between Lexical and Semantic Models for Information Retrieval With Formulaic Legal Language Case law retrieval: problems, methods, challenges and evaluations in the last 20 years

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T00:41:14.057279Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 38323b5e-f10a-4866-afe7-8efd182eb4f6 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Assessing the Performance Gap Between Lexical and Semantic Models for Information Retrieval With Formulaic Legal Language Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T00:41:17.322556Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 6aee9c22-350e-4514-970a-f50effda2c73 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Assessing the Performance Gap Between Lexical and Semantic Models for Information Retrieval With Formulaic Legal Language Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T00:41:14.302631Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e5d91d9b-994e-47f4-a227-643305344e28 · outbound

This paper cites Nomic Embed: Training a Reproducible Long Context Text Embedder.

Assessing the Performance Gap Between Lexical and Semantic Models for Information Retrieval With Formulaic Legal Language Nomic Embed: Training a Reproducible Long Context Text Embedder

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T00:41:14.397251Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5d4fd6e9-5494-49a7-8be8-2ecffaf9b517 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Assessing the Performance Gap Between Lexical and Semantic Models for Information Retrieval With Formulaic Legal Language Unresolved cited work

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T00:41:14.457171Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a55048fa-4802-4732-be70-9d8c8dd530d3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Assessing the Performance Gap Between Lexical and Semantic Models for Information Retrieval With Formulaic Legal Language Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T00:41:17.230247Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 4b73fa82-2649-41f5-b197-b8f89f4eda95 · outbound

This paper cites Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks.

Assessing the Performance Gap Between Lexical and Semantic Models for Information Retrieval With Formulaic Legal Language Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T00:41:14.578262Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f804e790-f1e8-4dd4-abeb-9667f6559a2d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Assessing the Performance Gap Between Lexical and Semantic Models for Information Retrieval With Formulaic Legal Language Unresolved cited work

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T00:41:17.097982Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 152c570a-af60-480c-b4fe-a18d8a664b65 · outbound

This paper cites Yes, BM25 is a Strong Baseline for Legal Case Retrieval.

Assessing the Performance Gap Between Lexical and Semantic Models for Information Retrieval With Formulaic Legal Language Yes, BM25 is a Strong Baseline for Legal Case Retrieval

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T00:41:14.741718Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation dcedb408-c127-4bf1-9ee9-f0677fd57cad · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Assessing the Performance Gap Between Lexical and Semantic Models for Information Retrieval With Formulaic Legal Language Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-07T00:41:15.570235Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation f27795c9-b2b7-4506-8dc8-cdb04015db00 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Assessing the Performance Gap Between Lexical and Semantic Models for Information Retrieval With Formulaic Legal Language Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T00:41:16.899577Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation f471dfcf-714f-48ae-a792-1290230115eb · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Assessing the Performance Gap Between Lexical and Semantic Models for Information Retrieval With Formulaic Legal Language Unresolved cited work

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T00:41:16.656881Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation c67a4942-19ed-4a25-bc90-09051bfdf186 · outbound

This paper cites ecting the !nancial interests of the European Union in customs mat- ters. It added, in the same point, that it is for the national court to give full e.

Assessing the Performance Gap Between Lexical and Semantic Models for Information Retrieval With Formulaic Legal Language ecting the !nancial interests of the European Union in customs mat- ters. It added, in the same point, that it is for the national court to give full e

Reference 26

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T00:41:16.203654Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation b5f2507f-8f8d-4845-a9e2-a26092245094 · outbound

This paper cites LePaRD: A Large-Scale Dataset of Judges Citing Precedents.

Assessing the Performance Gap Between Lexical and Semantic Models for Information Retrieval With Formulaic Legal Language LePaRD: A Large-Scale Dataset of Judges Citing Precedents

Reference 2023

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T00:41:15.895147Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 2cbac9de-3b1d-42f8-b964-575778b208ca · outbound

This paper cites Each deci- sion that has at least one citation has an average of 13.09 outbound citations, with standard deviation of 13.64.

Assessing the Performance Gap Between Lexical and Semantic Models for Information Retrieval With Formulaic Legal Language Each deci- sion that has at least one citation has an average of 13.09 outbound citations, with standard deviation of 13.64

Reference 5483

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T00:41:16.426610Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.