Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM | Paper Citation Record

Observation 8ee0e18a-4fa7-4bae-837b-a948d118f38c · outbound

This paper cites In OpenBMB Blog, 2024.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM In OpenBMB Blog, 2024

Reference 1

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-08T14:51:00.192714Z

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Observation a22af6c3-6691-4f4c-a91b-63a46e80bd6c · outbound

This paper cites Phi-2: The surprising power of small language models.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Phi-2: The surprising power of small language models

Reference 2

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-08T14:51:00.175509Z

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Observation a369b45b-8e49-46cf-b6f4-175ba496e2a4 · outbound

This paper cites Yi: Open Foundation Models by 01.AI.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Yi: Open Foundation Models by 01.AI

Reference 3

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Observation 0e681929-4679-4abf-ae68-e0a0413fa087 · outbound

This paper cites Infinity instruct.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Infinity instruct

Reference 4

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Observation 4dbcc8ab-a6fa-4dd8-b5ed-04222d69bedf · outbound

This paper cites Qwen Technical Report.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Qwen Technical Report

Reference 6

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Observation cb11098b-02ce-4efc-909e-2f2b39141602 · outbound

This paper cites Belle: Be everyone's large language model engine.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Belle: Be everyone's large language model engine

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:58.725294Z

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Observation a8f06b17-068f-4d55-8d68-15e13c601623 · outbound

This paper cites Internlm2 technical report, 2024.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Internlm2 technical report, 2024

Reference 8

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Observation 6f8fe7b7-badb-44a2-bc88-11a0c5c1c670 · outbound

This paper cites PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathways.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathways

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:58.735588Z

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Observation 9c938e35-f4f0-42a4-aacc-549cf5d04d56 · outbound

This paper cites DeepSeekMoE: Towards Ultimate Expert Specialization in Mixture-of-Experts Language Models.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM DeepSeekMoE: Towards Ultimate Expert Specialization in Mixture-of-Experts Language Models

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:58.741207Z

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Observation 67dd34bc-37dd-4fb9-8a0e-1a4222b74c41 · outbound

This paper cites FlashAttention: Fast and Memory-Efficient Exact Attention with IO-Awareness.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM FlashAttention: Fast and Memory-Efficient Exact Attention with IO-Awareness

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:58.746476Z

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Observation 2e65e3a0-cb96-4e48-9e54-11b461689c4e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Unresolved cited work

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-08T14:51:00.120543Z

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Observation e836b4a3-3e60-4d92-ba62-c69efb74df8a · outbound

This paper cites DeepSeek-V2: A Strong, Economical, and Efficient Mixture-of-Experts Language Model.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM DeepSeek-V2: A Strong, Economical, and Efficient Mixture-of-Experts Language Model

Reference 13

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Observation 7923e5ec-d4d7-4a53-99e5-0e69aaacb894 · outbound

This paper cites Chinese Tiny LLM: Pretraining a Chinese-Centric Large Language Model.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Chinese Tiny LLM: Pretraining a Chinese-Centric Large Language Model

Reference 14

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Observation b14a4c63-97d1-4ce5-b018-32107fb5202d · outbound

This paper cites Switch Transformers: Scaling to Trillion Parameter Models with Simple and Efficient Sparsity.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Switch Transformers: Scaling to Trillion Parameter Models with Simple and Efficient Sparsity

Reference 15

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Observation 4663703e-a3f0-4d6e-8ce4-1432d1aa6d35 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Unresolved cited work

Reference 16

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Observation 2df03376-179a-48a6-a7f5-75b3f60f6035 · outbound

This paper cites Chatglm: A family of large language models from glm-130b to glm-4 all tools, 2024.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Chatglm: A family of large language models from glm-130b to glm-4 all tools, 2024

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:58.778078Z

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Observation 3cbf0de8-54c9-41a7-b39d-c4edb667f724 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-08T14:51:00.091570Z

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Observation 1bae88b3-47f0-455d-a7d0-fe920d797c28 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Unresolved cited work

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-08T14:51:00.072029Z

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Observation 9a93238b-7c6b-499b-aaed-9dc428281424 · outbound

This paper cites Wanjuan: A comprehensive multimodal dataset for advancing english and chinese large models, 2023.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Wanjuan: A comprehensive multimodal dataset for advancing english and chinese large models, 2023

Reference 20

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Observation f5a3a335-9bf5-4438-8a58-0b5372eaf149 · outbound

This paper cites Jacobs, Michael I.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Jacobs, Michael I

Reference 21

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Observation 8f6ced39-35d7-43c2-8836-11d65658a33b · outbound

This paper cites Exploring the Impact of Instruction Data Scaling on Large Language Models: An Empirical Study on Real-World Use Cases.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Exploring the Impact of Instruction Data Scaling on Large Language Models: An Empirical Study on Real-World Use Cases

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:58.802745Z

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Observation e1fdac91-3783-4d8d-84ec-11b6af00f7c5 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Unresolved cited work

Reference 23

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Observation f8887032-055a-401c-ba9e-58c389b7748d · outbound

This paper cites A Study of BFLOAT16 for Deep Learning Training.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM A Study of BFLOAT16 for Deep Learning Training

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:58.812213Z

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Observation c2400419-4cfc-4502-a9c3-c3b235de303c · outbound

This paper cites Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:58.817138Z

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Observation 283f1fb9-a67e-4290-b130-6d28b4375664 · outbound

This paper cites \ GS \ hard: Scaling giant models with conditional computation and automatic sharding.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM \ GS \ hard: Scaling giant models with conditional computation and automatic sharding

Reference 26

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-08T14:51:00.016168Z

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Observation 56efa3df-8996-431f-bc10-1960a26ce598 · outbound

This paper cites Starcoder: may the source be with you! 2023.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Starcoder: may the source be with you! 2023

Reference 27

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:59.997768Z

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Observation 13ca31ff-e482-47c3-8bfa-2d21153cb886 · outbound

This paper cites LLM360: Towards Fully Transparent Open-Source LLMs.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM LLM360: Towards Fully Transparent Open-Source LLMs

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:58.832191Z

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Observation 1e170d95-d3ee-48c9-91f4-084357d87a44 · outbound

This paper cites Modeling task relationships in multi-task learning with multi-gate mixture-of-experts.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Modeling task relationships in multi-task learning with multi-gate mixture-of-experts

Reference 29

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:59.981479Z

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Observation 8a385195-b609-4c44-a7c6-7b7edb49940d · outbound

This paper cites OLMoE: Open Mixture-of-Experts Language Models.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM OLMoE: Open Mixture-of-Experts Language Models

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:58.842623Z

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Observation c95999a9-6160-4527-919b-376fdcc893e0 · outbound

This paper cites 2 OLMo 2 Furious.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM 2 OLMo 2 Furious

Reference 31

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Observation f65a9190-f25b-4d3a-9d2f-01f9e0ac3562 · outbound

This paper cites From Sparse to Soft Mixtures of Experts.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM From Sparse to Soft Mixtures of Experts

Reference 32

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Observation 2f6bcbe7-69a8-4437-a547-1006b4d96fdc · outbound

This paper cites Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Model.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Model

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:58.858377Z

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Observation ded0d18f-07c6-405b-a311-d408eda030f8 · outbound

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Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Unresolved cited work

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:59.965224Z

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Observation b4c16616-463d-4a21-b7f1-e55a816cb847 · outbound

This paper cites Better ruozhiba.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Better ruozhiba

Reference 35

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:59.948946Z

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Observation d01f08d9-0c09-4e5e-b473-f988c8e44fd1 · outbound

This paper cites GLU Variants Improve Transformer.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM GLU Variants Improve Transformer

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:58.873668Z

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Observation 6f5fbdec-5bbc-43bc-b19c-617a7e386748 · outbound

This paper cites RoFormer: Enhanced Transformer with Rotary Position Embedding.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM RoFormer: Enhanced Transformer with Rotary Position Embedding

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:58.879018Z

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Observation b298a62e-4b40-485d-a809-e57f3597190d · outbound

This paper cites Moss: An open conversational large language model.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Moss: An open conversational large language model

Reference 38

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:59.930452Z

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Observation 54b2ac6d-f8fa-4af5-a720-20f3a1651bfb · outbound

This paper cites Llm360 k2-65b: Scaling up fully transparent open-source llms.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Llm360 k2-65b: Scaling up fully transparent open-source llms

Reference 39

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:59.914009Z

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Observation 04dbd557-323d-4541-a668-b97a82e989e6 · outbound

This paper cites Emollm: Reinventing mental health support with large language models.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Emollm: Reinventing mental health support with large language models

Reference 40

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:59.897379Z

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 99efe1f0-e82f-4f2b-b088-4498ae53525b · outbound

This paper cites Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technology.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technology

Reference 41

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Observation a10164ce-516e-4b1c-8e2f-2eff8c49ac52 · outbound

This paper cites Introducing qwen1.5, February 2024 b.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Introducing qwen1.5, February 2024 b

Reference 42

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:59.880730Z

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Observation d97cd0d7-03cd-44d1-bec1-9f3a4600c247 · outbound

This paper cites Qwen1.5-moe: Matching 7b model performance with 1/3 activated parameters", February 2024 c.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Qwen1.5-moe: Matching 7b model performance with 1/3 activated parameters", February 2024 c

Reference 43

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:59.864074Z

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Observation 990ed4eb-5af1-4a16-8f0f-8739cc6a9707 · outbound

This paper cites Openhermes 2.5: An open dataset of synthetic data for generalist llm assistants, 2023.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Openhermes 2.5: An open dataset of synthetic data for generalist llm assistants, 2023

Reference 44

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:58.914735Z

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Observation cca2647e-cad6-48b0-8038-3aa6d51b184b · outbound

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Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Unresolved cited work

Reference 45

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Observation 9c9e1deb-13cd-4823-aa8c-483ff4b5fed3 · outbound

This paper cites LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models

Reference 46

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Observation 44f9494f-e464-4d7e-972a-9ca317b267b8 · outbound

This paper cites Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models

Reference 47

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:58.930812Z

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Observation 952760da-cfb5-4e46-967d-8edd1b81cfc6 · outbound

This paper cites Skywork: A more open bilingual foundation model, 2023.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Skywork: A more open bilingual foundation model, 2023

Reference 48

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:58.936332Z

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Observation e44b882d-6782-4235-94e5-1645dfc281b5 · outbound

This paper cites Transformers: State-of-the-art natural language processing.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Transformers: State-of-the-art natural language processing

Reference 49

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:58.941576Z

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Observation 640a447c-0506-44bb-b755-aecd8cf6816a · outbound

This paper cites Qwen2.5 Technical Report.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Qwen2.5 Technical Report

Reference 50

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:58.946513Z

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Observation 1db7141e-8ef9-419c-afa7-bcb3765d2134 · outbound

This paper cites Firefly (flowing fireflies): Chinese conversational large language model.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Firefly (flowing fireflies): Chinese conversational large language model

Reference 51

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:59.815944Z

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Observation f23d20ab-4f7c-461e-98f0-5c05868d51fe · outbound

This paper cites Mammoth2: Scaling instructions from the web.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Mammoth2: Scaling instructions from the web

Reference 52

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:59.799228Z

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Observation a478640b-9072-4db8-81e4-c70e1c7dc54d · outbound

This paper cites Root Mean Square Layer Normalization.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Root Mean Square Layer Normalization

Reference 53

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Observation 4956b6ce-8a50-41bd-914f-c1f1ba8a17a6 · outbound

This paper cites MAP-Neo: Highly Capable and Transparent Bilingual Large Language Model Series.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM MAP-Neo: Highly Capable and Transparent Bilingual Large Language Model Series

Reference 55

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:58.971947Z

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Observation 7a0e3094-fd25-490c-9778-3adc092331ab · outbound

This paper cites TinyLlama: An Open-Source Small Language Model.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM TinyLlama: An Open-Source Small Language Model

Reference 56

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:58.976712Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation afc1e85c-e3b7-454d-a9e5-ed011e8d30ce · outbound

This paper cites PyTorch FSDP: Experiences on Scaling Fully Sharded Data Parallel.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM PyTorch FSDP: Experiences on Scaling Fully Sharded Data Parallel

Reference 57

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:58.981760Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 61aabd02-a9fe-4b4a-a86f-db58a1adf813 · outbound

This paper cites OpenCodeInterpreter: Integrating Code Generation with Execution and Refinement.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM OpenCodeInterpreter: Integrating Code Generation with Execution and Refinement

Reference 58

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:58.987575Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7965574a-c307-49dd-8b79-48adb5f89e96 · outbound

This paper cites LIMA: Less Is More for Alignment.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM LIMA: Less Is More for Alignment

Reference 59

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:58.993181Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a78c3424-40d7-477b-821b-c8dc5fc4e345 · outbound

This paper cites Designing effective sparse expert models.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Designing effective sparse expert models

Reference 60

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:58.998504Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 45b2cc57-34f7-44a0-b3fb-598a24f9340a · outbound

This paper cites write newline.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM write newline

Reference 61

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:59.003584Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5716997c-8434-4459-bb81-0ae98092ab2f · outbound

This paper cites @esa (Ref.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM @esa (Ref

Reference 62

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:59.009351Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2148a46e-5f69-4950-82a4-cd8c57b270a6 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Unresolved cited work

Reference 63

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:59.014681Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8b53b309-90b9-4e72-86ba-92777916f331 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM Unresolved cited work

Reference 64

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T14:50:59.019906Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Coverage vector

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