Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora

As of 19 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 80 of 80 outbound references and 7 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2412.05149.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2412.05149 v1

Coverage vector

measured 80 of 80 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-11T20:54:48.870236Z

measured 87 of 87 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00

measured 7 of 7 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-10T17:01:28.022345Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-05-11T11:56:19.367802Z

Reference resolution

80 of 80 outbound references displayed

verified exact2
verified fuzzy1
unresolved77
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External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

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Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora URL: " 'urlintro :=

Reference 1

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Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora write newline

Reference 2

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Observation d81c9049-4d19-4a24-b190-c26c802f92b5 · outbound

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Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Unresolved cited work

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Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Lawrence Zitnick, and Devi Parikh

Reference 4

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Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Unresolved cited work

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Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora FairyTailor: A Multimodal Generative Framework for Storytelling

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Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora On the Properties of Neural Machine Translation: Encoder-Decoder Approaches

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Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Unresolved cited work

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Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora TinyStories: How Small Can Language Models Be and Still Speak Coherent English?

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Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Unresolved cited work

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Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Unresolved cited work

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Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Unresolved cited work

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Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora A standardized Project Gutenberg corpus for statistical analysis of natural language and quantitative linguistics

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Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Richards, Steven F

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Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Godfrey, E.C

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Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Textbooks Are All You Need

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Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora The Goldilocks Principle: Reading Children's Books with Explicit Memory Representations

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Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Network

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Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Huebner and Jon A

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Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora The Platonic Representation Hypothesis

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Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Elements of World Knowledge (EWoK): A Cognition-Inspired Framework for Evaluating Basic World Knowledge in Language Models

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Observation 58e04d17-ead0-42ad-a28a-837267adfeb8 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Unresolved cited work

Reference 57

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T20:54:49.918873Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation f54b483a-3287-4f50-a1a5-9189f39439aa · outbound

This paper cites Nguyen, and Katrin Kirchhoff.

Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Nguyen, and Katrin Kirchhoff

Reference 58

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Observation dea4fed4-e870-4278-a9b2-46bc9deae467 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Unresolved cited work

Reference 59

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T20:54:49.902443Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 9972d7a6-4088-4024-a9c4-0de050f91690 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Unresolved cited work

Reference 60

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2bf08e77-a061-4251-abe1-64174aa84286 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Unresolved cited work

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation dd6395ae-c2e3-40ad-a6ee-2a6c8a262080 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Unresolved cited work

Reference 62

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T20:54:49.886021Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 6263eb93-5019-4b32-8def-67343a67d250 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Unresolved cited work

Reference 63

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T20:54:49.869364Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 5d25b9a4-b4b8-440f-a860-054c9d292456 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Unresolved cited work

Reference 64

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1c270b6f-7ea5-4e52-81d6-63d214c9f16f · outbound

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Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora DevBench: A multimodal developmental benchmark for language learning

Reference 65

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T20:54:48.793465Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a37a016b-ee50-4148-93e9-98d1446599f1 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Unresolved cited work

Reference 66

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T20:54:49.843065Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 40afab2d-54a5-4eff-b404-1d9b12d0fe08 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Unresolved cited work

Reference 67

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T20:54:49.827263Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 8eebecb3-bfa2-4afd-afb1-6d362c148132 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Unresolved cited work

Reference 68

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T20:54:49.811610Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation a398ab92-1e86-4018-a037-a00ac84db8f5 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Unresolved cited work

Reference 69

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T20:54:49.795137Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 4165cef6-d070-4b92-97d4-c191d8006bf4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Unresolved cited work

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Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T20:54:48.817562Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1b79cbca-1395-4098-8887-e970cba0ba55 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Unresolved cited work

Reference 71

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T20:54:49.777861Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation d3db5751-cd91-49e9-8f7b-9cfe5c0675b9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Unresolved cited work

Reference 73

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T20:54:48.831279Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 81e0be20-7ded-4a4d-85cb-a94581648dc5 · outbound

This paper cites GIT: A Generative Image-to-text Transformer for Vision and Language.

Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora GIT: A Generative Image-to-text Transformer for Vision and Language

Reference 74

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T20:54:48.835838Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 36c41be2-c25b-4340-95a1-fe9ac0e05d1b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Unresolved cited work

Reference 75

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T20:54:48.841030Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a79e411c-f606-4967-a2d6-29c440fe98a0 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Unresolved cited work

Reference 76

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T20:54:48.845710Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ea29c232-340f-413e-8564-1af0916f2b17 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Unresolved cited work

Reference 77

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T20:54:49.762114Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation e4a45dfa-07fe-4c44-99ea-d298e56f4e9b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Unresolved cited work

Reference 78

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T20:54:49.746261Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation f6b7f52c-2011-4b8d-a806-66255c4853aa · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Unresolved cited work

Reference 79

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T20:54:49.730458Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 000230d2-9adb-4e60-b807-9f71128ba29f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Unresolved cited work

Reference 80

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T20:54:49.714542Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation bc0b18aa-db7a-4812-843a-143129ccac85 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora Unresolved cited work

Reference 81

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T20:54:48.870236Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation d1282e2b-c6ab-4670-8eae-96e197523dcb · inbound

The potential -- and the pitfalls -- of using pre-trained language models as cognitive science theories cites this paper.

The potential -- and the pitfalls -- of using pre-trained language models as cognitive science theories Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora

Reference 41

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T17:01:28.022345Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 19e74139-6de6-4c6e-a948-673a6d49d24f · inbound

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Spontaneous Speech Variables for Evaluating LLMs Cognitive Plausibility Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora

Reference 29

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation de485d5f-83eb-45d1-80a1-984e362c6066 · inbound

Pre-Training Curriculum for Multi-Token Prediction in Language Models cites this paper.

Pre-Training Curriculum for Multi-Token Prediction in Language Models Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora

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Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:06:34.434972Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e03c4073-6aa3-44e0-b77b-0ba227b9440b · inbound

Influence-driven Curriculum Learning for Pre-training on Limited Data cites this paper.

Influence-driven Curriculum Learning for Pre-training on Limited Data Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T17:56:34.763215Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d9a985a3-f1e4-4ac2-af5e-9bfabdc2f79d · inbound

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? cites this paper.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.011054Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2c81ff9c-fe2e-4f4f-a20e-d575984978ef · inbound

Heterogeneity in Formal Linguistic Competence of Language Models: Is Data the Real Bottleneck? cites this paper.

Heterogeneity in Formal Linguistic Competence of Language Models: Is Data the Real Bottleneck? Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora

Reference 8

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-10T11:05:09.426285Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 8f9535dc-a041-4ef9-877f-4b6ae1e0694b · inbound

ESsEN: Training Compact Discriminative Vision-Language Transformers in a Low-Resource Setting cites this paper.

ESsEN: Training Compact Discriminative Vision-Language Transformers in a Low-Resource Setting Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora

Reference 28

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-11T11:56:19.417820Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.