Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:05.195801Z
Paper Citation Record · LEDGER
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety
As of 8 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 54 of 54 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2507.05455.
A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.
Coverage vector
One-hop event checks from named stored sources.
Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00
Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links
A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.
Source: cited_works
Reference resolution
54 of 54 outbound references displayed
- verified exact3
- verified fuzzy3
- unresolved48
- parse uncertain0
- malformed identifier0
- metadata mismatch0
External citation measurements
No source-named external measurement is stored.
Outbound references
Observation aaee7ecb-1359-4d0b-9475-712a745142c6 · outbound
This paper cites URL: " 'urlintro :=.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety URL: " 'urlintro :=
Reference 1
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:30:58.735459Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 98f9ab32-87a4-4187-8666-6872108ac0f0 · outbound
This paper cites write newline.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety write newline
Reference 2
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:30:58.905477Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation d3106de8-d7e3-4bd8-a51f-53116c588af5 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 3
- Resolution
- unresolved
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:07.110688Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.
Observation 219936f0-9862-473b-a218-c42eedd1b96d · outbound
This paper cites Comparing Bad Apples to Good Oranges: Aligning Large Language Models via Joint Preference Optimization.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Comparing Bad Apples to Good Oranges: Aligning Large Language Models via Joint Preference Optimization
Reference 4
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:30:59.347541Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 934e2ce2-802f-4168-b634-99dc307339f6 · outbound
This paper cites Toxicity Detection Should Measure Contextual Harm, Not Text-Intrinsic Badness.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Toxicity Detection Should Measure Contextual Harm, Not Text-Intrinsic Badness
Reference 5
- Resolution
- verified exact
- local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:05.832024Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.
Observation aaede92d-3e52-4b54-a8d9-2136f050e888 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 6
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:30:59.574387Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation dae80de0-2a53-4cdb-b12f-084ac6609594 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 7
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:30:59.692266Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 4e71f9b3-05bc-4425-910d-9a8f36213149 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 8
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:30:59.821304Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 0a8ff879-f8cc-45b9-b74b-9ebc2b215a66 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 9
- Resolution
- unresolved
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:07.064928Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.
Observation 1b9ea5e1-982e-4817-a7f8-3acf4fc4f581 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 10
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:30:59.960892Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation d7b70989-5102-4764-b125-210ef498a8f7 · outbound
This paper cites When the Majority is Wrong: Modeling Annotator Disagreement for Subjective Tasks.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety When the Majority is Wrong: Modeling Annotator Disagreement for Subjective Tasks
Reference 11
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:00.042078Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation a26a389f-2c3b-4bff-9420-1f992883e1c3 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 12
- Resolution
- unresolved
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:07.046794Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.
Observation 631d8e91-393d-4b69-91b0-395c4a584212 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 13
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:00.200220Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation dff620f0-2c02-477c-afa2-9cd34b17b2db · outbound
This paper cites Gordon, Michelle S.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Gordon, Michelle S
Reference 14
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:07.016323Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.
Observation ad5b3cb8-a3ea-47d3-ad3f-76e6290c3193 · outbound
This paper cites Is Your Toxicity My Toxicity? Exploring the Impact of Rater Identity on Toxicity Annotation.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Is Your Toxicity My Toxicity? Exploring the Impact of Rater Identity on Toxicity Annotation
Reference 15
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:00.313632Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation d6aabf02-2063-40bd-b2db-941554262590 · outbound
This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety The Llama 3 Herd of Models
Reference 16
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:00.386659Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 7c7c14d6-da14-439a-9d9e-5d36b8b7ebdc · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 17
- Resolution
- unresolved
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:06.996303Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.
Observation 97479767-5681-4616-baca-01c9565b6576 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 18
- Resolution
- unresolved
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:06.974224Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.
Observation b5e57c63-8210-4341-8db8-5f448df91933 · outbound
This paper cites Krass, Lucia Zheng, Neel Guha, Christopher D.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Krass, Lucia Zheng, Neel Guha, Christopher D
Reference 19
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:06.955370Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.
Observation d7bb1ae5-c017-4f69-b7c8-e8925d837ab6 · outbound
This paper cites GPT-4o System Card.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety GPT-4o System Card
Reference 20
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:00.758414Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 224d1a9d-36e6-4236-9ac3-18498944b9ae · outbound
This paper cites Llama Guard: LLM-based Input-Output Safeguard for Human-AI Conversations.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Llama Guard: LLM-based Input-Output Safeguard for Human-AI Conversations
Reference 21
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:00.841084Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation ec4d3c62-03e4-430d-82f6-d9b8abd9c976 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 22
- Resolution
- unresolved
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:06.934641Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.
Observation 99389597-b6f3-47e8-b76d-019026ebe151 · outbound
This paper cites The PRISM Alignment Dataset: What Participatory, Representative and Individualised Human Feedback Reveals About the Subjective and Multicultural Alignment of Large Language Models.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety The PRISM Alignment Dataset: What Participatory, Representative and Individualised Human Feedback Reveals About the Subjective and Multicultural Alignment of Large Language Models
Reference 23
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:01.028060Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 7bc17dd5-a361-452a-872a-37038bb5e017 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 24
- Resolution
- unresolved
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:06.917402Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.
Observation ead3ce5c-20f8-4f64-81af-d607bbe96339 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 25
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:01.259257Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 37d7c663-b99d-448f-a305-a293126a719f · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 26
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:01.310561Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 35cb6f5f-ebf0-4377-a05b-2a6e84152016 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 27
- Resolution
- unresolved
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:06.899874Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.
Observation e2ead686-b532-45be-a209-d0c3297ee93b · outbound
This paper cites Participatory Research for Low-resourced Machine Translation: A Case Study in African Languages.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Participatory Research for Low-resourced Machine Translation: A Case Study in African Languages
Reference 28
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:01.511840Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 57fe3875-82b8-420b-9750-84cd3d096076 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 29
- Resolution
- unresolved
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:06.878023Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.
Observation 9b14090c-429d-43cd-88ac-11f0897f535c · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 30
- Resolution
- unresolved
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:06.856499Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.
Observation 35e37c35-57f3-4687-8a5e-6f5a70c8231c · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 31
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:02.035635Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation c75baf0d-8231-40cc-b4f9-6c3a8f79f8b9 · outbound
This paper cites When Do Annotator Demographics Matter? Measuring the Influence of Annotator Demographics with the POPQUORN Dataset.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety When Do Annotator Demographics Matter? Measuring the Influence of Annotator Demographics with the POPQUORN Dataset
Reference 32
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:02.274260Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 0f935b9d-eebd-4b4f-af4b-6fe69fbb6f75 · outbound
This paper cites Luque, Demian Zayat, Mart \'i n Kondratzky, Agust \'i n Moro, Pablo Santiago Serrati, Joaqu \'i n Zajac, Paula Miguel, Natalia Debandi, Agust \'i n Gravano, and Viviana Cotik.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Luque, Demian Zayat, Mart \'i n Kondratzky, Agust \'i n Moro, Pablo Santiago Serrati, Joaqu \'i n Zajac, Paula Miguel, Natalia Debandi, Agust \'i n Gravano, and Viviana Cotik
Reference 33
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:02.453418Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 041f4481-c328-4080-92e5-0c388fa8fbf2 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 34
- Resolution
- unresolved
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:06.838328Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.
Observation f07cccf4-8971-44dc-8bca-c7b9a4cb55ab · outbound
This paper cites Weingarten, Lilith Fury, Constanza Eliana Chinea, Tuck J.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Weingarten, Lilith Fury, Constanza Eliana Chinea, Tuck J
Reference 35
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:02.768282Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 262d92c6-2317-4b63-8553-39f031c8e9dc · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 36
- Resolution
- unresolved
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:06.820689Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.
Observation 546033fb-b74b-4181-975e-a4bc05db27af · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 37
- Resolution
- unresolved
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:06.801359Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.
Observation 0b1dc26b-f5c3-42ea-9f85-ea02218f7683 · outbound
This paper cites NLPositionality: Characterizing Design Biases of Datasets and Models.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety NLPositionality: Characterizing Design Biases of Datasets and Models
Reference 38
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:03.349836Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 8cc7a44e-c0b8-4523-ba66-c6ee5e1135fb · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 39
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:03.523859Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 463c007d-9a04-4225-bccf-5dd222331d46 · outbound
This paper cites Smith, and Yejin Choi.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Smith, and Yejin Choi
Reference 40
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:03.671876Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 711291f6-e21d-4b30-97df-eab5548b341e · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 41
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:03.841868Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 94cd7ded-13bf-4a2e-9ffd-64e2b7bca0c5 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 42
- Resolution
- unresolved
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:06.779324Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.
Observation f84c5b1b-d697-443e-9d48-dc1c58a235a0 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 43
- Resolution
- unresolved
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:06.760871Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.
Observation 549055e5-701e-4540-9116-c69eae8ebc6e · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 44
- Resolution
- unresolved
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:06.742533Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.
Observation 7dd71c32-ea76-444f-9693-23bd679ab8e1 · outbound
This paper cites Gemma 3 Technical Report.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Gemma 3 Technical Report
Reference 45
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:04.432004Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 72765da9-72ae-43fb-979b-72472e7d0e12 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 46
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:04.478086Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 74694ef3-c9dd-4469-a3d4-70a98f90f472 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 47
- Resolution
- unresolved
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:06.724806Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.
Observation cd23ac8f-6168-4117-962c-7ae2dfe6d091 · outbound
This paper cites Bidwell, and Edwin H.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Bidwell, and Edwin H
Reference 48
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:06.707129Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.
Observation 9da2511c-724e-456c-8127-47bdd43bafd5 · outbound
This paper cites Qwen2.5 Technical Report.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Qwen2.5 Technical Report
Reference 49
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:04.800889Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 3d21e142-0cf2-40db-8c3a-85f2d2347fc8 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 50
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:04.900004Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 97e6485c-bb1e-40c8-be00-87c6cefdfb4e · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Unresolved cited work
Reference 51
- Resolution
- verified exact
- doi, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:05.447818Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.
Observation 3677c660-9764-4322-8706-8a410d7fbcb5 · outbound
This paper cites HateModerate: Testing Hate Speech Detectors against Content Moderation Policies.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety HateModerate: Testing Hate Speech Detectors against Content Moderation Policies
Reference 52
- Resolution
- verified exact
- local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:06.089338Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.
Observation 24f2acc0-7225-4aa1-bbf8-f614de394038 · outbound
This paper cites LlamaFactory: Unified Efficient Fine-Tuning of 100+ Language Models.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety LlamaFactory: Unified Efficient Fine-Tuning of 100+ Language Models
Reference 53
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:05.177290Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation c7faa355-0565-43ec-8f78-e7d453bae4ab · outbound
This paper cites Hwang, Swabha Swayamdipta, and Maarten Sap.
ModelCitizens: Representing Community Voices in Online Safety Hwang, Swabha Swayamdipta, and Maarten Sap
Reference 54
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:31:05.195801Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Pith citing papers
No inbound Pith citation observations are available.