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arxiv: 1907.10052 · v1 · pith:LKXDTYO2new · submitted 2019-07-23 · 💰 econ.GN · q-fin.EC

Sustainable Business Models: A Review

Saeed Nosratabadi , Amir Mosavi , Shahaboddin Shamshirband , Edmundas Kazimieras Zavadskas , Andry Rakotonirainy , Kwok Wing Chau This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-24 17:10 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 💰 econ.GN q-fin.EC
keywords sustainable business modelsliterature reviewapplication domainsinnovationcircular economysupply chain managementsustainabilityadvanced technologies
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The pith

Sustainable business models are gaining popularity and higher success rates across industries with greater use of advanced technologies.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper surveys how organizations create and capture value in ways that meet economic, social, and environmental aims at once. It examines literature from fourteen fields such as energy, healthcare, fashion, supply chains, and hospitality. Models are grouped by category, then each group's record of success or failure is assessed along with open questions. A reader would care because these models offer a practical way for businesses to pursue sustainability without sacrificing viability, and the review shows where that effort is working.

Core claim

The review identifies notable sustainable business models and places them in fourteen categories: innovation, management and marketing, entrepreneurship, energy, fashion, healthcare, agri-food, supply chain management, circular economy, developing countries, engineering, construction and real estate, mobility and transportation, and hospitality. Progress in each category is examined, including cases of failure or success, and remaining research gaps are noted. The central conclusion is that popularity and success rates of sustainable business models have risen in every domain as advanced technologies see wider use.

What carries the argument

A taxonomy that sorts sustainable business models into fourteen distinct application categories, allowing systematic comparison of outcomes and gaps across fields.

If this is right

  • Companies can examine the reviewed cases in their sector to copy approaches that have worked.
  • Researchers should target the specific gaps listed for each of the fourteen categories.
  • Integration of new technologies appears to be a factor that improves model performance.
  • The fourteen-category structure offers a way to track changes in sustainable model use over time.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Technology may serve as a practical lever that helps firms meet multiple sustainability goals at once.
  • The same review approach could be applied to track progress on other business concepts such as digital platforms.
  • Lessons from one category might transfer to others even if the paper does not map those links.

Load-bearing premise

The literature chosen for the review stands for the full range of published work on sustainable business models in each category without major selection or publication bias.

What would settle it

A wider database search that turns up many additional studies across the categories showing stagnant or falling success rates would undermine the conclusion that these models are succeeding more often.

read the original abstract

The concept of the sustainable business model describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and captures value, in economic, social, cultural, or other contexts, in a sustainable way. The process of sustainable business model construction forms an innovative part of a business strategy. Different industries and businesses have utilized sustainable business models concept to satisfy their economic, environmental, and social goals simultaneously. However, the success, popularity, and progress of sustainable business models in different application domains are not clear. To explore this issue, this research provides a comprehensive review of sustainable business models literature in various application areas. Notable sustainable business models are identified and further classified in fourteen unique categories, and in every category, the progress -- either failure or success -- has been reviewed, and the research gaps are discussed. Taxonomy of the applications includes innovation, management and marketing, entrepreneurship, energy, fashion, healthcare, agri-food, supply chain management, circular economy, developing countries, engineering, construction and real estate, mobility and transportation, and hospitality. The key contribution of this study is that it provides an insight into the state of the art of sustainable business models in the various application areas and future research directions. This paper concludes that popularity and the success rate of sustainable business models in all application domains have been increased along with the increasing use of advanced technologies.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

3 major / 2 minor

Summary. This paper performs a literature review of sustainable business models, classifying notable examples into fourteen application categories (innovation, management and marketing, entrepreneurship, energy, fashion, healthcare, agri-food, supply chain management, circular economy, developing countries, engineering, construction and real estate, mobility and transportation, and hospitality). For each category it reviews progress including failures and successes, identifies research gaps, and concludes that popularity and success rates have risen across all domains in tandem with greater use of advanced technologies.

Significance. A systematic classification and gap analysis could provide a helpful map of the field for researchers working on sustainable business models. The claimed temporal increase in success rates, if supported by explicit metrics or longitudinal synthesis, would strengthen the contribution; absent such support the review functions mainly as a descriptive survey whose main value lies in the taxonomy and gap identification.

major comments (3)
  1. [Abstract / Conclusion] Abstract and conclusion: the claim that 'popularity and the success rate of sustainable business models in all application domains have been increased' is presented without any operational definition of success, failure metrics, adoption rates, or temporal trend analysis. The review is described as examining 'progress -- either failure or success,' yet no quantitative synthesis, citation counts over time, or explicit criteria for judging an increase are supplied, leaving the central conclusion unsupported by the reported evidence.
  2. [Methods / Review procedure (implied)] The manuscript provides no description of the literature search strategy, databases queried, search strings, inclusion/exclusion criteria, or the total number of papers reviewed per category. Without these details it is impossible to assess whether the selected literature is representative or free of publication/selection bias, directly undermining the weakest assumption identified in the review process.
  3. [Taxonomy section] The derivation of the fourteen-category taxonomy is not explained. It is unclear whether the categories were derived inductively from the literature, adopted from prior frameworks, or chosen for convenience, and whether they are intended to be exhaustive or mutually exclusive.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract contains minor grammatical issues ('have been increased' should read 'has increased'; the sentence 'This paper concludes that...' is atypical for an abstract).
  2. [Abstract] The abstract states the key contribution but does not preview the methodology or the scale of the review, which would help readers gauge the scope.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

3 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for these constructive comments, which highlight important gaps in transparency and evidential support. We address each point below and will revise the manuscript accordingly.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract / Conclusion] Abstract and conclusion: the claim that 'popularity and the success rate of sustainable business models in all application domains have been increased' is presented without any operational definition of success, failure metrics, adoption rates, or temporal trend analysis. The review is described as examining 'progress -- either failure or success,' yet no quantitative synthesis, citation counts over time, or explicit criteria for judging an increase are supplied, leaving the central conclusion unsupported by the reported evidence.

    Authors: We agree that the claim of rising popularity and success rates is not supported by explicit metrics, operational definitions, or quantitative trend analysis. This statement reflected a qualitative impression from the reviewed papers rather than rigorous evidence. We will revise the abstract and conclusion to remove the unsupported claim, retaining only descriptions of progress, failures, successes, and gaps. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Methods / Review procedure (implied)] The manuscript provides no description of the literature search strategy, databases queried, search strings, inclusion/exclusion criteria, or the total number of papers reviewed per category. Without these details it is impossible to assess whether the selected literature is representative or free of publication/selection bias, directly undermining the weakest assumption identified in the review process.

    Authors: The manuscript indeed omits a methods section. We will add one that describes the review approach, including databases (e.g., Scopus, Google Scholar), key search terms, and inclusion criteria. Approximate paper counts per category will be reported where reconstructible from our records; if exact counts cannot be recovered, this limitation will be noted. revision: yes

  3. Referee: [Taxonomy section] The derivation of the fourteen-category taxonomy is not explained. It is unclear whether the categories were derived inductively from the literature, adopted from prior frameworks, or chosen for convenience, and whether they are intended to be exhaustive or mutually exclusive.

    Authors: The fourteen categories were derived inductively by grouping application domains that repeatedly appeared in the reviewed literature on sustainable business models. They are not asserted to be exhaustive or mutually exclusive. We will revise the taxonomy section to explicitly state the inductive derivation process and clarify these points. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: purely descriptive literature review with no derivations or self-referential reductions

full rationale

The paper is a narrative review that surveys external literature across 14 application categories, identifies models, and summarizes reported progress or gaps. No equations, parameters, predictions, or derivations exist that could reduce to inputs by construction. The concluding statement on increased popularity and success rates is framed as a qualitative synthesis of reviewed sources rather than a fitted or self-defined result. No self-citation chains, uniqueness theorems, or ansatzes are invoked as load-bearing steps. The analysis is self-contained against external benchmarks and receives the default non-circularity finding.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

This is a literature review paper; it introduces no free parameters, axioms, or invented entities. The central claims rest on the assumption that the surveyed literature is representative.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5791 in / 1019 out tokens · 19220 ms · 2026-05-24T17:10:10.101173+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

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Reference graph

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