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The separate-universe approach and sudden transitions during inflation

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arxiv 2311.03281 v2 pith:OPYQW37L submitted 2023-11-06 astro-ph.CO

classification astro-ph.CO
keywords inflationseparate-universeapproachscalestransitionduringevolutionfinite
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abstract

The separate-universe approach gives an intuitive way to understand the evolution of cosmological perturbations in the long-wavelength limit. It uses solutions of the spatially-homogeneous equations of motion to model the evolution of the inhomogeneous universe on large scales. We show that the separate-universe approach fails on a finite range of super-Hubble scales at a sudden transition from slow roll to ultra-slow roll during inflation in the very early universe. Such transitions are a feature of inflation models giving a large enhancement in the primordial power spectrum on small scales, necessary to produce primordial black holes after inflation. We show that the separate-universe approach still works in a piece-wise fashion, before and after the transition, but spatial gradients on finite scales require a discontinuity in the homogeneous solution at the transition. We discuss the implications for the $\delta N$ formalism and stochastic inflation, which employ the separate-universe approximation.

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Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. When inflationary perturbations refuse to classicalise: the role of non-Gaussianity in Wigner negativity

    gr-qc 2026-01 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    In ultra-slow-roll inflation, the Wigner function of the inflationary Goldstone field becomes negative and its negativity grows with the scale factor squared, so the perturbations do not automatically become classical.

  2. Friction in Stochastic Inflation

    astro-ph.CO 2025-11 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

    Adding a constant drift to time-reversed stochastic inflation in a flat potential yields an exact curvature distribution with exponential tails; forward and reverse delta-N formalisms differ by a factor of two in the ...

  3. How Dilatation Invariance Suppresses Loop Corrections to Curvature Perturbations on CMB Scales

    astro-ph.CO 2026-08 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Dilatation invariance forces the non-linear curvature perturbation on super-Hubble scales to depend only on the decaying/growing mode, suppressing loop corrections to the CMB power spectrum even with sharp transitions.

  4. $\delta n$ formalism: A new formulation for the probability density of the curvature perturbation

    astro-ph.CO 2025-05 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A reformulation of the δN formalism that counts e-folds forward and exploits the superhorizon correlation between field and velocity to express the curvature perturbation PDF as a one-dimensional change of variables.

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