Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully

As of 22 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 40 of 40 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:1908.09077.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
1908.09077 v3

Coverage vector

measured 40 of 40 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:53.217271Z

measured 40 of 40 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

40 of 40 outbound references displayed

verified exact1
verified fuzzy32
unresolved7
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External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 88a9568b-deac-4279-914a-7a791effb052 · outbound

This paper cites Statisticalscience:areviewjournalofthe Institute of Mathematical Statistics2010; 25(1): 1.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Statisticalscience:areviewjournalofthe Institute of Mathematical Statistics2010; 25(1): 1

Reference 1

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:54.767448Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 5092c4dd-0266-4f95-9a9a-7dbe57fa3069 · outbound

This paper cites Sensitivity analysis in observational studies.Encyclopedia of statistics in behavioral science2005; 4: 1809–1814.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Sensitivity analysis in observational studies.Encyclopedia of statistics in behavioral science2005; 4: 1809–1814

Reference 2

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:54.738658Z

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Observation 4cc32d7f-016c-4a16-8c6e-ac77579cd433 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Unresolved cited work

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:54.709005Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 9c00df30-578f-4843-bece-f6fc34c07cc4 · outbound

This paper cites Copyathttp://j.mp/1sexgVwDownloadCitation BibTex Tagged XML Download Paper2016; 378.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Copyathttp://j.mp/1sexgVwDownloadCitation BibTex Tagged XML Download Paper2016; 378

Reference 4

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:54.678460Z

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Observation ab42d624-3f71-4ee1-ad13-6f059998b5c2 · outbound

This paper cites Statistics for experimenters.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Statistics for experimenters

Reference 5

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:54.646869Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 1241a866-7d21-42f8-b315-8956e911fcc8 · outbound

This paper cites Heterogeneity and causality: Unit heterogeneity and design sensitivity in observational studies.The American Statistician2005; 59(2): 147–152.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Heterogeneity and causality: Unit heterogeneity and design sensitivity in observational studies.The American Statistician2005; 59(2): 147–152

Reference 6

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:54.611738Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation e6110cdc-ddb9-4c4d-9133-cad00253c20b · outbound

This paper cites Large sample properties of matching estimators for average treatment eﬀects.econometrica 2006; 74(1): 235–267.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Large sample properties of matching estimators for average treatment eﬀects.econometrica 2006; 74(1): 235–267

Reference 7

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:54.583788Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 3ce6b11b-2415-44a9-916e-5a6a03574b5d · outbound

This paper cites The prognostic analogue of the propensity score.Biometrika 2008; 95(2): 481–488.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully The prognostic analogue of the propensity score.Biometrika 2008; 95(2): 481–488

Reference 8

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:54.547136Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 478ba24f-7b8f-45dd-bd73-c86b379f77d7 · outbound

This paper cites On the joint use of propensity and prognostic scores in estimation of the average treatment eﬀect on the treated: a simulation study.Statistics in medicine2014; 33(20): 3488–3508.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully On the joint use of propensity and prognostic scores in estimation of the average treatment eﬀect on the treated: a simulation study.Statistics in medicine2014; 33(20): 3488–3508

Reference 9

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:54.504232Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 6fb813c7-b9e5-4ee4-8141-10fbcdfb6925 · outbound

This paper cites Doubly robust matching estimators for high dimensional confounding adjustment.Biometrics2018; 74(4): 1171–1179.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Doubly robust matching estimators for high dimensional confounding adjustment.Biometrics2018; 74(4): 1171–1179

Reference 10

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:54.463857Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation c711d7e9-c199-439e-b7ef-a8062a03ed06 · outbound

This paper cites Bias reduction in observational studies via prognosis scores.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Bias reduction in observational studies via prognosis scores

Reference 11

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:54.417639Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 47d0aab6-1d23-4cdc-ac46-b86464a15f60 · outbound

This paper cites Endogenous stratiﬁcation in randomized experiments.Review of Economics and Statistics2018; 100(4): 567–580.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Endogenous stratiﬁcation in randomized experiments.Review of Economics and Statistics2018; 100(4): 567–580

Reference 12

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:54.376590Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation a8c4217b-288f-4748-acc9-9ef2deb081ff · outbound

This paper cites JournaloftheAmerican Statistical Association2009; 104(487): 1090–1101.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully JournaloftheAmerican Statistical Association2009; 104(487): 1090–1101

Reference 13

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:54.332504Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 388a342b-1a96-462a-a65f-575c8d89c91e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:54.290188Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 53824048-281e-4953-95fd-f41a3dd063b9 · outbound

This paper cites Two-sample instrumental variables estimators.The Review of Economics and Statistics2010; 92(3): 557–561.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Two-sample instrumental variables estimators.The Review of Economics and Statistics2010; 92(3): 557–561

Reference 15

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:54.253164Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation f9d81612-571e-4c3a-a9da-3b385029460a · outbound

This paper cites Two-sample instrumental variable analyses using heterogeneous samples.Statistical Science2019; 34(2): 317–333.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Two-sample instrumental variable analyses using heterogeneous samples.Statistical Science2019; 34(2): 317–333

Reference 16

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:54.222393Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation bb65cb49-c1d4-4404-8ba6-26af1b03ffba · outbound

This paper cites Using split samples to improve inference on causal eﬀects.Political Analysis2017; 25(4): 465– 482.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Using split samples to improve inference on causal eﬀects.Political Analysis2017; 25(4): 465– 482

Reference 17

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:54.173905Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 4ce1fa8e-dc79-4707-85be-6d54c6853dfc · outbound

This paper cites Estimation and inference of heterogeneous treatment eﬀects using random forests.Journal of the American Statistical Association2018; 113(523): 1228–1242.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Estimation and inference of heterogeneous treatment eﬀects using random forests.Journal of the American Statistical Association2018; 113(523): 1228–1242

Reference 18

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:54.137673Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 860f4c4f-7ef3-4fcd-b5de-e60fbffaf9aa · outbound

This paper cites Conﬁdence intervals for causal parameters.Statistics in Medicine1988; 7(7): 773–785.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Conﬁdence intervals for causal parameters.Statistics in Medicine1988; 7(7): 773–785

Reference 19

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:54.102940Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 72042e02-4a2b-4a0a-b2c2-498c9291317b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Unresolved cited work

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:54.066964Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation ed33381f-d1d3-4440-92a9-b3a73cf0564a · outbound

This paper cites Inference on a new class of sample average treatment eﬀects.Journal of the American Statistical Association 2020(just-accepted): 1–18.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Inference on a new class of sample average treatment eﬀects.Journal of the American Statistical Association 2020(just-accepted): 1–18

Reference 21

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:54.037809Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation b7ffec98-b455-43df-9606-d34d319f60db · outbound

This paper cites How generalizable is your experiment? An index for comparing experimental samples and populations.Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics2014; 39(6): 478–501.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully How generalizable is your experiment? An index for comparing experimental samples and populations.Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics2014; 39(6): 478–501

Reference 22

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:54.013604Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 9072d22c-5ac5-4d90-ab26-4d1a47bb0cb2 · outbound

This paper cites The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal eﬀects.Biometrika 1983; 70(1): 41–55.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal eﬀects.Biometrika 1983; 70(1): 41–55

Reference 23

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:53.980410Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 5b59d866-9291-4ed0-8e6a-8accf63ecdca · outbound

This paper cites For objective causal inference, design trumps analysis.The Annals of Applied Statistics2008; 2(3): 808–840.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully For objective causal inference, design trumps analysis.The Annals of Applied Statistics2008; 2(3): 808–840

Reference 24

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:53.936483Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation ea6f4ac7-b937-4273-83b8-684686662412 · outbound

This paper cites Doubly robust estimation in missing data and causal inference models.Biometrics 2005; 61(4): 962– 973.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Doubly robust estimation in missing data and causal inference models.Biometrics 2005; 61(4): 962– 973

Reference 25

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:53.905153Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 2a3819cf-7f11-4209-a59f-bcb667c16627 · outbound

This paper cites dAW.Asymptotic statistics.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully dAW.Asymptotic statistics

Reference 26

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:53.862466Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 841b66a3-57c8-46cb-90b1-f7c1ba36ebf6 · outbound

This paper cites Regularization Paths for Generalized Linear Models via Coordinate Descent.Journal of Statistical Software2010; 33(1): 1–22.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Regularization Paths for Generalized Linear Models via Coordinate Descent.Journal of Statistical Software2010; 33(1): 1–22

Reference 27

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:53.817648Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 543fffce-ac9c-4d37-84eb-14176892d31c · outbound

This paper cites Two R packages for sensitivity analysis in observational studies.Observational Studies2015; 1(1): 1–17.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Two R packages for sensitivity analysis in observational studies.Observational Studies2015; 1(1): 1–17

Reference 28

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:53.777068Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation a4787ebe-85fe-4777-aad2-c9edecdd4edf · outbound

This paper cites Sensitivity Analysis for m-Estimates, Tests, and Conﬁdence Intervals in Matched Observational Studies.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Sensitivity Analysis for m-Estimates, Tests, and Conﬁdence Intervals in Matched Observational Studies

Reference 29

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:53.750125Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 41431dce-d4db-4d28-b477-c6bbca1d5ad2 · outbound

This paper cites Optimal full matching and related designs via network ﬂows.Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics2006; 15(3): 609–627.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Optimal full matching and related designs via network ﬂows.Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics2006; 15(3): 609–627

Reference 30

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:53.719330Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 33530e6c-f13e-4510-a3b6-4b575e12100d · outbound

This paper cites Operations Research1988; 36(1): 93–114.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Operations Research1988; 36(1): 93–114

Reference 31

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:53.686902Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 93f30d89-4dac-49cf-ac00-69fb50cd7b51 · outbound

This paper cites A characterization of optimal designs for observational studies.Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological)1991; 53(3): 597–610.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully A characterization of optimal designs for observational studies.Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological)1991; 53(3): 597–610

Reference 32

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:53.649720Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 025d860b-8399-4172-9698-34084a3a6f18 · outbound

This paper cites JournaloftheAmericanStatisticalAssociation 2004; 99(467): 609–618.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully JournaloftheAmericanStatisticalAssociation 2004; 99(467): 609–618

Reference 33

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:53.604638Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation ec64859f-1abb-477d-85f5-eb0dbdb601a9 · outbound

This paper cites Statistics in medicine2015; 34(30): 4070–4082.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Statistics in medicine2015; 34(30): 4070–4082

Reference 34

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:53.568592Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 99afbb36-c870-4631-af6c-10cee8f58f11 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Unresolved cited work

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:53.535159Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation b8a74d30-5247-4eb5-af0a-d2ed9cf5ab5a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Unresolved cited work

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:53.486421Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 46bd6334-ec0e-4f12-b33f-9cdc1c533978 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Unresolved cited work

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:53.445117Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation f034b765-ae9b-4788-84a1-a4f7d1f642de · outbound

This paper cites Stratiﬁed Pilot Matching in R: The stratamatch Package.Statistics arXiv2020.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Stratiﬁed Pilot Matching in R: The stratamatch Package.Statistics arXiv2020

Reference 38

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:53.407644Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation f8b4cf98-18ca-440a-aa66-a8b2cee2ff79 · outbound

This paper cites Probabilistic Analysis of Balancing Scores for Causal Inference.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Probabilistic Analysis of Balancing Scores for Causal Inference

Reference 39

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:53.356946Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.

Observation 84d9fb21-360b-460e-a379-0a78fc921cc6 · outbound

This paper cites Multiply robust matching estimators of average and quantile treatment effects.

A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully Multiply robust matching estimators of average and quantile treatment effects

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T11:28:53.217271Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

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