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Detecting the non-Gaussianity of the 21-cm signal during reionisation with the Wavelet Scattering Transform
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abstract
Detecting the 21-cm hyperfine transition from neutral hydrogen in the intergalactic medium is our best probe for understanding the astrophysical processes driving the Epoch of Reionisation (EoR). The primary means for a detection of this 21-cm signal is through a statistical measurement of the spatial fluctuations using the 21-cm power spectrum (PS). However, the 21-cm signal is non-Gaussian meaning the PS, which only measures the Gaussian fluctuations, is sub-optimal for characterising all of the available information. The upcoming Square Kilometre Array (SKA) will perform a deep, 1000 hr observation over 100 deg$.^{2}$ specifically designed to recover direct images of the 21-cm signal. In this work, we use the Wavelet Scattering Transform (WST) to extract the non-Gaussian information directly from these two-dimensional images of the 21-cm signal. The key advantage of the WST is its stability with respect to statistical noise for measuring non-Gaussian information, unlike the bispectrum whose statistical noise diverges. We introduce a novel method to isolate this non-Gaussian information from mock 21-cm images and demonstrate its detection at 150 (177)~MHz ($z\sim8.5$ and $\sim7$) for a fiducial model with signal-to-noise of $\sim$5~(8) assuming perfect foreground removal and $\sim2$~(3) assuming foreground wedge avoidance.
Forward citations
Cited by 2 Pith papers
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Multi-fidelity emulator for large-scale 21 cm lightcone images: a few-shot transfer learning approach with generative adversarial network
Few-shot transfer learning lets a GAN trained on small 21 cm simulations emulate large-scale lightcone images with only 80 large-box simulations, at percent-level small-scale accuracy and tens-of-percent large-scale accuracy.
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Wavelet-Scattering Signatures of Fuzzy Dark Matter in Simulated 21 cm Brightness-Temperature Maps
Wavelet scattering coefficients S1 and R=S2/S1 of simulated 21 cm maps distinguish fuzzy dark matter from CDM and survive SKA1-Low-style thermal noise, though abstract-level Fisher-forecast claims are absent from the body.
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