pith. sign in

arxiv: 2605.23596 · v1 · pith:HQUX65QJnew · submitted 2026-05-22 · 🌌 astro-ph.GA

Multi-layered model-based characterisation of the local-Universe galaxy data from the GAMA survey

Fan Dai , Ranjan Maitra , Ivan K. Baldry This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-25 03:43 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.GA
keywords galaxy populationsred-blue bimodalityquenching pathwaysGAMA surveymixture modelsfactor analysisenvironmental densitystar formation rate
0
0 comments X

The pith

A model of GAMA galaxies shows the red-blue bimodality contains substructure tied to quenching pathway, morphology and environment.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper fits a t-mixture of factor analysers to 5,306 local galaxies described by stellar mass, specific star formation rate, colour, size, Sersic index and environmental density. This identifies eight simple clusters that separate environmentally quenched red galaxies from mass-quenched red galaxies and further divide the blue sequence into compact and extended star-forming populations. A second merging step recovers the familiar red and blue sequences while retaining the internal distinctions. The result indicates that galaxy colour bimodality encodes additional physically linked variation rather than a simple two-way split.

Core claim

The central claim is that a t-mixture of factor analysers with group-specific latent structures, followed by overlap-based syncytial clustering, recovers eight simple clusters on the red and blue sequences that correspond to distinct quenching pathways and morphologies; these merge into a red sequence (environmentally quenched plus mass-quenched) and a broad blue sequence, demonstrating that the familiar bimodality harbours additional substructure linked to quenching, morphology and environment.

What carries the argument

t-mixture of factor analysers with group-specific latent structures (MtFAD) followed by model-estimated overlap-based syncytial clustering (MOBSynC)

If this is right

  • The red sequence splits into an environmentally quenched group and a mass-quenched group.
  • The blue sequence contains separate populations of compact and extended star-forming galaxies at low to intermediate mass.
  • One identified group may contain transition objects between the sequences.
  • The overall population structure links internal galaxy properties to both mass and environment through distinct pathways.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same layered modelling could be applied to higher-redshift samples to test whether these quenching substructures change with cosmic time.
  • The statistical separation of mass-quenched and environment-quenched populations suggests the two mechanisms operate through measurably different physical channels.
  • Follow-up spectroscopy of the heterogeneous group could test whether it truly contains galaxies in transition.

Load-bearing premise

The chosen features and statistical model recover physically distinct galaxy populations rather than artefacts created by the model complexity or the selected observables.

What would settle it

Independent data showing that the eight groups lack corresponding differences in direct quenching indicators, morphological parameters or environmental measures would indicate the clusters are statistical artefacts.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.23596 by Fan Dai, Ivan K. Baldry, Ranjan Maitra.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Densities and scatter plots of the five features (after log10 transformation except the u − r colour) for the 7, 187 local-Universe galaxies from the GAMA survey. Correlations between features are shown in the upper panel. In Section 2, we introduce the MtFAD algorithm and the MOBSynC procedure. Section 3 describes the galaxy dataset that is analysed in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 summarises the paper an… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Redshift–stellar mass distribution of the 5, 306 GAMA galaxies with complete environmental measurements. Points are colour-coded by optimal density, the combined environmental measure. The sample is restricted to 0.05 < z < 0.08. Within the GAMA sample, 5, 306 galaxies possess com￾plete measurements for the three environmental parame￾ters. To summarise these effects, we adopt a combined envi￾ronmental meas… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Minimum BIC values for the MtFAD model over can￾didate numbers of groups K = 1, 2, . . . , 15. For each fixed K, the plotted value is the smallest BIC obtained over all group-specific qk configurations, with qk ∈ {1, 2} for k = 1, 2, .., K. The overall minimum is obtained at K = 8. 4.1 MtFAD grouping Our algorithm when applied with BIC selected K = 8 sim￾ple clusters (see [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Data with Optimal Density: Densities and scatter plots of the six features: Stellar mass, star formation rate, u − r colour, half-light radius, Sérsic index, and optimal density, for simple clusters (indicated by colours). Correlations between features are shown in the upper panel. tor contrasts a strong contribution from star formation rate and a moderate part from half-light radius, against opposing load… view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Data with Optimal Density: 3D star coordinates plots for simple clusters. is accompanied by moderate to small components of stellar mass and optimal density. In Group 6, the first factor is mainly explained by half￾light radius, together with moderate to minor additional contributions from stellar mass, Sérsic index and optimal density on the same side. The second factor is dominated by a strong loading fr… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Data with Optimal Density: Pairwise overlap measures between any two of the simple clusters. The generalised overlap is ω¨ = 0.123. The absence of a cluster corresponding to the classi￾cal “green-valley" population is also informative. Galaxies with intermediate colour or star-formation properties are not recovered as a distinct group, but are mainly distributed across Groups 6 and 7. This suggests that, i… view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Data with Optimal Density: Flowchart illustrating the application of MOBSynC on simple clusters. Clusters are ordered vertically at each stage according to the average u − r colour of their member galaxies. tween star formation rate and strong to moderate to smaller opposing contributions from u−r colour, stellar mass, Sérsic index, half-light radius, and optimal density in that order. For the red sequence… view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Data with Optimal Density: Densities and scatter plots of the six features: Stellar mass, star formation rate, u − r colour, half-light radius, Sérsic index, and optimal density, for compound clusters (indicated by colours). Correlations between features are shown in the upper panel. combined environmental parameter. We identified eight sim￾ple clusters that exhibit distinctivenesses in galaxy prop￾erties … view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Understanding the formation and evolution of galaxy populations requires robust classification and characterisation techniques that jointly account for internal galaxy properties and environment. We analyse $5,306$ galaxies from the Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey, described by stellar mass, specific star formation rate, $u-r$ colour, half-light radius, S\'ersic index, and a combined environmental measure given by the optimal density. Unlike distance-based unsupervised clustering methods, our framework provides a probabilistic characterisation of galaxy populations, accommodates heavy-tailed feature distributions, and captures dependence among observables through latent factors. We model the sample using a $t$-mixture of factor analysers with group-specific latent structures (M$t$FAD), and then apply model-estimated overlap-based syncytial clustering (MOBSynC) to merge weakly separated groups and recover higher-level population structure. The first stage identifies eight simple clusters. The third and the fourth groups lie on the red, low-star-forming sequence and correspond to environmentally quenched and mass-quenched systems, respectively, while the sixth group traces the massive end of the star-forming sequence, and the seventh group appears to represent a more heterogeneous population that may include transition objects. The remaining groups populate the low- to intermediate-mass blue sequence, including both compact and more extended star-forming galaxies. The second MOBSynC stage merges the simple clusters into two compound groups: a red sequence formed by the third and the fourth groups, and the rest merging to form a broad blue sequence. Our results show that the familiar red-blue bimodality of local galaxies contains additional physically meaningful substructure linked to quenching pathway, morphology, and environment.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 1 minor

Summary. The paper applies a t-mixture of factor analysers with group-specific latent structures (M t FAD) to 5306 GAMA galaxies characterised by stellar mass, sSFR, u-r colour, half-light radius, Sérsic index and environmental density, followed by overlap-based syncytial clustering (MOBSynC) to merge the resulting eight simple clusters into two compound groups. It interprets groups 3/4 as environmentally and mass-quenched red-sequence populations, group 6 as the massive end of the star-forming sequence, and the remainder as low-to-intermediate mass blue-sequence galaxies, claiming that the familiar red-blue bimodality harbours additional physically meaningful substructure tied to quenching pathway, morphology and environment.

Significance. If the clusters are shown to be robust and physically distinct rather than artefacts, the probabilistic framework that jointly models heavy-tailed distributions and latent dependence among observables would represent a methodological advance over distance-based clustering for galaxy population studies, enabling more nuanced links between internal properties, environment and evolutionary pathways.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the assignment of groups 3 and 4 to environmentally quenched versus mass-quenched populations rests entirely on post-hoc inspection of their locations in the chosen feature space (including the supplied environmental density and sSFR); no external validation against simulations, known spectroscopic populations, or alternative clustering methods is reported, which is load-bearing for the central claim that the substructure is physically meaningful rather than a statistical consequence of feature selection and model complexity.
  2. [Abstract] Abstract: the manuscript supplies no information on convergence diagnostics, cross-validation, sensitivity to the number of latent factors or to the choice of eight simple clusters, or on the stability of the MOBSynC merging step; without these, the robustness of the reported substructure cannot be assessed and the physical interpretations remain provisional.
minor comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract lists the input features but does not indicate which are treated as observed versus which enter the latent factor structure; a single clarifying sentence would improve readability.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their constructive comments on the robustness and validation of our clustering results. We address each major comment below and indicate planned revisions to the manuscript.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: the assignment of groups 3 and 4 to environmentally quenched versus mass-quenched populations rests entirely on post-hoc inspection of their locations in the chosen feature space (including the supplied environmental density and sSFR); no external validation against simulations, known spectroscopic populations, or alternative clustering methods is reported, which is load-bearing for the central claim that the substructure is physically meaningful rather than a statistical consequence of feature selection and model complexity.

    Authors: The MtFAD model performs unsupervised clustering on the joint distribution of all six input features, with no access to labels or pre-defined quenching categories. Groups 3 and 4 emerge as distinct components separated primarily along the environmental density and sSFR axes that were supplied to the model; the physical labels are then assigned based on these data-driven locations in physically motivated dimensions. This is standard practice for interpreting unsupervised results. We agree that external validation would provide additional support and will revise the text to make the basis for the interpretations more explicit while acknowledging the absence of simulation-based or cross-method validation as a limitation of the current study. revision: partial

  2. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: the manuscript supplies no information on convergence diagnostics, cross-validation, sensitivity to the number of latent factors or to the choice of eight simple clusters, or on the stability of the MOBSynC merging step; without these, the robustness of the reported substructure cannot be assessed and the physical interpretations remain provisional.

    Authors: We accept that the manuscript would be strengthened by explicit reporting of these checks. In the revised version we will add a section (or appendix) documenting convergence diagnostics for the MtFAD fits, sensitivity of results to the number of latent factors and to the choice of eight simple clusters, cross-validation procedures where feasible, and stability assessments for the MOBSynC merging step under data perturbations or alternative initialisations. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: unsupervised clustering and post-fit interpretation are independent of claimed physical labels

full rationale

The paper fits an M t FAD model to six observed galaxy features (including environmental density) and applies MOBSynC merging, then assigns physical interpretations (environmentally quenched, mass-quenched, etc.) by inspecting the locations of the resulting groups in feature space. No equation defines any cluster label or substructure in terms of itself, no fitted parameter is renamed as a prediction of the target result, and no load-bearing premise reduces to a self-citation chain. The derivation consists of standard model fitting followed by descriptive labeling; the physical meaning is an external interpretation, not a quantity forced by construction from the inputs.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

2 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on the statistical model assumptions and the physical interpretation of the resulting clusters. Because only the abstract is available, the ledger is necessarily incomplete and limited to what is stated in the summary.

free parameters (2)
  • number of simple clusters
    The model identifies eight groups; this number is determined from the data and is therefore fitted rather than fixed a priori.
  • latent factor structure and degrees of freedom in MtFAD
    Parameters of the t-mixture and factor analyser components are estimated from the six-dimensional feature vector.
axioms (2)
  • domain assumption The six galaxy observables follow a mixture of multivariate t-distributions with latent factors that capture dependence among features.
    This is the core modelling assumption of the MtFAD stage invoked to handle heavy tails and correlations.
  • domain assumption Overlap-based merging via MOBSynC recovers higher-level population structure without erasing physically meaningful distinctions.
    This assumption underpins the second stage that produces the red and blue compound groups.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5838 in / 1479 out tokens · 39290 ms · 2026-05-25T03:43:25.809352+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

300 extracted references · 300 canonical work pages · 2 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    Mass and environment as drivers of galaxy evolution in SDSS and zCOSMOS and the origin of the Schechter function

    Mass and Environment as Drivers of Galaxy Evolution in SDSS and zCOSMOS and the Origin of the Schechter Function. , year = 2010, month = sep, volume =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/721/1/193 , archivePrefix =. 1003.4747 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-637x/721/1/193 2010

  2. [2]

    , keywords =

    A declining major merger fraction with redshift in the local Universe from the largest-yet catalogue of major and minor mergers in SDSS. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad911 , archivePrefix =. 2303.06249 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stad911

  3. [3]

    Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): end of survey report and data release 2

    Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): end of survey report and data release 2. , year = 2015, month = sep, volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1436 , archivePrefix =. 1506.08222 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1436 2015

  4. [4]

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume =

    Cooray, Suchetha and Takeuchi, Tsutomu T and Kashino, Daichi and Yoshida, Shuntaro A and Ma, Hai-Xia and Kono, Kai T , title =. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume =. 2023 , month =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2129 , url =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2129 2023

  5. [5]

    , keywords =

    Galaxy and mass assembly (GAMA): Self-Organizing Map application on nearby galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac889 , archivePrefix =. 2203.15611 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stac889

  6. [6]

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume =

    Casura, Sarah and Liske, Jochen and Robotham, Aaron S G and Brough, Sarah and Driver, Simon P and Graham, Alister W and Häußler, Boris and Holwerda, Benne W and Hopkins, Andrew M and Kelvin, Lee S and Moffett, Amanda J and Taranu, Dan S and Taylor, Edward N , title =. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume =. 2022 , month =. doi:10.109...

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2267 2022

  7. [7]

    Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics , volume =

    Yifan Zhu and Fan Dai and Ranjan Maitra , title =. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics , volume =. 2022 , publisher =. doi:10.1080/10618600.2021.2020129 , URL =

    work page doi:10.1080/10618600.2021.2020129 2022

  8. [8]

    Sarah Brough , title =

    work page

  9. [9]

    , year = 2023, month = jul, volume =

    Red riding on hood: exploring how galaxy colour depends on environment. , year = 2023, month = jul, volume =

    work page 2023

  10. [10]

    Classification of Fermi gamma-ray bursts based on machine learning , volume =

    Zhu, Si-Yuan and Sun, Wan-Peng and Ma, Da-Ling and Zhang, Fu-Wen , year =. Classification of Fermi gamma-ray bursts based on machine learning , volume =. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , doi =

    work page

  11. [11]

    McLachlan and R.W

    G.J. McLachlan and R.W. Bean and L. Extension of the mixture of factor analyzers model to incorporate the multivariate t-distribution , journal =. 2007 , note =. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2006.09.015 , url =

    work page doi:10.1016/j.csda.2006.09.015 2007

  12. [12]

    2025 , eprint=

    A Hybrid Mixture of t -Factor Analyzers for Clustering High-dimensional Data , author=. 2025 , eprint=

    work page 2025

  13. [13]

    and Balogh, M

    Baldry, I. and Balogh, M. and Bower, R. and G., Glazebrook and Nichol, R. and Bamford, Steven and Budavari, Tamas , year =. Galaxy bimodality versus stellar mass and environment , volume =. MNRAS , doi =

    work page

  14. [14]

    Astronomy & Astrophysics , year=

    The stellar mass function of galaxies in Planck-selected clusters at 0.5 < z < 0.7: new constraints on the timescale and location of satellite quenching , author=. Astronomy & Astrophysics , year=

    work page

  15. [15]

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume =

    Reeves, Andrew M M and Balogh, Michael L and van der Burg, Remco F J and Finoguenov, Alexis and Kukstas, Egidijus and McCarthy, Ian G and Webb, Kristi and Muzzin, Adam and McGee, Sean and Rudnick, Gregory and Biviano, Andrea and Cerulo, Pierluigi and Chan, Jeffrey C C and Cooper, M C and Demarco, Ricardo and Jablonka, Pascale and De Lucia, Gabriella and V...

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1955 2021

  16. [16]

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume =

    Schaefer, A L and Croom, S M and Scott, N and Brough, S and Allen, J T and Bekki, K and Bland-Hawthorn, J and Bloom, J V and Bryant, J J and Cortese, L and Davies, L J M and Federrath, C and Fogarty, L M R and Green, A W and Groves, B and Hopkins, A M and Konstantopoulos, I S and López-Sánchez, A R and Lawrence, J S and McElroy, R E and Medling, A M and O...

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/sty3258 2018

  17. [17]

    and Owers, M

    Barsanti, S. and Owers, M. S. and Brough, S. and Davies, L. J. M. and Driver, S. P. and Gunawardhana, M. L. P. and Holwerda, B. W. and Liske, J. and Loveday, J. and Pimbblet, K. A. and Robotham, A. S. G. and Taylor, E. N. , title =. 2018 , month =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aab61a , url =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aab61a 2018

  18. [18]

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume =

    van de Sande, Jesse and Croom, Scott M and Bland-Hawthorn, Joss and Cortese, Luca and Scott, Nicholas and Lagos, Claudia D P and D’Eugenio, Francesco and Bryant, Julia J and Brough, Sarah and Catinella, Barbara and Foster, Caroline and Groves, Brent and Harborne, Katherine E and López-Sánchez, Ángel R and McDermid, Richard and Medling, Anne and Owers, Mat...

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2647 2021

  19. [19]

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume =

    Trussler, James and Maiolino, Roberto and Maraston, Claudia and Peng, Yingjie and Thomas, Daniel and Goddard, Daniel and Lian, Jianhui , title =. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume =. 2019 , month =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3286 , url =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3286 2019

  20. [20]

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume =

    Sotillo-Ramos, D and Lara-López, M A and Pérez-García, A M and Pérez-Martínez, R and Hopkins, A M and Holwerda, B W and Liske, J and López-Sánchez, A R and Owers, M S and Pimbblet, K A , title =. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume =. 2021 , month =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2641 , url =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2641 2021

  21. [21]

    and Małek, Katarzyna and Pollo, Agnieszka and Krakowski, T

    Siudek, M. and Małek, Katarzyna and Pollo, Agnieszka and Krakowski, T. and Iovino, A. and Scodeggio, M. and Moutard, Thibaud and Zamorani, Giovanni and Guzzo, Luigi and Garilli, Bianca and Granett, B. and Bolzonella, Micol and Torre, Silvestre and Abbas, Uzair and Adami, C. and Bottini, Dario and Cappi, Alberto and Cucciati, Olga and Davidzon, Iary and Ta...

    work page

  22. [22]

    and Driver, Simon and Allen, P

    Ellis, S. and Driver, Simon and Allen, P. and Liske, J. and Bland-Hawthorn, Joss and Propris, R. , year =. The Millennium Galaxy Catalogue: On the natural subdivision of galaxies , volume =. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , doi =

    work page

  23. [23]

    and Munoz-Tunon, Casiana and De Vicente, Angel , year =

    Sanchez Almeida, Jorge and Aguerri, J. and Munoz-Tunon, Casiana and De Vicente, Angel , year =. Automatic Unsupervised Classification of All Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 Galaxy Spectra , volume =. The Astrophysical Journal , doi =

    work page

  24. [24]

    , keywords =

    Galaxy morphology in rich clusters: implications for the formation and evolution of galaxies. , year = 1980, month = mar, volume =. doi:10.1086/157753 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/157753 1980

  25. [25]

    , keywords =

    The morphology-density relation - The group connection. , year = 1984, month = jun, volume =. doi:10.1086/162078 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/162078 1984

  26. [26]

    Statistical Properties of Collisionless Equal- and Unequal-Mass Merger Remnants of Disk Galaxies , volume =

    Naab, Thorsten and Burkert, Andreas , year =. Statistical Properties of Collisionless Equal- and Unequal-Mass Merger Remnants of Disk Galaxies , volume =. The Astrophysical Journal , doi =

    work page

  27. [27]

    and Lintott, C

    Smethurst, R. and Lintott, C. and Schawinski, K. and Marshall, P. and Bamford, Steven and Fortson, Lucy and Kaviraj, Susmita and Masters, K. and Melvin, Thomas and Nichol, R. and Skibba, Ramin and Willett, K. , year =. Galaxy Zoo: Evidence for Diverse Star Formation Histories through the Green Valley , volume =. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical S...

    work page

  28. [28]

    Morphological Classification of Galaxies by Shapelet Decomposition in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey , volume =

    Kelly, Brandon and Mckay, Timothy , year =. Morphological Classification of Galaxies by Shapelet Decomposition in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey , volume =. The Astronomical Journal , doi =

    work page

  29. [29]

    Characterizing the Conditional Galaxy Property Distribution Using Gaussian Mixture Models , volume =

    Zhang, Yucheng and Pullen, Anthony and Somerville, Rachel and Breysse, Patrick and Forbes, John and Yang, Shengqi and Li, Yin and Maniyar, Abhishek , year =. Characterizing the Conditional Galaxy Property Distribution Using Gaussian Mixture Models , volume =. The Astrophysical Journal , doi =

    work page

  30. [30]

    Red Dragon: A Redshift-Evolving Gaussian Mixture Model for Galaxies , volume =

    Black, William and Evrard, August , year =. Red Dragon: A Redshift-Evolving Gaussian Mixture Model for Galaxies , volume =. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , doi =

    work page

  31. [31]

    Cosmic Dragons: A Two-Component Mixture Model of COSMOS Galaxies , volume =

    Black, William and Evrard, August , year =. Cosmic Dragons: A Two-Component Mixture Model of COSMOS Galaxies , volume =. The Open Journal of Astrophysics , doi =

    work page

  32. [32]

    and Dokkum, P

    van der Wel, Arjen and Franx, M. and Dokkum, P. and Skelton, Rosalind and Momcheva, I. and Whitaker, Katherine and Brammer, G. and Bell, E. and Rix, H. and Wuyts, S. and Ferguson, Henry and Holden, B. and Barro, G. and Koekemoer, Anton and Chang, Yu-Yen and McGrath, E. and Haussler, B. and Dekel, A. and Behroozi, Peter and Kocevski, D. , year =. 3D-HST+CA...

    work page

  33. [33]

    Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): mass-size relations of z < 0.1 galaxies subdivided by S\'ersic index, colour and morphology , volume =

    Lange, Rebecca and Driver, Simon and Robotham, Aaron and Kelvin, Super and Graham, Alister and Alpaslan, Mehmet and Andrews, Stephen and Baldry, Ivan and Bamford, Steven and Bland-Hawthorn, Joss and Brough, Sarah and Cluver, Michelle and Conselice, Christopher and Davies, Luke and Haeussler, Boris and Konstantopoulos, Iraklis and Loveday, Jon and Moffett,...

    work page

  34. [34]

    and Bernardi, Mariangela and Mei, Simona and Sanchez Almeida, Jorge , year =

    Aguerri, J. and Bernardi, Mariangela and Mei, Simona and Sanchez Almeida, Jorge , year =. Revisiting the Hubble sequence in the SDSS DR7 spectroscopic sample: A publicly available Bayesian automated classification , volume =. Astronomy and Astrophysics , doi =

    work page

  35. [35]

    and Pérez-González, P

    Gravet, Romaric and Cabrera-Vives, G. and Pérez-González, P. and Kartaltepe, J. and Barro, G. and Bernardi, M. and Mei, Simona and Shankar, F. and Dimauro, Paola and Bell, E. and Kocevski, D. and Koo, D. and Faber, Sabien and Mcintosh, D. , year =. A Catalog of Visual-like Morphologies in the 5 CANDELS Fields Using Deep Learning , volume =. The Astrophysi...

    work page

  36. [36]

    Galaxy Types in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Using Supervised Artificial Neural Networks , volume =

    Ball, Nicholas and Loveday, Jon and Fukugita, Masataka and Nakamura, Osamu and Okamura, Sadanori and Brinkmann, Jon and Brunner, Robert , year =. Galaxy Types in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Using Supervised Artificial Neural Networks , volume =. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , doi =

    work page

  37. [37]

    The Classification of Galaxies: Early History and Ongoing Developments , volume =

    Sandage, Allan , year =. The Classification of Galaxies: Early History and Ongoing Developments , volume =. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics , doi =

    work page

  38. [38]

    P., 1926, @doi [ ] 10.1086/143018 , http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1926ApJ....64..321H 64, 321

    Extragalactic nebulae. , year = 1926, month = dec, volume =. doi:10.1086/143018 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/143018 1926

  39. [39]

    Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): ugrizYJHK S\'ersic luminosity functions and the cosmic spectral energy distribution by Hubble type , volume =

    Kelvin, Super and Driver, Simon and Robotham, Aaron and Graham, Alister and Phillipps, Steven and Agius, Nicola and Alpaslan, Mehmet and Baldry, Ivan and Bamford, Steven and Bland-Hawthorn, Joss and Brough, Sarah and Brown, Michael and Colless, Matthew and Conselice, Christopher and Hopkins, Andrew and Liske, Jochen and Loveday, Jon and Norberg, Peder and...

    work page

  40. [40]

    and Choi, Yun-Young , year =

    Park, Changbom and III, J. and Choi, Yun-Young , year =. Transformation of Morphology and Luminosity Classes of the SDSS Galaxies , volume =. The Astrophysical Journal , doi =

    work page

  41. [41]

    Galaxy Harassment and the Evolution of Clusters of Galaxies , volume =

    Moore, Ben and Katz, Neal and Lake, George and Dressler, Alan and Oemler, Augustus , year =. Galaxy Harassment and the Evolution of Clusters of Galaxies , volume =. Nature , doi =

    work page

  42. [42]

    The Astrophysical Journal , title =

    Steinhardt, Charles and Mann, William and Rusakov, Vadim and Jespersen, Christian , year =. The Astrophysical Journal , title =

    work page

  43. [43]

    Data mining techniques on astronomical spectra data – I

    Yang, Haifeng and Shi, Chenhui and Cai, Jianghui and Zhou, Lichan and Yang, Yuqing and Zhao, Xujun and He, Yanting and Hao, Jing , year =. Data mining techniques on astronomical spectra data – I. Clustering analysis , volume =. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , doi =

    work page

  44. [44]

    Reproducible k-means clustering in galaxy feature data from the GAMA survey , volume =

    Turner, Sebastian and Kelvin, Super and Baldry, Ivan and Lisboa, Paulo and Longmore, Steven and Collins, Chris and Holwerda, Benne and Hopkins, Andrew and Liske, Jochen , year =. Reproducible k-means clustering in galaxy feature data from the GAMA survey , volume =. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , doi =

    work page

  45. [45]

    and Driver, Simon P

    Kelvin, Lee S. and Driver, Simon P. and Robotham, Aaron S. G. and Graham, Alister W. and Phillipps, Steven and Agius, Nicola K. and Alpaslan, Mehmet and Baldry, Ivan and Bamford, Steven P. and Bland-Hawthorn, Joss and Brough, Sarah and Brown, Michael J. I. and Colless, Matthew and Conselice, Christopher J. and Hopkins, Andrew M. and Liske, Jochen and Love...

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stt2391 2014

  46. [46]

    Dai, Fan and Maitra, Ranjan , year =. Latent characterisation of the complete BATSE gamma ray bursts catalogue using Gaussian mixture of factor analysers and model-estimated overlap-based syncytial clustering , journal =

    work page

  47. [47]

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume =

    T\'oth, B G and R\'acz, I I and Horv\'ath, I , title = ". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume =. 2019 , month =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1188 , url =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1188 2019

  48. [48]

    A. D. Peterson and A. P. Ghosh and R. Maitra , title =. 2018 , volume =. doi:10.1002/sta4.172 , journal =

    work page doi:10.1002/sta4.172 2018

  49. [49]

    Nelsen, R. B. , year =. An Introduction to Copulas , edition =

    work page

  50. [50]

    Zunli Yuan and Jiancheng Wang and D. M. Worrall and Bin-Bin Zhang and Jirong Mao , title =. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series , abstract =. 2018 , month =. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aaed3b , url =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aaed3b 2018

  51. [51]

    , title =

    Hennig, C. , title =. Advances in Data Analysis and Classification , year =. doi:10.1007/s11634-010-0058-3 , owner =

    work page doi:10.1007/s11634-010-0058-3

  52. [52]

    Multiple factor analysis , journal =

    Thurstone, Louis , year =. Multiple factor analysis , journal =

    work page

  53. [53]

    Berry and R

    N. Berry and R. Maitra , title =. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining -- The ASA Data Science Journal , doi =. 2019 , volume =

    work page 2019

  54. [54]

    2019 , month =

    Mariusz Tarnopolski , title =. 2019 , month =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab4fe6 , url =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab4fe6 2019

  55. [55]

    doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038645

    Tarnopolski, Mariusz , title =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038645

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038645

  56. [56]

    Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation , year=

    Understanding and Using Factor Scores: Considerations for the Applied Researcher , author=. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation , year=

    work page

  57. [57]

    and Kulkarni, S

    Bhave, A. and Kulkarni, S. and Desai, S. and Srijith, P. K. , title =. Astrophysics and Space Science , volume =. 2022 , doi =

    work page 2022

  58. [58]

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume =

    Bhardwaj, Shubham and Dainotti, Maria G and Venkatesh, Sachin and Narendra, Aditya and Kalsi, Anish and Rinaldi, Enrico and Pollo, Agnieszka , title = ". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume =. 2023 , month =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2593 , url =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2593 2023

  59. [59]

    and Maitra, R

    Lithio, A. and Maitra, R. , title =. 2018 , journal =

    work page 2018

  60. [60]

    Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology) , volume =

    Meng, Xiao-Li and Van Dyk, David , title =. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology) , volume =

    work page

  61. [61]

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume =

    Acuner, Zeynep and Ryde, Felix , title =. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume =. 2018 , doi =

    work page 2018

  62. [62]

    Bernardo, J. M. and Smith, A. F. M. , year =. Bayesian Theory , publisher =

    work page

  63. [63]

    and Stegun, I

    Abramowitz, M. and Stegun, I. A. Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables

    work page

  64. [64]

    Classification of gamma-ray burst durations using robust model-comparison techniques

    Kulkarni, Soham and Desai, Shantanu. Classification of gamma-ray burst durations using robust model-comparison techniques. 2017. doi:10.1007/s10509-017-3047-6

    work page doi:10.1007/s10509-017-3047-6 2017

  65. [65]

    , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

    Short versus long gamma-ray bursts: a comprehensive study of energetics and prompt gamma-ray correlations. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv714 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stv714

  66. [66]

    Catalog of cosmic gamma-ray bursts from the KONUS experiment data. I. , keywords =. doi:10.1007/BF00649140 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1007/bf00649140

  67. [67]

    American Institute of Physics Conference Series , year = 1992, series =

    Short cosmic events - A subset of classical GRBs?. American Institute of Physics Conference Series , year = 1992, series =

    work page 1992

  68. [68]

    , keywords =

    Frequency of fast, narrow gamma-ray bursts. , keywords =. doi:10.1038/308434a0 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1038/308434a0

  69. [69]

    Baltic Astronomy , eprint =

    Where is the Third Subgroup of Gamma-Ray Bursts?. Baltic Astronomy , eprint =

    work page

  70. [70]

    Chang, W. C. , year =. On Using Principal Components Before Separating a Mixture of Two Multivariate Normal Distributions , journal =

    work page

  71. [71]

    Yeung, K. Y. and Ruzzo, W. L. , year =. Principal Component Analysis for Clustering Gene Expression Data , journal =

    work page

  72. [72]

    Green, P. E. and Krieger, A. M. , year =. Alternative Approaches to Cluster-Based Market Segmentation , journal =

    work page

  73. [73]

    , eprint =

    Are Gamma-Ray Bursts in Star-Forming Regions?. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/311148 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/311148

  74. [74]

    Raftery and Gilles Celeux and Kenneth Lo and Raphaël Gottardo , title =

    Jean-Patrick Baudry and Adrian E. Raftery and Gilles Celeux and Kenneth Lo and Raphaël Gottardo , title =. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics , volume =. 2010 , doi =

    work page 2010

  75. [75]

    , eprint =

    The Complete Spectral Catalog of Bright BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/505911 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/505911

  76. [76]

    2016", volume=

    Horv \'a th, I. and T \'o th, B. G. The duration distribution of Swift Gamma-Ray Bursts. , year="2016", volume="361", number="5", pages="155", abstract="Decades ago two classes of gamma-ray bursts were identified and delineated as having durations shorter and longer than about 2Â s. Subsequently indications also supported the existence of a third class. U...

    work page doi:10.1007/s10509-016-2748-6 2016

  77. [77]

    , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

    Searching for differences in Swift's intermediate GRBs. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015261 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015261

  78. [78]

    , eprint =

    A new definition of the intermediate group of gamma-ray bursts. , eprint =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041129 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041129

  79. [79]

    Andrews, D. F. , year =. Plots of High-Dimensional Data , journal =

    work page

  80. [80]

    and Cavanaugh, Joseph E

    Neath, Andrew A. and Cavanaugh, Joseph E. , title =. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics , volume =. doi:10.1002/wics.199 , pages =

    work page doi:10.1002/wics.199

Showing first 80 references.