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Magnetism of kagome metals $\left(\text{Fe}_{1-x} \text{Co}_{x}\right) \text{Sn}$ studied by $\mu$SR

T0 review · 3 major / 4 minor · reviewed 2026-08-06 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read Muon spin relaxation and susceptibility data point to a previously unidentified magnetic transition near 50 K inside the ordered state of the kagome metal FeSn.

desk verdict Careful muSR paper with a solid spin-glass result and a suggestive 50 K anomaly that stays honestly labeled as possible; send it to referees but push for a muon-free bulk check. read the letter →

arxiv 2507.22249 v1 pith:R4YEUYE3 submitted 2025-07-29 cond-mat.str-el

Yipeng Cai , Sungwon Yoon , Qi Sheng , Guoqiang Zhao , Eric Francis Seewald , Sanat Ghosh , Julian Ingham , Abhay Narayan Pasupathy
show 12 more authors
Raquel Queiroz Hechang Lei Yaofeng Xie Pengcheng Dai Takashi Ito Ruyi Ke Robert J. Cava Sudarshan Sharma Mathew Pula Graeme M. Luke Kenji M. Kojima Yasutomo J. Uemura
This is my paper · ORCID
classification cond-mat.str-el
keywords kagomemetalsmuonspinrelaxationFeSnglassmagneticphasetransitiongeometricalfrustrationdynamicsCosubstitution
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper tries to establish that FeSn, a metallic kagome antiferromagnet, hosts a previously unidentified magnetic instability near T* about 50 K, deep inside its Neel-ordered state, and that Co-substituted Fe0.2Co0.8Sn is a canonical spin glass whose freezing comes from random doped Fe moments rather than kagome frustration. If the 50 K feature is intrinsic, models of kagome magnetism must include an extra low-energy scale; if the spin-glass classification holds, metallic kagome materials with dilute moments behave like ordinary alloy glasses, not like frustrated insulators with persistent dynamics. The paper also clarifies which muon signals are intrinsic to the material and which are artifacts of muon diffusion and site occupancy.

What carries the argument

The central tool is muon spin relaxation (muSR), where implanted spin-polarized muons precess and relax in local magnetic fields; the longitudinal relaxation rate 1/T1 tracks dynamic spin fluctuations and the transverse rate 1/T2 the static field width. A second central object is the field-cancelling muon site mu2, a high-symmetry interstitial where the dipolar fields of the ordered Fe moments cancel, producing a roughly 40 percent non-precessing signal; simulations combining dipolar and hyperfine fields reproduce the observed internal field and site occupancy, and the disappearance of the field-cancelling site in Fe0.89Co0.11Sn supports the assignment.

What would settle it

Cool FeSn through 50 K and measure the iron Mossbauer spectrum or neutron spin-echo correlation; if no anomaly appears in the iron hyperfine field or bulk fluctuation spectrum near T* while the muon 1/T1 peak remains, the peak is a muon-specific artifact and the claimed phase is not intrinsic.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

In FeSn the muon longitudinal relaxation rate 1/T1 shows a peak near 50 K in zero and longitudinal fields, the transverse width 1/T2 increases below the same temperature, and ac and dc susceptibility show a corresponding kink; together these are presented as possible signatures of a new phase setting in well below T_N ~ 376 K. STM finds no trimerization or rotational symmetry breaking down to 7 K, so the paper does not identify the order parameter. In Fe0.2Co0.8Sn, the muon spectra freeze into a static Kubo-Toyabe form at T_g ~ 3.5 K with 1/T1 going to zero at low temperature, matching canonical dilute-alloy spin glasses CuMn and AuFe; because the Weiss temperature and frustration index are tiny, the paper concludes randomness of Fe moments, not geometric frustration, drives the glass.

Load-bearing premise

The 50 K phase claim rests on the assumption that the muon relaxation peak and susceptibility kink are intrinsic bulk magnetism, not muon diffusion, a muon-site change, or a minority impurity phase.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • If the 50 K anomaly is a bulk phase, FeSn has two magnetic energy scales, T_N ~ 376 K and T* ~ 50 K, that any theory of its magnetic order must reproduce.
  • The spin-glass state of Fe0.2Co0.8Sn should be classified with canonical dilute-alloy glasses, not with geometrically frustrated quantum spin liquids, since its dynamics vanish as T goes to 0.
  • The 40 percent non-oscillating muon fraction in FeSn is explained by a high-symmetry field-cancelling site rather than phase separation, as supported by its disappearance in Fe0.89Co0.11Sn where sublattice disorder removes the cancellation.
  • Muon diffusion, not intrinsic magnetic order, accounts for the 250 K 1/T2 peak, separating muon-specific from intrinsic effects.
  • No trimer formation or rotational symmetry breaking appears on the bulk FeSn surface at 7 K, so the 50 K transition, if real, does not manifest as the trimer order seen in thin films.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If similar 1/T1 peaks are found in CrSBr and TbMn6Sn6, the 50 K type anomaly may be a generic feature of layered metallic antiferromagnets with ferromagnetically correlated triangular or kagome planes; the underlying mechanism could be interlayer coupling or moment reorientation rather than kagome frustration.
  • A muon-free bulk probe such as Mossbauer spectroscopy or neutron spin echo across 50 K would settle whether the peak is genuine spin fluctuation; the paper's own plan of high-resolution X-ray scattering could detect a structural component if the transition is a CDW-type instability.
  • The spin-glass result suggests that in metallic kagome systems, flat-band electronic correlations and dilute-moment magnetism may be largely decoupled, which could help separate charge-order and magnetic-glass searches in the same material family.
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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 4 minor

Summary. The paper reports a muon spin relaxation, magnetic susceptibility, and scanning tunneling microscopy study of the kagome metal FeSn and two Co-substituted variants, Fe0.89Co0.11Sn and Fe0.2Co0.8Sn. In FeSn the authors observe a peak in the longitudinal relaxation rate 1/T1 near 50 K in both zero-field and longitudinal-field measurements, an increase in the transverse relaxation rate 1/T2 below 50 K, and a small kink in dc susceptibility together with a rise in ac susceptibility chi'', which they present as possible signatures of a previously unidentified phase below the Neel temperature T_N ~ 376 K. They also report the muon-site occupancy problem, with about 40% of muons at a field-cancelling site, and argue from the Co-doped compound that this fraction is a muon-site effect rather than phase separation. In Fe0.2Co0.8Sn they report canonical spin-glass freezing at Tg ~ 3.5 K, with 1/T1 peaking at Tg and dying away at low temperature, and they argue that the spin-glass behavior is driven by dilution and randomness of Fe moments rather than by geometric frustration.

Significance. If the 50 K anomaly is intrinsic to bulk FeSn, it would constitute a new low-temperature magnetic instability in a well-studied kagome antiferromagnet and would be worth comparing with analogous muSR anomalies in CrSBr and REMn6Sn6. The paper has clear strengths: the anomaly is supported by several measurements (muSR 1/T1 in ZF and LF, 1/T2, ac and dc susceptibility), the wording is carefully hedged as 'possible signatures,' the unidentified origin is disclosed, and the muon-site calculation attempts to connect the observed 0.195 T field to a concrete structural model. The spin-glass section is particularly strong, with a clean comparison to AuFe and CuMn, a small frustration index |theta_CW|/Tg ~ 0.63, and a clear contrast with persistent-dynamics frustrated systems; those conclusions do not depend on the contested 50 K claim. The main weakness is that the bulk nature of the 50 K feature is not yet independently established: the principal muon-free evidence is a small susceptibility anomaly, and the cited 1971 paper on a spin-flip effect in FeSn is not reconciled with the 'previously unidentified' framing.

major comments (3)
  1. [Sec. IV A (Ref. [98])] The claim that the ~50 K feature is a 'previously unidentified phase' must be reconciled with Ref. [98], Ligenza, 'A spin-flip effect in FeSn' (1971), which is cited in Sec. IV A as part of a list of Mossbauer studies showing a fully ordered volume. If that paper already reports a low-temperature spin transition in FeSn, then the novelty statement is too strong; at minimum, the authors should state what the 1971 report found and why it does not already account for the T* anomaly. As written, the reader cannot verify the 'previously unidentified' part of the central claim.
  2. [Sec. III A 4] The argument that the LF-0.4 T spectral change involves 'at least half of the full amplitude' and therefore rules out a minority impurity phase is not sufficient for the bulk-phase conclusion. The fitted function in this section is a single exponential over the time range 0.5-10 micro-s, and the amplitude of the relaxing component is not shown to correspond to the full bulk sample; a change affecting only the ~60% high-field-site muons or a muon-site transition would produce the same observation in an intrinsic sample. To elevate the 50 K feature from 'possible signatures' to a bulk phase, the authors should provide a muon-free bulk measurement crossing 50 K, for example heat capacity, neutron diffraction, or Mossbauer spectroscopy, or explicitly restrict the claim to an anomaly of unidentified origin.
  3. [Sec. III D] The muon-site simulation is not validated as a function of temperature. The local field at the high-field site is computed from a dipolar sum using an Fe moment of 1.85 mu_B and a contact hyperfine field of -1.11 T transferred from bcc Fe; the result is then compared with the observed 0.195 T, and the authors add that a hyperfine field of -1.07 T can alternatively be estimated from the data. This internal consistency does not independently determine the muon site or exclude a low-temperature site change, which is one of the proposed muon-specific explanations for the observed anomalies. The conclusion that the 50 K anomaly is intrinsic should therefore remain provisional until the site model is checked by a complementary method or the muon-specific scenarios are explicitly ruled out.
minor comments (4)
  1. [Abstract] The phrase 'with 1/T1 -> as T->0' is incomplete; it should read 'with 1/T1 -> 0' or state the numerical upper bound established by the data.
  2. [Sec. III A 2] The sentence 'In contrast, 1/T2 peak at T~250 K' should be 'In contrast, the 1/T2 peak at T~250 K'; the same paragraph would benefit from an explicit statement that this peak is attributed to muon diffusion before the 50 K anomaly is discussed in the same panel.
  3. [Fig. 16] The symbol theta_CW is used in the figure and text without being defined in the caption; define it as the Curie-Weiss temperature obtained from the high-temperature inverse susceptibility fit.
  4. [Sec. III F 2] The statement that the frozen moment size ~0.45 mu_B is 'nearly half' of the effective moment 0.81 mu_B would benefit from a citation or a short derivation, since the expected ratio in spin glasses is not obvious to all readers.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the central claims are observation-driven, and no prediction reduces to a fitted parameter or to a self-citation chain.

full rationale

The paper's central claims are empirical discoveries rather than derived predictions. The T* ~50 K anomaly in FeSn is identified directly from measured muSR relaxation rates (1/T1 peak and 1/T2 increase) and is cross-checked against independently measured ac and dc susceptibility; the anomaly is not produced by a model whose inputs include the anomaly itself. The muon-site simulations in Sec. III D use a hyperfine contact field transferred from bcc Fe (-1.11 T) to estimate the local field at the muon site, and the resulting 0.175 T is compared with the observed 0.195 T. Even though the paper notes that the hyperfine field could alternatively be estimated from the FeSn data as about -1.07 T, this is a consistency check, not a fitted parameter renamed as a prediction. The Fe0.2Co0.8Sn spin-glass classification rests on observed ZF/LF time spectra, decoupling behavior, and Gaussian Kubo-Toyabe analysis, with comparisons to earlier AuFe/CuMn muSR results (including the authors' own prior work). Those self-citations provide comparative context for persistent spin dynamics versus canonical spin-glass freezing, but the present data and fits carry the argument; no load-bearing conclusion reduces to an unverified self-citation. The inference that the muSR spectral change involves the bulk volume fraction is an interpretation with residual uncertainty (e.g., muon-site or minority-phase effects), but that is a correctness or robustness concern, not circularity. No equation in the paper sets a predicted quantity equal to its defining input by construction, and no fitted parameter is subsequently announced as a prediction. Accordingly, the paper receives a circularity score of 0.

Assumptions & free parameters 5 free parameters · 6 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central measurements depend on standard muSR fitting functions and several modeling assumptions about muon sites and hyperfine coupling. The most important fitted quantities are the relaxation rates whose temperature dependence defines the 50 K anomaly, and the Kubo-Toyabe parameters that define the spin glass state. The hyperfine transfer from bcc Fe and the background subtraction in the dilution data are the least independently supported assumptions.

free parameters (5)
  • 1/T1 and 1/T2 in FeSn = temperature dependent, peak at ~50 K
    Extracted by fitting ZF and LF time spectra with Eq. 1 and exponential functions; the 50 K anomaly is defined by their temperature dependence.
  • Kubo-Toyabe width Delta and relaxation rate 1/T1 in Fe0.2Co0.8Sn = Delta(40 mK) = 20.28 us^-1, 1/T1(40 mK) = 0.001(4) us^-1
    Extracted from Eq. 3-5 fits to ZF/LF spectra; used to conclude dynamics freeze below Tg.
  • Frozen Fe moment size mu_Fe = 0.45(0.05) mu_B
    Obtained by comparing simulated dipolar fields with ZF spectra at 40 mK (Fig. 15a); compared to Curie-Weiss effective moment 0.81 mu_B.
  • Effective moment from Curie-Weiss fit = 0.81 mu_B
    Fit to dc susceptibility above 10 K (Fig. 15b); used to show moment reduction typical of spin glasses.
  • Muon hyperfine field estimate = -1.07 T
    Estimated from observed internal field after subtracting dipolar field; used to support muon site identification.
assumptions (6)
  • domain assumption The Gaussian Kubo-Toyabe function (Eq. 5) describes the static field distribution at muon sites in Fe0.2Co0.8Sn.
    Used to model ZF spectra; the authors note the minimum of the function does not agree perfectly with data.
  • domain assumption Muon stopping sites and local fields can be simulated with DFT-PBE treating the muon as a proton.
    Used to identify mu1 and mu2 sites and compute dipolar fields (Sec. III D).
  • domain assumption The muon contact hyperfine field in FeSn is close to the bcc Fe value of -1.11 T.
    Transferred from Ref. 91; used to bring the calculated local field at mu1 from 0.935 T to ~0.175 T.
  • domain assumption The 40% non-oscillating muSR fraction in FeSn is a field-cancelling muon site, not phase separation.
    Supported by prior Mossbauer results and by the disappearance of the site in Fe0.89Co0.11Sn, but not directly proven.
  • domain assumption Dynamic relaxation in Fe0.2Co0.8Sn can be described by a simple exponential (beta = 1) rather than a stretched exponential.
    Chosen because Fe moments are relatively dense, as indicated by Gaussian initial damping; line shapes are only approximately described.
  • ad hoc to paper The background signal in the M15 dilution refrigerator data can be modeled by a single exponential decay.
    The background contributes up to 40% of amplitude; wrong subtraction would corrupt the low-T 1/T1 result.

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Pith. "Pith review of Magnetism of kagome metals $\left(\text{Fe}_{1-x} \text{Co}_{x}\right) \text{Sn}$ studied by $\mu$SR." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/R4YEUYE3

@misc{pith2026250722249,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Magnetism of kagome metals $\left(\textFe_1-x \textCo_x\right) \textSn$ studied by $\mu$SR},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/R4YEUYE3}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2507.22249}
}
abstract

We study the magnetic properties of the metallic kagome system $\left(\mathrm{Fe}_{1-x} \mathrm{Co}_{x}\right) \mathrm{Sn}$ by a combination of Muon Spin Relaxation ($\mu \mathrm{SR}$), magnetic susceptibility and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) measurements, in single crystal specimens with Co concentrations $\mathrm{x}=0,0.11,0.8$. In the undoped antiferromagnetic compound FeSn, we find possible signatures for a previously unidentified phase that sets in at $T^*\sim 50$ K, well beneath the Neel temperature $T_N \sim 376$ K, as indicated by a peak in the relaxation rate $1/T_1$ observed in zero field (ZF) and longitudinal field (LF) $\mu \mathrm{SR}$ measurements, with a corresponding anomaly in the ac and dc-susceptibility, and an increase in the static width $1/T_2$ in ZF measurements. No signatures of spatial symmetry breaking are found in STM down to $7$ K. In $\mathrm{Fe}_{0.2} \mathrm{Co}_{0.8} \mathrm{Sn}$, we find canonical spin glass behavior with freezing temperature $T_{g} \sim 3.5 \mathrm{~K}$; the ZF and LF time spectra exhibit results similar to those observed in dilute alloy spin glasses CuMn and AuFe, with a critical behavior of $1 / T_{1}$ at $T_{g}$ and $1 / \mathrm{T}_{1}\rightarrow 0$ as $T \rightarrow 0$. The absence of spin dynamics at low temperatures makes a clear contrast to the spin dynamics observed by $\mu \mathrm{SR}$ in many geometrically frustrated spin systems on insulating kagome, pyrochlore, and triangular lattices. The spin glass behavior of CoSn doped with dilute Fe moments is shown to originate primarily from the randomness of doped Fe moments rather than due to geometrical frustration of the underlying lattice.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2507.22249 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. FIG. 1. Magnetic phase diagram of (Fe, Co)Sn. Red stars with blue arrow marks show the corresponding Co concentrations [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. FIG. 2. Geometry of the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. FIG. 3. ZF- [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_3.png] view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (13 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. All lines are fitting results as described in the main text. a) ZF-SR time spectra of FeSn up to 8 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_4.png]
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. Fitting results extracted from Eq. 1. a) T dependence of the oscillating amplitude fraction [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_5.png]
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. a) T dependence of the magnetic fields, b) T dependence of volume fraction under TF 100G. c) Transverse field [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_6.png]
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7. a) LF-0.2 T time spectra at selected temperature in NSR mode, b) Temperature dependence of the longitudinal [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_7.png]
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: FIG. 8. a) T dependence of resistivity and its derivatives in two independent channels setup ch1 and ch2 on the same crystal. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_8.png]
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: FIG. 9. STM on the bulk cleaved surface of FeSn. a) STM topography of the cleaved surface showing Sn [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_9.png]
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: FIG. 10. STS results of the dI/dV from the Fe [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_10.png]
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: FIG. 11. The electron total energy of calculated muon stopping sites. Starting from a high symmetry point and moving along [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_11.png]
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: FIG. 12. a) ZF [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_12.png]
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: FIG. 13. Dashed lines are fitting results as described in the main test. a) ZF- [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_13.png]
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: FIG. 14. T-dependence of the a) static relaxation rate ∆ and b) dynamical fluctuation rate, 1 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_14.png]
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: FIG. 15. a) ZF time spectra with various Fe moment sizes from dipolar field simulations. The blue line is the fitting result [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_15.png]
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: FIG. 16. Comparison of a) dc susceptibility and b) the inverse of dc susceptibility in ZFC mode under an external field of 1 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_16.png]

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Reference graph

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