Pith. sign in

REVIEW 3 major objections 4 minor 48 references

Demonstration of a tandem lens for producing shaped laser-ionized plasmas for plasma wakefield acceleration

T0 review · 3 major / 4 minor · reviewed 2026-08-05 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗

Pith's one-line read A tandem pair of diffractive lenses focuses a high-power ultrafast laser into a meter-long Bessel beam with a shaped on-axis intensity profile, validating a design path for tailored laser-ionized plasma sources.

desk verdict Solid optics demonstration, but the plasma density ramp is inferred, not measured, so the title oversells the application. read the letter →

arxiv 2509.01747 v1 pith:MDXGQNA5 submitted 2025-09-01 physics.optics physics.acc-phphysics.plasm-ph

R. Ariniello , V. Lee , M. D. Litos This is my paper
classification physics.opticsphysics.acc-phphysics.plasm-ph
keywords plasmawakefieldaccelerationBesselbeamdiffractiveopticsultrafastlaserionizationdensitytailoringtandemlensshaping
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper tries to establish that a pair of diffractive optics, used as a tandem lens, can turn a high-power ultrafast laser pulse into a meter-long Bessel focus whose on-axis intensity follows a prescribed shape. This matters because the longitudinal density profile of a laser-ionized plasma is set by that intensity, and controlling it is what allows a plasma wakefield accelerator to preserve beam quality through the entrance and exit ramps. The authors develop an algorithm that works backward from a target plasma density to the two lens phase maps, including the full pulse bandwidth, and they validate it experimentally: the measured on-axis fluence matches the simulation, and the Bessel spot width stays within 3.2% of the 60-micrometer design value over the entire focus. They also demonstrate that the lens pair ionizes hydrogen gas into a plasma. If correct, this gives accelerator builders a high-repetition-rate, optically accessible plasma source with tailorable ramp shapes.

What carries the argument

The central object is the diffractive tandem lens pair: Lens A reshapes the incoming radial intensity profile into the required intensity distribution at the z=0 plane using a geometric ray-mapping energy-conservation calculation; Lens B cancels the phase left by Lens A and adds the phase of the target Bessel field. The design algorithm extends the Bessel-superposition method of Ref. [27] to the full bandwidth of an ultrafast pulse, and couples it to the ADK ionization formula so that a target plasma density profile determines the required on-axis field. A scalar Fourier-optics propagation simulation using a discrete Hankel transform provides the predicted performance against which the exper

What would settle it

Measure the actual on-axis electron-density profile of the laser-ionized gas (e.g., with a transverse interferometer or a Stark-broadening diagnostic) at the full 192 mJ pulse energy and compare it against the density predicted from the measured on-axis fluence using Eq. (2); a systematic mismatch that grows with pulse energy would falsify the envelope-unchanged assumption.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that the tandem-lens design—combining a ray-optics intensity-reshaping lens with a phase-correcting second lens—can reproduce a designed on-axis electric field E0(z) over a meter-long focal region, even for broad-bandwidth ultrafast pulses. The design algorithm first converts a desired plasma density n_p(z) into a required on-axis field using the ADK tunneling ionization model, then solves for the spectrum of Bessel modes that produces that field while accounting for chromatic effects. The experiment verifies the optics: the measured on-axis fluence along the focus agrees with the simulation, and the Bessel spot width is within 3.2% of the 60-micrometer design value. The

Load-bearing premise

The design takes as given that the ionizing laser pulse keeps its temporal envelope unchanged while propagating through the gas or plasma, so the ADK tunneling-ionization model can be applied point-by-point; if the pulse self-modulates, depletes, or is otherwise reshaped at full power, the actual plasma density profile will deviate from design.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • Laser-ionized hydrogen plasmas with tailored density ramps become practical for plasma wakefield accelerators, offering full optical access and a path to kilohertz repetition rates.
  • The same phase-design algorithm can produce hollow cylindrical plasma channels by using a higher-order Bessel mode, which is of interest for positron acceleration.
  • The measured agreement between simulated and actual on-axis fluence means the lens design can be trusted to produce other target profiles without re-optimizing experimentally.
  • The efficiency, currently limited mostly by Fresnel reflections and phase discretization, could be improved with anti-reflective coatings and more levels, reducing the required input pulse energy.
  • The source has already been used in a plasma wakefield experiment, with details reported in an upcoming publication.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Because the validation compared laser fluence rather than ionized electron density, a direct plasma-density measurement (e.g., interferometry or Stark broadening) at the full operating power would test the ADK-based envelope-unchanged assumption.
  • The chromatic phase-error analysis suggests that an iterative correction in the lens design could push the plasma-density fidelity even closer to the target, since the residual error is systematic in wavelength.
  • The method should transfer to other gas species and wavelengths simply by re-running the ADK inversion, opening up alternative plasma sources for different accelerator or free-electron-laser schemes.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 4 minor

Summary. The paper describes a tandem diffractive lens system designed to focus a high-power ultrafast laser into a meter-long Bessel beam with a prescribed on-axis intensity profile, intended for creating laser-ionized plasmas with tailored density ramps for plasma wakefield acceleration. Section 2 develops an algorithm that maps a target plasma density n_p(z) to a required on-axis electric field E0(z) via the ADK ionization model, then uses an extension of the Čižmár–Dholakia Bessel-mode superposition to design the lens phases. Section 3 analyzes binary-optic efficiency, Section 4 presents Fourier-optics simulations including chromatic effects, and Section 5 reports experimental characterization: a low-energy (2.7 mJ) fluence scan shows good agreement with simulation, a Bessel spot width within 3.2% of the 60 μm design value, and a high-energy (192 mJ) shot produces H-alpha emission, confirming ionization of hydrogen gas.

Significance. If the result holds, the paper demonstrates a practical, high-power-compatible alternative to SLM-based Bessel beam shaping, with quantitative agreement between measured and simulated on-axis fluence and Bessel spot size. The explicit inclusion of chromatic dispersion in the design is a useful extension beyond prior monochromatic treatments, and the experimental integration at FACET-II shows real accelerator-facility applicability. The main weakness is that the plasma-tailoring claim—the motivation for the lens system—is not directly validated: the predicted plasma density ramp is obtained from a simulation that uses the same ADK model as the design, and the only high-power measurement confirms ionization but not the longitudinal density profile.

major comments (3)
  1. [§5, Fig. 9] The experimental validation is carried out at 2.7 mJ, while the plasma-forming operation is at 192 mJ—a factor of 71 higher. At the high-energy level the only diagnostic is H-alpha light, which confirms ionization but not the longitudinal density ramp. The central application claim—tailored plasma ramps—therefore rests on Fig. 7(d), computed from the linear Fourier-optics simulation of App. B, Eq. (37), which omits Kerr self-focusing, ionization-induced defocusing, spectral blueshifting, and pulse depletion. A direct measurement of n_p(z), or at least an independent quantitative high-power on-axis intensity measurement, is needed to support the title claim.
  2. [§2, Eq. (2) and Fig. 7(d)] The predicted plasma density profile in Fig. 7(d) is obtained by inserting the simulated on-axis field into the same ADK model, Eq. (2), that was used to convert the target n_p(z) into the design E0(z). This is a consistency check of the design pipeline, not an independent validation of plasma-tailoring capability. This circularity is compounded by the caption of Fig. 9(e), which states that the simulated fluence was scaled to match the measurement; the comparison validates the shape of the on-axis fluence but not the absolute intensity that determines the ionization fraction. An independent measurement of the plasma density ramp is required.
  3. [§4 and App. B] The design assumes in Eq. (2) that the pulse envelope remains unchanged during propagation. The Fourier-optics simulation underlying Fig. 7 propagates each spectral component with the linear vacuum dispersion k_z = sqrt(ω^2/c^2 - k_r^2) (Eq. 37) and does not include intensity-dependent effects. Since the operating intensity is sufficient to ionize the gas, ionization-induced refraction and plasma generation can alter the focusing and the effective ramp. The paper should either include an estimate of the nonlinear propagation length and its effect on the ramp, or clearly restrict the claim to the linear, low-energy regime demonstrated.
minor comments (4)
  1. [§4 vs §5] The simulation in Section 4 uses a Gaussian pulse with FWHM duration of 35 fs, while Section 5 states the laser output is 45 fs FWHM. Please clarify which value corresponds to the experiment and how the difference affects the comparison.
  2. [Fig. 9(e)] The statement 'simulation results have been scaled to match the measurements' is important but the scaling factor is not reported. Reporting absolute fluence values and the scaling factor would strengthen the quantitative comparison.
  3. [§5] The low-power measurement is at 2.7 mJ, while the simulation in Section 4 is run for a 25 mJ pulse (32 mJ with losses). The relation between these energy scales and the normalization used in Fig. 9 should be stated more explicitly.
  4. [Eq. (20)] The floor function in the discretization formula is not clearly typeset; use an explicit floor notation such as \lfloor \cdot \rfloor to avoid ambiguity.

Circularity Check

1 steps flagged · score 4.0 of 10

Optical focusing claim is independently measured, but the simulated plasma-density ramp is a round-trip of the ADK design input rather than an independent prediction.

  1. self definitional [Section 4, Fig. 7(d); design inputs in Section 2 Eq. (2) and Fig. 6(d)]
    "The expected on-axis plasma density, calculated using the ADK expression, is only slightly distorted despite the significant chromatic aberrations in the tandem lenses."

    The design pipeline begins with a target plasma density n_p(z), numerically inverts Eq. (2) (ADK) to obtain E0(z), smooths that field, and computes the lens phases from it. The simulation then propagates the field using the same scalar Bessel-mode/k_z relation used in the design (Eqs. 3-8 and Eq. 37) and converts the propagated E0 back to n_p with the same ADK expression. Thus the predicted density profile is essentially ADK(ADK^{-1}(n_target)) plus small chromatic residuals: agreement with the target is baked in by construction. This is a numerical round-trip, not an independent test of plasma shaping. The only independent experimental check in the paper is the low-power fluence measurement of Fig. 9; the plasma density ramp itself is never measured.

full rationale

The central optical demonstration is externally grounded: a rail camera measured the on-axis fluence at 2.7 mJ, and the shape agrees with the Fourier-optics simulation; the measured Bessel-spot width is within 3.2% of the 60 micron design value. That comparison is not a fit to the data and provides genuine independent support for the lens-design algorithm. The circular element is confined to the simulated plasma-density profile of Fig. 7(d): because the lens phases are derived by inverting the ADK model for a chosen density profile, and the simulation uses the same propagation model and the same ADK model to compute the resulting density, the predicted ramp is a consistency loop rather than a falsifiable prediction. The paper does label this as simulation, not measurement, which softens the issue, but the conclusion leans on this simulation to claim that control of the plasma profile for PWFA is achievable. The high-power plasma is only confirmed via H-alpha emission, not by a density-profile measurement, so nonlinear-propagation effects (Kerr self-focusing, ionization defocusing, pulse depletion, spectral shifting) are an unvalidated risk; that is a correctness concern rather than circularity. Self-citations in the paper are background and are not load-bearing. Taking all this into account, the paper is partially circular only in its simulated plasma-density prediction, while the main optical claim remains independently measured.

Assumptions & free parameters 3 free parameters · 7 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The design rests on seven explicit or implicit assumptions, the most fragile being the unchanged pulse envelope and the ADK inversion that links the target plasma density to the required on-axis field. The free parameters are design choices (spot radius, lens separation, smoothing of the target field) rather than quantities fitted to data. No new physical entities are introduced.

free parameters (3)
  • Smoothed target on-axis field E0(z) = Smoothed version of ADK-derived E0 with taper below 0.5% ionization (Fig. 1c, Fig. 6d)
    The field from the ADK inversion is modified by hand (increasing field in the fully ionized region, tapering to zero) to make the target smooth. This ad hoc smoothing changes the resulting plasma ramp shape and is a free parameter of the design.
  • Bessel spot radius R_b = 60 micrometers (design), 120 micrometers in example
    The target width of the Bessel focus, chosen via Eq. (7), sets the pulse energy requirement and affects how faithfully E0(z) can be reproduced. It is a hand-selected design parameter.
  • Lens separation L = 1 m
    Chosen for the paraxial limit (L >> r_b - r_a) to maximize efficiency (Eq. 29). The value affects the lens phase profiles and the chromatic behavior.
assumptions (7)
  • domain assumption ADK tunneling ionization model
    Used in Eq. (2) to convert electric field to ionization fraction, and in reverse to find E0(z). Cited from Ref. [35]; valid in the tunneling regime (Keldysh parameter << 1).
  • ad hoc to paper Pulse envelope unchanged during propagation
    Stated in Section 2: 'Assuming that the pulse envelope remains unchanged as the pulse propagates'. This is not experimentally validated and is needed to compute the ionization integral.
  • standard math Scalar wave equation and scalar diffraction theory
    Used throughout for Bessel beam decomposition and Fourier optics propagation (Eqs. 3-12, Appendix B).
  • domain assumption Ray optics energy conservation for Lens A amplitude mapping
    Eqs. (13)-(17) use geometric ray mapping and energy conservation to compute the phase of Lens A, neglecting diffraction between the lenses in the design step.
  • ad hoc to paper Monochromatic approximation at the z=0 plane
    Eq. (12) evaluates the required radial field at only omega0 after noting the field is similar for all frequencies. The resulting chromatic error is assessed in Fig. 2 and in simulation.
  • domain assumption Single-electron ionization of H2 with 15.4 eV is the dominant pathway
    Section 4 assumes one electron per H2 molecule is ionized with ionization energy 15.4 eV, citing Ref. [45] for 800 nm, <55 fs pulses.
  • domain assumption Linear propagation of the focused laser through the plasma
    The simulation propagates the field in vacuum-like conditions and then applies ADK locally to get plasma density, ignoring plasma-induced refraction or absorption.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Demonstration of a tandem lens for producing shaped laser-ionized plasmas for plasma wakefield acceleration." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/MDXGQNA5

@misc{pith2026250901747,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Demonstration of a tandem lens for producing shaped laser-ionized plasmas for plasma wakefield acceleration},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/MDXGQNA5}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2509.01747}
}
read the original abstract

We demonstrate a tandem lens optical setup, comprising two diffractive optics, that focuses a high-power ultrafast laser with a shaped on-axis intensity profile, producing a meter-long Bessel focus. The intended use of the optical setup is to produce a laser-ionized plasma source for plasma wakefield acceleration. By controlling the on-axis intensity, the density profile of the plasma ramps at the entrance and exit of the plasma can be tailored to optimize matching of the electron beam into the plasma. In addition to demonstrating the optical system, we describe the algorithm used to calculate the lens phases and present detailed calculations of the lenses' expected performance.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2509.01747 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Calculation of the electric field required to create a longitudinally shaped plasma. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Plasma density error due to neglecting the chromatic dependence of the electric [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Tandem lens system for laser pulse shaping. Lens A shapes the incoming laser [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_3.png] view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (6 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Energy conservation approach for finding the phase of Lens A. The energy [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_4.png]
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Efficiency breakdown of a binary optic tandem lens system using eight-layer [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_5.png]
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Design of the lenses used in the simulations and the experiment. (a) The input [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_6.png]
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Simulated lens performance. (a, b) The field after Lens B for several frequency [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_7.png]
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Experimental setup. A 225 mJ, 45 fs FWHM laser pulse was focused by a pair of tandem lens optics to produce a meter-scale Bessel focus. (a) The focal region was characterized by extracting the leakage light from a steering mirror and scanning a camera (Rail camera) lon…
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Measured lens performance. (a) Simulated fluence in the focal region of the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_9.png]

Discussion (0). Sign in to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

48 extracted references · 46 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    Multi-gev energy gain in a plasma-wakefield accelerator,

    M. J. Hogan, C. D. Barnes, C. E. Clayton,et al., “Multi-gev energy gain in a plasma-wakefield accelerator,” Phys. Rev. Lett.95, 054802 (2005)

    work page 2005

  2. [2]

    Energy doubling of 42 gev electrons in a metre-scale plasma wakefield accelerator,

    I. Blumenfeld, C. E. Clayton, F.-J. Decker,et al., “Energy doubling of 42 gev electrons in a metre-scale plasma wakefield accelerator,” Nature445, 741–744 (2007)

    work page 2007

  3. [3]

    A beam driven plasma-wakefield linear collider: from higgs factory to multi-tev,

    E. Adli, J.-P. Delahaye, S. J. Gessner,et al., “A beam driven plasma-wakefield linear collider: from higgs factory to multi-tev,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1308.1145 (2013)

    arXiv 2013

  4. [4]

    A hybrid, asymmetric, linear higgs factory based on plasma-wakefield and radio-frequency acceleration,

    B. Foster, R. D’Arcy, and C. A. Lindstrøm, “A hybrid, asymmetric, linear higgs factory based on plasma-wakefield and radio-frequency acceleration,” New J. Phys.25, 093037 (2023)

    work page 2023

  5. [5]

    Exploring the quantum universe: Pathways to innovation and discovery in particle physics,

    S. Asai, A. Ballarino, T. Bose,et al., “Exploring the quantum universe: Pathways to innovation and discovery in particle physics,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.19176 (2024)

    arXiv 2024

  6. [6]

    Towards a table-top free-electron laser,

    K. Nakajima, “Towards a table-top free-electron laser,” Nat. Phys.4, 92–93 (2008)

    work page 2008

  7. [7]

    Free-electron lasing at 27 nanometres based on a laser wakefield accelerator,

    W. Wang, K. Feng, L. Ke,et al., “Free-electron lasing at 27 nanometres based on a laser wakefield accelerator,” Nature 595, 516–520 (2021)

    work page 2021

  8. [8]

    Free-electron lasing with compact beam-driven plasma wakefield accelerator,

    R. Pompili, D. Alesini, M. Anania,et al., “Free-electron lasing with compact beam-driven plasma wakefield accelerator,” Nature605, 659–662 (2022)

    work page 2022

Show all 48 references
  1. [9]

    Seeded free-electron laser driven by a compact laser plasma accelerator,

    M. Labat, J. C. Cabadağ, A. Ghaith,et al., “Seeded free-electron laser driven by a compact laser plasma accelerator,” Nat. Photonics17, 150–156 (2023)

    2023

  2. [10]

    Photo-ionized lithium source for plasma accelerator applications,

    P. Muggli, K. Marsh, S. Wang,et al., “Photo-ionized lithium source for plasma accelerator applications,” IEEE Trans. on Plasma Sci.27, 791–799 (1999)

    1999

  3. [11]

    High-efficiency acceleration of an electron beam in a plasma wakefield accelerator,

    M. Litos, E. Adli, W. An,et al., “High-efficiency acceleration of an electron beam in a plasma wakefield accelerator,” Nature 515, 92–95 (2014)

    2014

  4. [12]

    9 gev energy gain in a beam-driven plasma wakefield accelerator,

    M. Litos, E. Adli, J. Allen,et al., “9 gev energy gain in a beam-driven plasma wakefield accelerator,” Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion58, 034017 (2016)

    2016

  5. [13]

    Ionization-induced electron trapping in ultrarelativistic plasma wakes,

    E. Oz, S. Deng, T. Katsouleas,et al., “Ionization-induced electron trapping in ultrarelativistic plasma wakes,” Phys. Rev. Lett.98, 084801 (2007)

    2007

  6. [14]

    Evidence for high-energy and low-emittance electron beams using ionization injection of charge in a plasma wakefield accelerator,

    N. Vafaei-Najafabadi, W. An, C. Clayton,et al., “Evidence for high-energy and low-emittance electron beams using ionization injection of charge in a plasma wakefield accelerator,” Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion58, 034009 (2016)

    2016

  7. [15]

    Energy-spread preservation and high efficiency in a plasma-wakefield accelerator,

    J. Garland, G. Boyle, P. Gonzalezet al., “Energy-spread preservation and high efficiency in a plasma-wakefield accelerator,” Phys. Rev. Lett.126, 014801 (2021)

    2021

  8. [16]

    Emittancepreservationinaplasma-wakefieldaccelerator,

    C.Lindstrøm,J.Beinortait ˙e,J.BjörklundSvensson, etal.,“Emittancepreservationinaplasma-wakefieldaccelerator,” Nat. Commun.15, 6097 (2024)

    2024

  9. [17]

    Energy depletion and re-acceleration of driver electrons in a plasma-wakefield accelerator,

    F. Peña, C. A. Lindstrøm, J. Beinortait˙e, et al., “Energy depletion and re-acceleration of driver electrons in a plasma-wakefield accelerator,” Phys. Rev. Res.6, 043090 (2024)

    2024

  10. [18]

    Generation and acceleration of electron bunches from a plasma photocathode,

    A. Deng, O. Karger, T. Heinemann,et al., “Generation and acceleration of electron bunches from a plasma photocathode,” Nat. Phys.15, 1156–1160 (2019)

    2019

  11. [19]

    Physics of phase space matching for staging plasma and traditional accelerator components using longitudinally tailored plasma profiles,

    X. Xu, J. Hua, Y. Wu,et al., “Physics of phase space matching for staging plasma and traditional accelerator components using longitudinally tailored plasma profiles,” Phys. Rev. Lett.116, 124801 (2016)

    2016

  12. [20]

    Beam emittance preservation using gaussian density ramps in a beam-driven plasma wakefield accelerator,

    M. Litos, R. Ariniello, C. Doss,et al., “Beam emittance preservation using gaussian density ramps in a beam-driven plasma wakefield accelerator,” Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. A377, 20180181 (2019)

    2019

  13. [21]

    Transverse beam dynamics in a plasma density ramp,

    R. Ariniello, C. Doss, K. Hunt-Stone,et al., “Transverse beam dynamics in a plasma density ramp,” Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 22, 041304 (2019)

    2019

  14. [22]

    Emittance preservation through density ramp matching sections in a plasma wakefield accelerator,

    Y. Zhao, W. An, X. Xu,et al., “Emittance preservation through density ramp matching sections in a plasma wakefield accelerator,” Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams23, 011302 (2020)

    2020

  15. [23]

    Chromatic transverse dynamics in a nonlinear plasma accelerator,

    R. Ariniello, C. Doss, V. Lee,et al., “Chromatic transverse dynamics in a nonlinear plasma accelerator,” Phys. Rev. Res. 4, 043120 (2022)

    2022

  16. [24]

    Dissipation of electron-beam-driven plasma wakes,

    R. Zgadzaj, T. Silva, V. Khudyakov,et al., “Dissipation of electron-beam-driven plasma wakes,” Nat. Commun.11, 4753 (2020)

    2020

  17. [25]

    Direct observation of plasma waves and dynamics induced by laser-accelerated electron beams,

    M. Gilljohann, A. Döpp, J. Götzfried,et al., “Direct observation of plasma waves and dynamics induced by laser-accelerated electron beams,” Phys. Rev. X9, 011046 (2019)

    2019

  18. [26]

    Temporal evolution of the light emitted by a thin, laser-ionized plasma source,

    V. Lee, R. Ariniello, C. Doss,et al., “Temporal evolution of the light emitted by a thin, laser-ionized plasma source,” Phys. Plasmas31 (2024)

    2024

  19. [27]

    Tunable bessel light modes: engineering the axial propagation,

    T. Čižmár and K. Dholakia, “Tunable bessel light modes: engineering the axial propagation,” Opt. Express17, 15558 (2009)

    2009

  20. [28]

    Tunable bessel beam shaping for robust atmospheric optical communication,

    Z. Lu, Z. Guo, M. Fan,et al., “Tunable bessel beam shaping for robust atmospheric optical communication,” J. Light. Technol. 40, 5097–5106 (2022)

    2022

  21. [29]

    Attenuation-free non-diffracting bessel beams,

    Q. Fontaine, H. Hu, S. Pigeon,et al., “Attenuation-free non-diffracting bessel beams,” Opt. Express27, 30067–30080 (2019)

    2019

  22. [30]

    Non-diffractingandself-acceleratingbesselbeamswithon-demandtailoredintensity profiles along arbitrary trajectories,

    W.Yan,Y.Gao,Z.Yuan, etal.,“Non-diffractingandself-acceleratingbesselbeamswithon-demandtailoredintensity profiles along arbitrary trajectories,” Opt. Lett.46, 1494–1497 (2021)

    2021

  23. [31]

    Arbitraryshapingofon-axisamplitudeoffemtosecondbesselbeams with a single phase-only spatial light modulator,

    I.Ouadghiri-Idrissi,R.Giust,L.Froehly, etal.,“Arbitraryshapingofon-axisamplitudeoffemtosecondbesselbeams with a single phase-only spatial light modulator,” Opt. Express24, 11495 (2016)

    2016

  24. [32]

    Tandem systems for efficient generation of uniform-axial-intensity bessel fields,

    M. Honkanen and J. Turunen, “Tandem systems for efficient generation of uniform-axial-intensity bessel fields,” Opt. Commun. 154, 368 (1998)

    1998

  25. [33]

    Diffractive optics for axial intensity shaping of bessel beams,

    R. Dharmavarapu, S. Bhattacharya, and S. Juodkazis, “Diffractive optics for axial intensity shaping of bessel beams,” J. Opt.20, 085606 (2018)

    2018

  26. [34]

    Experimental investigation of strong-field-ionization theories for laser fields from visible to midinfrared frequencies,

    Y. H. Lai, J. Xu, U. B. Szafruga,et al., “Experimental investigation of strong-field-ionization theories for laser fields from visible to midinfrared frequencies,” Phys. Rev. A96, 063417 (2017)

    2017

  27. [35]

    Tunnel ionization of complex atoms and of atomic ions in an alternating electromagnetic field,

    M. Ammosov, N. Delone, and V. Krainov, “Tunnel ionization of complex atoms and of atomic ions in an alternating electromagnetic field,” Sov. Phys. JETP64, 1191 (1986)

    1986

  28. [36]

    Ionization of atoms in an alternating electric field,

    A. Perelomov, V. Popov, and M. Terent’Ev, “Ionization of atoms in an alternating electric field,” Sov. Phys. JETP23, 924 (1966)

    1966

  29. [37]

    Nonparaxial design of generalized axicons,

    J. Sochacki, A. Kołodziejczyk, Z. Jaroszewicz, and S. Bara, “Nonparaxial design of generalized axicons,” Appl. Opt. 31, 5326 (1992)

    1992

  30. [38]

    Demonstration of a positron beam-driven hollow channel plasma wakefield accelerator,

    S. Gessner, E. Adli, J. M. Allen,et al., “Demonstration of a positron beam-driven hollow channel plasma wakefield accelerator,” Nat. Commun.7, 11785 (2016)

    2016

  31. [39]

    G. J. Swansonet al., Binary optics technology: the theory and design of multi-level diffractive optical elements, vol. 854 (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lincoln Laboratory Cambridge, MA, USA, 1989)

    1989

  32. [40]

    Born and E

    M. Born and E. Wolf,Principles of optics: electromagnetic theory of propagation, interference and diffraction of light (Elsevier, 2013)

    2013

  33. [41]

    Binary optics technology: theoretical limits on the diffraction efficiency of multilevel diffractive optical elements,

    G. J. Swanson, “Binary optics technology: theoretical limits on the diffraction efficiency of multilevel diffractive optical elements,” (1991)

    1991

  34. [42]

    Optical performance of holographic kinoforms,

    D. A. Buralli, G. M. Morris, and J. R. Rogers, “Optical performance of holographic kinoforms,” Appl. Opt.28, 976–983 (1989)

    1989

  35. [43]

    Computation of quasi-discrete hankel transforms of integer order for propagating optical wave fields,

    M. Guizar-Sicairos and J. C. Gutiérrez-Vega, “Computation of quasi-discrete hankel transforms of integer order for propagating optical wave fields,” JOSA A21, 53–58 (2004)

    2004

  36. [44]

    Axiparabola: anewtoolforhigh-intensityoptics,

    K.Oubrerie,I.A.Andriyash,R.Lahaye, etal.,“Axiparabola: anewtoolforhigh-intensityoptics,”J.Opt. 24,045503 (2022)

    2022

  37. [45]

    Cross-polarized common-path temporal interferometry for high-sensitivity strong-field ionization measurements,

    Z. Nie, N. Nambu, K. A. Marsh,et al., “Cross-polarized common-path temporal interferometry for high-sensitivity strong-field ionization measurements,” Opt. Express30, 25696–25706 (2022)

    2022

  38. [46]

    Facet-ii facility for advanced accelerator experimental tests,

    V. Yakimenko, L. Alsberg, E. Bong,et al., “Facet-ii facility for advanced accelerator experimental tests,” Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams22, 101301 (2019)

    2019

  39. [47]

    Laser ionized preformed plasma at facet,

    S. Green, E. Adli, C. Clarke,et al., “Laser ionized preformed plasma at facet,” Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion56, 084011 (2014)

    2014

  40. [48]

    Wakefield generation in hydrogen and lithium plasmas at facet-ii: Diagnostics and first beam-plasma interaction results,

    D. Storey, C. Zhang, P. San Miguel Claveria,et al., “Wakefield generation in hydrogen and lithium plasmas at facet-ii: Diagnostics and first beam-plasma interaction results,” Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams27, 051302 (2024)

    2024

Pith tools

Reviewed August 5, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.