On the Performance of Pinching-Antenna Systems (PASS) with Orthogonal and Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access

Chongjun Ouyang; George K. Karagiannidis; Yanyu Cheng; Yuanwei Liu

REVIEW 1 major objections 6 minor 25 references

On the Performance of Pinching-Antenna Systems (PASS) with Orthogonal and Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access

T0 review · 1 major / 6 minor · reviewed 2026-08-07 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read One movable pinching antenna reduces outage for the line-of-sight user while leaving the non-line-of-sight user's diversity order unchanged.

desk verdict Fresh two-room outage analysis for pinching antennas, but the OMA equations don't match the stated PA placement, so the 'slightly degraded NLoS' claim is not yet established. read the letter →

arxiv 2506.02420 v1 pith:PJ54XHJI submitted 2025-06-03 eess.SP

Yanyu Cheng , Chongjun Ouyang , Yuanwei Liu , George K. Karagiannidis This is my paper

classification eess.SP

keywords pinching-antennasystemsnon-orthogonalmultipleaccessorthogonaloutageprobabilitydiversityorderline-of-sightlinknon-line-of-sightmovableantenna

verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper asks whether a single movable antenna on a ceiling waveguide can serve two users in separate rooms, one with a direct line of sight and one without, under time-sharing (OMA) and power-domain NOMA. The answer it argues for is yes, but with an asymmetry: moving the antenna to the line-of-sight user's position lowers that user's outage probability substantially compared with a fixed antenna at the room center, while the blocked user's outage is only slightly affected and keeps the same diversity order. To make the case, the paper derives closed-form outage probabilities for both users in both access schemes, adds high-SNR approximations that expose the diversity orders, and confirms the formulas by simulation. The finding matters because waveguides are expensive enough that not every room will have one, so a practical pinching-antenna deployment needs to know what happens to users beyond the line-of-sight service area.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing machinery is a set of distance-statistic distributions. Lemmas 1 and 2 give the squared-distance distributions from the fixed center antenna to the two users; Lemmas 3 and 4 give the corresponding distributions from the pinching antenna, which is always placed at $\psi_1^{\mathrm{pin}} = [x_1,0,d]$. Because the line-of-sight link has no fading, its outage probability is the CDF of the squared distance evaluated at a threshold; because the non-line-of-sight link is Rayleigh, its outage probability is an integral of the exponential fading CDF against the distance PDF. The high-SNR propositions expand the exponential term and keep the first-order term, which is what yields diversity order one for the non-line-of-sight user and zero outage for the line-of-sight user at sufficiently high SNR.

What would settle it

In the two-room geometry with $D=20$ m, $d=5$ m, and $\alpha=6$, simulate the non-line-of-sight user's outage at high SNR while sweeping the pinching antenna's x-coordinate across the waveguide; if some position away from the line-of-sight user's x-coordinate makes that user's outage drop appreciably below the paper's PASS curve, or makes the gap to the fixed-antenna system grow with SNR rather than vanish, then the claim that antenna movement barely affects the NLoS user is not the whole story.

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Extended reading notes

Core claim

On the paper's own terms, the central discovery is that the line-of-sight user's outage in a pinching-antenna system is a purely geometric event: because there is no small-scale fading on that link, the user is in outage only when the squared distance from the pinching antenna exceeds a threshold set by the SNR, target rate, and carrier frequency. Moving the antenna to the user's x-coordinate makes the distance distribution concentrate near $d^2$, so the outage probability can be driven exactly to zero beyond a finite SNR threshold. For the non-line-of-sight user, Rayleigh fading makes the outage probability an average of an exponential tail over the distance distribution, and the high-SNR expansion gives $P \approx c\rho^{-1}$, so the diversity order is one whether the antenna is fixed or moved. Theorems 1 through 4 give the exact closed-form outage expressions, and Propositions 1 through 4 give the asymptotic coefficients that expose the diversity orders.

Load-bearing premise

The analysis assumes the pinching antenna is always moved to the line-of-sight user's x-coordinate, and that same placement is used for the non-line-of-sight user's link, without optimizing or justifying the choice.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

In both OMA and NOMA, a single movable pinching antenna reduces the line-of-sight user's outage probability relative to a fixed center antenna, with the largest reduction in the middle SNR regime.
The non-line-of-sight user's outage probability keeps diversity order one in both fixed and pinching systems, and the difference between the two is on the order of $\rho^{-1}$, vanishing as the SNR grows.
In the pinching-antenna system, NOMA still delivers the familiar fairness trade: the line-of-sight user is slightly worse than under OMA while the non-line-of-sight user is better.
The closed-form expressions are computationally light, with Chebyshev-Gauss quadrature at $n=100$ nodes giving a negligible approximation error.
The performance gain of the pinching antenna over the fixed antenna is maximized in the middle SNR regime and shifts with room size without changing the diversity order.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

The paper fixes the antenna at the line-of-sight user's x-coordinate for all schemes; an optimization over antenna position for the non-line-of-sight user might turn the reported slight degradation into an improvement, or expose a trade-off that the paper's one-dimensional comparison does not capture.
Because the non-line-of-sight user's outage has diversity order one, adding a second pinching antenna and selecting the better one would likely raise that diversity order to two; this is a direct but unexamined consequence of the distance-averaging mechanism.
For fixed-rate traffic, the paper's formulas imply that system reliability at high SNR is governed almost entirely by the non-line-of-sight tail, so the simple $c\rho^{-1}$ asymptotics could be used to dimension transmit power without full Monte-Carlo simulation.

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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Desk Editor's Note

read the letter

Short version: the paper gives a genuinely new outage analysis for a two-room pinching-antenna setup with one LoS and one NLoS user, and the Monte Carlo matches the formulas. But the OMA analysis does not do what the model says it does, and that undermines the headline claim that NLoS users are only slightly affected.

What's new: the distance statistics for a PA at U1's x-coordinate serving U2 in an adjacent room (Lemmas 3 and 4) are new, and the diversity-order results (all diversity-one for NLoS, zero asymptotic OP for LoS) are correct and cleanly derived. The quadrature expressions are honest numerical integration, though calling them closed-form is a stretch. The paper is also careful to validate against simulation.

The soft spots, in order of importance. First, Section II-B says the PA moves to the closest position for the served user, but for OMA slot 2 the analysis keeps the PA at U1's x-coordinate. For U2 the closest waveguide point is x=D/2, which gives a different distance distribution with much smaller maximum separation. So the U2 outage probability in Theorem 3 is not the outage of the described system, and the comparison in Corollary 5 (and the 'slightly degraded' claim) is an artifact of a fixed, suboptimal placement. For NOMA the placement is a choice, but the paper never justifies x1 or explores the tradeoff; the same claim is therefore not robust. Second, the NOMA outage for U1 ignores the SIC decoding condition: the event should require both R_{1,2} and R_1 above threshold. In the stated parameter regime this is probably numerically minor, but it should be stated and checked. Third, there are typos in Propositions 3 and 4 (the 'becomes zero' statements refer to U1, not U2). None of this destroys the diversity-order conclusion, which comes from the Rayleigh fading and is solid.

Who is this for? Researchers working on pinching-antenna performance analysis; it is a useful reference for the two-room geometry. It deserves a serious referee, but it needs revision first: rewrite the OMA slot-2 analysis with the correct placement, fix the SIC condition, and soften the 'slightly affected' claim to 'for the considered placement.'

Referee Report

1 major / 6 minor

Summary. This paper analyzes the outage probability of a pinching-antenna system (PASS) with one waveguide and one pinching antenna serving two users in separate rooms: U1 in the same room as the waveguide over a line-of-sight (LoS) link, and U2 in an adjacent obstructed room over a non-line-of-sight (NLoS) link. The authors derive distance distributions for the fixed-antenna (CASS) and pinching-antenna cases, then give outage-probability expressions for OMA and NOMA, together with high-SNR asymptotics that yield diversity orders. Monte Carlo simulations in Figures 2-4 match the analytical curves as written. The paper concludes that PASS significantly improves U1's outage probability compared with CASS, while U2's outage probability has the same diversity order and is only slightly affected by antenna movement.

Significance. If the analysis is corrected, the paper would provide a useful outage-probability framework for PASS deployments in which waveguides are too expensive to install in every room, a realistic limitation of the PASS concept. The Monte Carlo validation of the derived expressions is a strength, and the derivations are standard with no fitted parameters. However, the central comparative claim about U2 is currently tied to a placement assumption that contradicts the stated OMA protocol, so the main conclusion about 'slight degradation' of the NLoS user is not yet established. The diversity-order results are likely robust because they follow from Rayleigh fading, but the outage levels and the direction of the PASS-versus-CASS comparison for U2 are placement-dependent.

major comments (1)

[Section II-B1, Eqs. (8)-(9), Lemma 4, Theorem 3] For NOMA, the PA is fixed at ψ_pin_1 = [x1, 0, d] for both users without any optimization or justification. Since the PA location determines the path-loss distribution of the NLoS U2 link through Lemma 4, the conclusion that PA movement has 'no significant effect' on U2 is not established; a placement near x = D/2 would trade a small LoS U1 gain for a substantial U2 path-loss reduction. The paper should either optimize the PA position for the joint NOMA link, justify x1 as the operating point on physical grounds (e.g., NOMA fairness), or restrict the 'slightly affected' claim to that specific placement and show how the result depends on the placement.

minor comments (6)

[Proposition 3] The threshold for PPin,OMA1 to become zero is stated as ρ ≥ (D^4/2 + d^2)(2M Rbar - 1)/η, but the correct threshold based on Lemma 3 and Eq. (37) should use D^2/4 + d^2, not D^4/2.
[Appendix D, Eq. (D.4)] The variable substitution in Appendix D is written as z = D^2/8 t + 3D^2/8, but the integrands and the preceding derivation use z = D^2/8 t + D^2/8 + d^2. This appears to be a typographical error that should be fixed.
[Appendix C, Eq. (C.3)] The display equation (C.3) contains garbled symbols and missing offsets: the terms √̺ and √ς are used without being properly defined in that equation, and several expressions in Lemma 4 (ℓ, ∂, κ, ̺, τ, ς) are difficult to parse. The typesetting of the piecewise PDF/CDF and of the quadrature integrands should be carefully proofread.
[Eqs. (49) and (51)] The performance-gain expressions are written as functions of an undefined variable z. Since the gains depend on the threshold a or b through FZ1, the argument should be defined explicitly to make the piecewise formulas interpretable.
[Corollaries 5-6 and Section V-B] The statement that the U2 outage difference is 'miniscule' is made from the first-order asymptotic difference Δ∞ ∝ ρ^-1, and Figures 6(b) and 8(b) plot only the asymptotic difference. The finite-SNR U2 outage difference is not shown, so the 'slightly degraded' wording should be explicitly qualified to the high-SNR regime unless finite-SNR curves are provided.
[Abstract and Theorems 1-4] The expressions described as 'closed-form' are Chebyshev-Gauss quadrature sums whose accuracy depends on the chosen number of nodes n. Calling them closed-form is misleading; the abstract and contributions should describe them as semi-analytical approximations with a controllable quadrature error. This does not affect the simulation validation, which is a strength of the paper.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the outage derivations are self-contained and the self-citations are background only.

full rationale

The central derivation chain in Theorems 1-4 and Propositions 1-4 is self-contained: each outage probability is computed as Pr(R < Rbar) from the stated spherical-wave LoS model and Rayleigh-faded NLoS model, using the distance distributions of Lemmas 1-4. No parameter is fitted to data or to a target outage value; the Chebyshev-Gauss sums are numerical integration of the derived integrals, not calibration, and the Monte Carlo simulations independently verify the resulting expressions. The high-SNR diversity-order claims are obtained by expanding the exponential factors and retaining the dominant rho^{-1} term, so they are consequences rather than assumptions. Self-citations such as [2] for PASS background or [13] for the standard NOMA fairness condition alpha1<alpha2 are not load-bearing for the paper's new formulas. The 'slightly degraded' NLoS-user conclusion follows from comparing the derived asymptotic constants (e.g., Corollaries 5-6 and Eqs. (50), (52)), not from any imposed equality. A skeptical concern that the PA is fixed at U1's x-coordinate when analyzing U2 is a modeling/placement-optimality limitation, not a circular reduction of the paper's derivations to their inputs.

Assumptions & free parameters 2 free parameters · 5 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on standard stochastic geometry and fading models. No new physical entity is introduced, and no parameter is fitted to data. The only hand-chosen values are conventional system parameters such as path-loss exponent and power allocation.

free parameters (2)

Path-loss exponent alpha for NLoS link = 6
Chosen in Table I for the non-line-of-sight path-loss model; it shifts the outage constants but does not change the diversity order.
NOMA power allocation coefficients = alpha1=0.1, alpha2=0.9
Set for user fairness in Table I; the NOMA outage expressions and the implicit SIC condition depend on these values.

assumptions (5)

domain assumption NLoS links follow Rayleigh fading with unit-mean exponential power
Used in all U2 outage derivations, starting in Section II-A, Eq. (2), and in the appendices.
domain assumption LoS links are deterministic with free-space path loss and no small-scale fading
Used for U1 in both CASS and PASS, Eqs. (1) and (8).
domain assumption Users are uniformly distributed in square rooms
Justifies the distance PDFs and CDFs in Lemmas 1 through 4.
standard math Chebyshev-Gauss quadrature with n nodes approximates the integrals with negligible error
Used to evaluate the outage integrals in Theorems 1 through 4; the paper states n=100 gives error near 10^-10.
domain assumption For NOMA, U1 decodes U2's signal first and SIC is perfect
The rate expressions in Eqs. (5)-(7) and (10)-(12) assume this decoding order.

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Pith. "Pith review of On the Performance of Pinching-Antenna Systems (PASS) with Orthogonal and Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/PJ54XHJI

@misc{pith2026250602420,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: On the Performance of Pinching-Antenna Systems (PASS) with Orthogonal and Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/PJ54XHJI}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2506.02420}
}

read the original abstract

This paper conducts a comprehensive performance analysis for pinching-antenna systems (PASS) under both orthogonal multiple access (OMA) and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) transmission. Given the cost of waveguides, we consider a scenario where the waveguide is not deployed in all rooms, i.e., some users are beyond the line-of-sight (LoS) link service area of the PASS. Specifically, we consider a PASS where a pinching antenna in one room serves two users located in separate rooms. The wireless transmissions between the pinching antenna and the users are performed via LoS and non-line-of-sight (NLoS) links, respectively. Closed-form expressions for the outage probabilities (OPs) of the two users are derived for the considered system. Furthermore, asymptotic analyses in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime are performed to reveal the achievable diversity orders. Numerical simulations validate the accuracy of the theoretical analysis and show that: 1) compared with conventional antenna systems (CASS), the OP of the LoS user in PASS is significantly reduced for both OMA and NOMA schemes in the middle SNR regime and approaches zero as the SNR increases; 2) since the diversity orders of the NLoS user in CASS and PASS are the same, the movement of the pinching antenna has no significant effect on the OP of the NLoS user for the OMA and NOMA scenarios.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2506.02420 by the authors.

**Figure 1.** The considered PASS with two users. • Considering the uniform distribution of users and the small-scale fading of the NLoS path, we derive the closed-form expressions for the OPs of all cases. • To gain further insight, we derive the asymptotic approximations of the OPs at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to obtain diversity orders. • The analytical and simulation results show that the PASS exhibit superior perform… view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** OPs of the CASS and PASS with NOMA. 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 SNR (dB) 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 OP NOMA-Analytical NOMA-Simulation NOMA-Asymptotic OMA-Analytical OMA-Simulation OMA-Asymptotic U2 U1 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_3.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 2.** OPs of the CASS and PASS with OMA. A. OPs of the CASS and PASS In [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_2.png] view at source ↗

Figures from the paper (3 more)

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: OP comparison for OMA and NOMA in the PASS. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_4.png]

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: The difference of U1’s OPs in the CASS and PASS with OMA. 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 SNR (dB) 10-6 10-4 10-2 100 OP Pin-Analytical Pin-Simulation Conv-Analytical Conv-Simulation 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 SNR (dB) 10-4 10-3 10-2 Analytical Simulation D=20m D=…

**Figure 8.** Figure 8: The difference of the high-SNR approximations of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_8.png]

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