Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Treatment effect estimation by comparing observed and predicted outcomes: conditions for valid inference and practical illustration

As of 8 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 25 of 25 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2511.21266.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2511.21266 v2

Coverage vector

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Reference resolution

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External citation measurements

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Outbound references

Observation 21a71eab-8599-4959-af88-1fe7a71d86b6 · outbound

This paper cites Randomised controlled trials—the gold standard for effectiveness research.

Treatment effect estimation by comparing observed and predicted outcomes: conditions for valid inference and practical illustration Randomised controlled trials—the gold standard for effectiveness research

Reference 1

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This paper cites Defining the role of real-world data in cancer clinical research: The position of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer.

Treatment effect estimation by comparing observed and predicted outcomes: conditions for valid inference and practical illustration Defining the role of real-world data in cancer clinical research: The position of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer

Reference 2

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Observation 284ea4b3-5e85-405f-bef4-0dd17bb2048a · outbound

This paper cites Clinical Trial Strategies to Compare Protons With Pho- tons.

Treatment effect estimation by comparing observed and predicted outcomes: conditions for valid inference and practical illustration Clinical Trial Strategies to Compare Protons With Pho- tons

Reference 4

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This paper cites Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2020.isbn: 1-4200-7616-7.

Treatment effect estimation by comparing observed and predicted outcomes: conditions for valid inference and practical illustration Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2020.isbn: 1-4200-7616-7

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Observation 18a87778-3bb7-4d0c-ae3c-4c198a2507eb · outbound

This paper cites Generalizing causal inferences from individuals in randomized trials to all trial-eligible individuals.

Treatment effect estimation by comparing observed and predicted outcomes: conditions for valid inference and practical illustration Generalizing causal inferences from individuals in randomized trials to all trial-eligible individuals

Reference 6

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Treatment effect estimation by comparing observed and predicted outcomes: conditions for valid inference and practical illustration Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

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Observation bd465ebf-4fb0-4b52-a897-f67a2f14af5f · outbound

This paper cites Reduced radiation- induced toxicity by using proton therapy for the treatment of oropharyngeal cancer.

Treatment effect estimation by comparing observed and predicted outcomes: conditions for valid inference and practical illustration Reduced radiation- induced toxicity by using proton therapy for the treatment of oropharyngeal cancer

Reference 8

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This paper cites Modeling the Potential Benefits of Proton Therapy for Patients With Oropharyngeal Head and Neck Cancer.

Treatment effect estimation by comparing observed and predicted outcomes: conditions for valid inference and practical illustration Modeling the Potential Benefits of Proton Therapy for Patients With Oropharyngeal Head and Neck Cancer

Reference 9

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This paper cites A Model-Based Approach to Predict Short-Term Toxicity Benefits With Proton Therapy for Oropharyngeal Cancer.

Treatment effect estimation by comparing observed and predicted outcomes: conditions for valid inference and practical illustration A Model-Based Approach to Predict Short-Term Toxicity Benefits With Proton Therapy for Oropharyngeal Cancer

Reference 10

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Observation a4b43607-b700-4d8c-96bb-f8ac98a05c79 · outbound

This paper cites Swallowing sparing intensity modulated radiother- apy (SW-IMRT) in head and neck cancer: Clinical validation according to the model- based approach.

Treatment effect estimation by comparing observed and predicted outcomes: conditions for valid inference and practical illustration Swallowing sparing intensity modulated radiother- apy (SW-IMRT) in head and neck cancer: Clinical validation according to the model- based approach

Reference 11

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Observation fa494b47-61e5-4107-b9eb-4f4d898746c3 · outbound

This paper cites Selection of patients for radiotherapy with protons aiming at reduction of side effects: The model-based approach.

Treatment effect estimation by comparing observed and predicted outcomes: conditions for valid inference and practical illustration Selection of patients for radiotherapy with protons aiming at reduction of side effects: The model-based approach

Reference 12

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Observation e5991b81-aa4e-4e81-aa84-d97bbc0a0435 · outbound

This paper cites Causal Inference Using Potential Outcomes: Design, Modeling, De- cisions.

Treatment effect estimation by comparing observed and predicted outcomes: conditions for valid inference and practical illustration Causal Inference Using Potential Outcomes: Design, Modeling, De- cisions

Reference 13

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This paper cites Diagnosing and responding to violations in the positivity as- sumption.

Treatment effect estimation by comparing observed and predicted outcomes: conditions for valid inference and practical illustration Diagnosing and responding to violations in the positivity as- sumption

Reference 14

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This paper cites Positivity: Identifiability and Estimability.

Treatment effect estimation by comparing observed and predicted outcomes: conditions for valid inference and practical illustration Positivity: Identifiability and Estimability

Reference 15

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Observation 90388f00-a2a6-47e0-9174-d1014db61c76 · outbound

This paper cites Using Negative Control Populations to Assess Unmeasured Confounding and Direct Effects.

Treatment effect estimation by comparing observed and predicted outcomes: conditions for valid inference and practical illustration Using Negative Control Populations to Assess Unmeasured Confounding and Direct Effects

Reference 16

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Observation 78526243-b4f2-4b62-8bef-f1e2c7cb7707 · outbound

This paper cites Calibration: the Achilles heel of predictive analytics.

Treatment effect estimation by comparing observed and predicted outcomes: conditions for valid inference and practical illustration Calibration: the Achilles heel of predictive analytics

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Treatment effect estimation by comparing observed and predicted outcomes: conditions for valid inference and practical illustration Bias Analysis

Reference 18

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This paper cites Sensitivity analysis for an unobserved moderator in RCT-to- target-population generalization of treatment effects.

Treatment effect estimation by comparing observed and predicted outcomes: conditions for valid inference and practical illustration Sensitivity analysis for an unobserved moderator in RCT-to- target-population generalization of treatment effects

Reference 19

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Treatment effect estimation by comparing observed and predicted outcomes: conditions for valid inference and practical illustration Sensitivity analysis using bias functions for studies extending inferences from a randomized trial to a target population

Reference 20

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Treatment effect estimation by comparing observed and predicted outcomes: conditions for valid inference and practical illustration Causality-oriented robustness: exploiting general noise interventions

Reference 21

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Treatment effect estimation by comparing observed and predicted outcomes: conditions for valid inference and practical illustration Anchor Regression: Heterogeneous Data Meet Causality

Reference 22

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This paper cites Doubly Robust Estimation in Missing Data and Causal Inference Models.

Treatment effect estimation by comparing observed and predicted outcomes: conditions for valid inference and practical illustration Doubly Robust Estimation in Missing Data and Causal Inference Models

Reference 23

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This paper cites Van Der Laan and Sherri Rose.Targeted Learning: Causal Inference for Observa- tional and Experimental Data.

Treatment effect estimation by comparing observed and predicted outcomes: conditions for valid inference and practical illustration Van Der Laan and Sherri Rose.Targeted Learning: Causal Inference for Observa- tional and Experimental Data

Reference 24

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Treatment effect estimation by comparing observed and predicted outcomes: conditions for valid inference and practical illustration Estimation of Regression Co- efficients When Some Regressors Are Not Always Observed

Reference 25

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Treatment effect estimation by comparing observed and predicted outcomes: conditions for valid inference and practical illustration The combination of randomized and historical controls in clinical trials

Reference 26

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Pith citing papers

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