On the generalized lower bound conjecture for polytopes and spheres

In 1971, McMullen and Walkup posed the following conjecture, which is called the generalized lower bound conjecture: If $P$ is a simplicial $d$-polytope then its $h$-vector $(h_0,h_1,...,h_d)$ satisfies $h_0 \leq h_1 \leq ... \leq h_{\lfloor \frac d 2 \rfloor}$. Moreover, if $h_{r-1}=h_r$ for some $r \leq \frac d 2$ then $P$ can be triangulated without introducing simplices of dimension $\leq d-r$. The first part of the conjecture was solved by Stanley in 1980 using the hard Lefschetz theorem for projective toric varieties. In this paper, we give a proof of the remaining part of the conjecture. In addition, we generalize this property to a certain class of simplicial spheres, namely those admitting the weak Lefschetz property.