Pith. sign in

REVIEW 4 major objections 4 minor 1 cited by

Determination of atomic number density in MEMS vapor cells via single-pass absorption spectroscopy (SPAS)

T0 review · 4 major / 4 minor · reviewed 2026-08-04 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read Single-pass absorption spectroscopy can measure rubidium number density directly, with density as the only free parameter in a Lindblad model that matches spectra to R²>0.99 from 293 to 343 K.

desk verdict A solid MEMS-cell density calibration paper with an underspecified beam diameter and an overstated novelty claim; worth serious refereeing but not a new-physics result. read the letter →

arxiv 2511.00526 v4 pith:TRO6JLUX submitted 2025-11-01 physics.atom-ph

Sumit Achar , Shivam Sinha , Ezhilarasan M , Chandankumar R , Arijit Sharma This is my paper · ORCID
classification physics.atom-ph
keywords rubidiumvaporatomicnumberdensitysingle-passabsorptionspectroscopyMEMScellsLindbladmasterequationDopplerbroadeningtransit-timeopticalpumping
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper claims that the atomic number density of rubidium vapor can be read directly from a single-pass absorption spectrum: all other parameters—cell length, laser power, beam diameter, temperature—are measured, and density is the only free parameter in a Lindblad density-matrix model of the D2 line. The model includes optical pumping, Doppler broadening, and transit-time broadening, and reproduces absolute transmission spectra with R² > 0.99 for standard 100 mm cells, isotopically enriched cells, and 2 mm MEMS cells over 293–343 K and probe powers from about 0.2 to 2 times saturation. Extracted densities follow the standard empirical vapor-pressure curve, so the method supplies an absorption-based density measurement that does not require heating the cell to opacity for baseline calibration. That matters for chip-scale atomic clocks and sensors, where cell size and thermal gradients make traditional density estimates unreliable.

What carries the argument

The engine is a semiclassical Lindblad master equation for the density matrix of the Rb D2 hyperfine levels, one four-level system per isotope (85Rb and 87Rb), with collapse operators for spontaneous emission, branching ratios, optical pumping, and a transit-time dephasing rate gamma_t=<v>/D approximated by the mean thermal velocity over the effective beam diameter. The steady-state optical coherences give the complex susceptibility; a Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity average produces the Doppler-broadened Voigt profile; and propagation through the cell uses Beer–Lambert, upgraded to an iterative intensity-dependent propagation when the probe approaches saturation. The whole chain leaves the atomi

What would settle it

Measure a 100 mm cell and a 2 mm MEMS cell at the same temperature in the same beam: if the model is correct, independent fits must return the same density within error bars, since density is a property of the vapor, not the cell. A deviation beyond the stated uncertainties would falsify the effective-diameter transit-time treatment. A second check: repeat the fit after circularizing or expanding the beam; the inferred density should not move if a single effective diameter suffices.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

Central claim: for each Rb isotope a four-level density-matrix system is solved in steady state under the Lindblad master equation; Doppler convolution and a transit-time dephasing rate given by the mean thermal velocity divided by the beam diameter produce the absorption coefficient, and Beer–Lambert (or, at high power, an iterative slice-wise intensity propagation) gives absolute transmission. Fitting this transmission to measured spectra with density as the sole free parameter yields R²>0.99 across temperatures 293–343 K, cell lengths 2–100 mm, and probe powers ~0.2I_sat–2I_sat. The fitted densities agree with the empirical vapor-pressure curve over that range, which the authors take as v

Load-bearing premise

The load-bearing assumption is that all transit-time and spatial-profile effects can be captured by one homogeneous line-broadening rate using a single effective beam diameter, although the measured beam is elliptical (2.22 mm × 1.55 mm) and non-uniform; if the real transverse intensity profile matters at the probe powers used, the fitted densities will be biased.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • A MEMS vapor cell's density can be characterized in place from an ordinary single-pass absorption trace, without a high-temperature opaque-vapor baseline.
  • The same fitting works for cells of either isotopic enrichment, since the model builds in both isotopes and their hyperfine structure.
  • Probe powers up to roughly twice saturation intensity remain usable, so the method extends beyond the weak-probe limit through iterative intensity propagation.
  • Because the formalism needs only known level structure and measured beam/power/temperature, it is portable to other atomic or molecular species with known transitions.
  • Dark-current subtraction provides the zero-transmission reference, making weak-absorption cells measurable.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • A practical consequence the authors leave implicit: fitted density is a direct observable, so an instrument using SPAS could bypass temperature-based vapor-pressure estimates entirely, removing thermal-gradient errors from the density readout.
  • The abstract promises validation on the 420.29 nm transition, but the experimental sections report only D2-line (780.24 nm) data; the short-wavelength claim is untested in this version and would be a natural stress test.
  • Because the high-power model splits the cell into a user-chosen number of slices, a convergence study of inferred density versus slice count would quantify the residual systematic uncertainty of the saturation-regime extension.
  • The method could plausibly be turned into a transfer standard: certify a reference cell's density by SPAS, then use it to calibrate other absorption setups without needing separate vapor-pressure thermometry.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Signed reviews

No signed human review yet.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

4 major / 4 minor

Summary. The paper presents a method for determining rubidium atomic number density from single-pass absorption spectra by fitting a Lindblad-master-equation model of the D2 line to absolute transmission data. The model treats 85Rb and 87Rb as separate four-level systems, includes Doppler and transit-time broadening, and claims that the atomic density is the only free parameter. Fits are reported for a 100 mm standard cell and a 2 mm MEMS cell over 293–343 K and for probe powers from ~0.2 Isat to ~2 Isat, with extracted densities compared to the Alcock vapor-pressure relation. The authors also describe a dark-current baseline correction that avoids high-temperature saturation-based normalization.

Significance. If the method is quantitatively validated, it would provide a relatively simple absorption-based density diagnostic for standard and chip-scale alkali vapor cells, which is relevant for quantum sensing and metrology. The modeling is substantially more detailed than a Beer-Lambert fit and it explicitly treats hyperfine structure, optical pumping, and transit-time effects. However, the central claim of a single-free-parameter extraction rests on how the beam diameter and transit-time rate are fixed, and the reported residuals for the 100 mm cell are large in absolute transmission. The validation against the Alcock curve also has wide temperature uncertainty at the highest point. The paper does not include data or code release, which limits reproducibility of the fitting procedure.

major comments (4)
  1. [Sec. II.C and Appendix B] The effective beam diameter used in the model is not specified, although it is load-bearing for the density extraction. Eq. (8) defines the transit-time rate as gamma_t = <v>/D with D the FWHM of the probe beam, while Sec. III and Appendix B report only 1/e^2 diameters of an elliptical beam (2.22 mm x 1.52/1.55 mm). The Rabi frequency is said to depend on the beam cross-sectional area, but no value of D or conversion from 1/e^2 to FWHM is given. In the 0.2–2 Isat regime the absorption depth is set by the balance of optical pumping and transit-time repopulation, so a factor ~1.7 difference in D can bias N. The Alcock comparison cannot detect this because the same D is used at all temperatures, producing a multiplicative density bias that still follows the vapor-pressure curve. Please state the exact D used, quantify the sensitivity of N to D, or integrate over the measured Gaussian intens
  2. [Fig. 3 and Sec. IV] The reported residuals for the 100 mm cell reach +/-0.25 in absolute transmission despite R^2 > 0.99. Since the absorption dip is a small transmission feature, an absolute residual of 0.25 can be a large fractional error at line center, and R^2 is dominated by the off-resonant baseline. This weakens the claim of quantitative reproduction of the absorption line shape and, consequently, the reliability of the density extracted from the absorption depth. Please report residuals on an optical-depth scale or peak-normalized scale, and estimate how the residual structure translates into systematic uncertainty in N.
  3. [Sec. IV and Fig. 5] The temperature uncertainty at 66.5 C is given as +/-3.3 C. Since the vapor density changes roughly as exp(4040/T), this corresponds to roughly 10–12% uncertainty in N at that point. The agreement with the Alcock curve therefore has very wide error bars at the high-temperature end. The text should quantify the confidence intervals on N and discuss how the thermal-gradient mitigation changes the effective temperature uncertainty; otherwise the validation is weaker than claimed.
  4. [Appendix C] The iterative high-power propagation model depends on a user-chosen number of slices n, but no convergence test or selection criterion is given. If the extracted N varies with n, this is an additional free parameter, contradicting the claim that N is the only free parameter. Please report N as a function of n, or explicitly show that the Beer-Lambert and iterative results coincide for the present data so that the choice of n is irrelevant to the stated conclusions.
minor comments (4)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract states that spectra are measured and modeled using both the 780.24 nm and 420.29 nm transitions, but the main text, theory, and experiments use only the D2 line near 780 nm. No 420 nm data or analysis appears anywhere. Please adjust the abstract or add the missing 420 nm results.
  2. [Sec. III vs Appendix B] The minor-axis beam diameter is given as 1.55 +/- 0.03 mm in Sec. III but 1.52 mm in Appendix B and Fig. 7. This inconsistency should be corrected.
  3. [Sec. II.D] The statement 'nonlinear least-squares fitting is employed to extract physical parameters atomic number density' is the only description of the fitting procedure. Please specify the fit bounds, weighting, initial guesses, and how uncertainties in N are propagated from the experimental parameters.
  4. [General] There are several typographical errors and awkward phrasings, e.g., 'a a multi-level', 'marginaly', 'residules', 'the given the model', and an extra comma after '4sigma_v'. A careful proofreading pass is needed.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the extracted number density is a fitted parameter benchmarked against the independent Alcock vapor-pressure relation; no step reduces to its own inputs.

full rationale

The paper's derivation chain is: construct a Lindblad density-matrix model with atomic constants and measured beam power/diameter/temperature; solve the steady state; compute susceptibility proportional to number density N; fit N to the measured transmission. The paper is explicit that N is the only free parameter ('extract the atomic number density as the only free parameter by matching the calculated absorption spectrum to the measured data'). This is a fit-based measurement, not a prediction from a fitted input. The validation against the Alcock vapor-pressure curve (Eqs. 12-13) is an external empirical benchmark, and no term in the theoretical model is defined in terms of that curve or in terms of the fitted N. Atomic line data, branching ratios, and linewidth parameters come from independent published sources, not from the present authors' prior work. No load-bearing self-citation occurs. The potential ambiguity about which effective beam diameter enters Eq. 8 and the Rabi frequency is a modeling/uncertainty concern (it could affect the fitted N), but the paper does not secretly fit that diameter and then call the result a prediction; it reports a measured beam profile. The adjustable slice count in Appendix C is a numerical convergence parameter, not a fitted physical quantity. Therefore there is no circular step of the kind that would raise the score.

Assumptions & free parameters 3 free parameters · 6 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The ledger has three free parameters: the fitted density N and two user-chosen modeling parameters (effective beam diameter, slice count). No new particles, forces, or conserved quantities are introduced. The most fragile assumption is the uniform single-diameter transit-time dephasing model.

free parameters (3)
  • atomic number density N = not tabulated; plotted vs Alcock in Fig. 5
    The single free parameter fitted to every measured absorption spectrum by nonlinear least squares (Sec. IV).
  • effective beam diameter for transit-time rate = not stated (major 2.22 mm / minor 1.55 mm measured)
    Eq. (8) uses one diameter D for γ_t; the paper does not state how the two measured diameters are combined, so this is a modeling choice.
  • slice count n in high-power propagation = not specified
    Appendix C: 'The number of slices n can be adjusted based on computational resources and desired accuracy', so n is chosen by hand.
assumptions (6)
  • domain assumption Rotating-wave approximation and semiclassical dipole interaction with a classical field are valid for the Rb D2 line at the intensities used.
    Used to write the Hamiltonian in Eq. (1); standard in near-resonant quantum optics.
  • domain assumption The Lindblad master equation with Markovian reservoirs describes spontaneous emission, dephasing, and transit-time relaxation.
    Equations (2)-(3); standard open-quantum-system modeling.
  • domain assumption The vapor is in thermal equilibrium with a Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distribution at the measured cell temperature.
    Doppler convolution in Eq. (9) relies on this distribution.
  • ad hoc to paper Transit-time relaxation is a homogeneous dephasing rate γ_t = <v>/D applied equally to all states, representing atom replacement at the beam boundary.
    Equation (8); this modeling choice is central to the line-shape and is not derived from a more fundamental treatment.
  • domain assumption The Alcock vapor-pressure relation (Eq. 12) is an accurate external benchmark for Rb number density over 293-343 K.
    Used to validate extracted densities in Fig. 5; taken from Ref. [25].
  • domain assumption Beer-Lambert propagation with local intensity is adequate; in the high-power case the iterative slice model of Eq. (C1) captures saturation.
    Equations (10) and (C1) govern the transmitted intensity.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Determination of atomic number density in MEMS vapor cells via single-pass absorption spectroscopy (SPAS)." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/TRO6JLUX

@misc{pith2026251100526,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Determination of atomic number density in MEMS vapor cells via single-pass absorption spectroscopy (SPAS)},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/TRO6JLUX}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2511.00526}
}
abstract

Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)-based (chip-scale) alkali vapor cells are key components in emerging quantum technologies, where device performance critically depends on the atomic number density. Thus, it is important to have an accurate estimate of the atomic number density in MEMS-based alkali vapor cells to optimize light-matter interactions and design efficient quantum sensing systems. Here, a quantitatively validated method is presented for determining the rubidium (Rb) atomic number density in warm vapor using Single-Pass Absorption Spectroscopy (SPAS). The absolute transmission spectra are measured and modeled using the 780.24~nm and 420.29~nm transitions in Rb-filled MEMS vapor. The theoretical model employs a density-matrix formalism within the Lindblad framework and incorporates directly measurable experimental parameters, such as laser beam power, diameter, and cell temperature. The model explicitly accounts for optical pumping, Doppler broadening, and transit-time broadening effects and exhibits quantitative agreement ($> 99\%$) with experimental spectra over a broad range of temperatures (293-353~K), laser probe powers of approximately 10~$\mu$W-100~$\mu$W at the 780.24~nm transition and 8~$\mu$W-80~$\mu$W at the 420.29~nm transition, and cell lengths (2--100~mm). This method demonstrates a practical and reliable approach for determining the density of alkali vapor cells for quantum sensing, metrology, and quantum communication applications.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2511.00526 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. FIG. 1. (a) [Left] Generalized four-level atomic system com [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. FIG. 2. Schematic of the experimental setup for absolute ab [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. FIG. 3. Experimental and fitted absorption spectra as a func [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_3.png] view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (4 more)
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. Rubidium vapor number density as a function of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_5.png]
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7. Beam profile analysis of the laser used in the exper [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_7.png]
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: FIG. 8. Comparison of experimental and theoretical trans [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_8.png]
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: FIG. 9. Rubidium vapor number density as a function of tem [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_9.png]

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Forward citations

Cited by 1 Pith paper

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Precision Measurement of the Saturation Intensity in Rubidium at 420 nm

    physics.atom-ph 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 7.0 of 10

    First measurements give 420 nm rubidium saturation intensities of 23.18 ± 0.28 mW/cm² (87Rb) and 25.56 ± 0.37 mW/cm² (85Rb), matching theory.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

38 extracted references · 1 linked inside Pith · cited by 1 Pith paper

  1. [1]

    Demtr¨ oeder,Laser spectroscopy: basic concepts and instrumentation(Springer Science & Business Media, 2013)

    W. Demtr¨ oeder,Laser spectroscopy: basic concepts and instrumentation(Springer Science & Business Media, 2013)

    2013

  2. [2]

    T. Udem, R. Holzwarth, and T. H¨ ansch, Optical fre- quency metrology, Nature416, 233 (2002)

    2002

  3. [3]

    Metcalf and P

    H. Metcalf and P. van der Straten,Laser Cooling and Trapping(Springer, 1999)

    1999

  4. [4]

    Budker and M

    D. Budker and M. Romalis, Optical magnetometry, Nat. Phys.3, 227 (2007)

    2007

  5. [5]

    D. R. H¨ aupl, D. Weller, R. L¨ ow, and N. Y. Joly, Spatially resolved spectroscopy of alkali metal vapour diffusing in- side hollow-core photonic crystal fibres, New J. Phys.24, 113017 (2022)

    2022

  6. [6]

    D. A. Steck, Rubidium 85 D line data, available online at http://steck.us/alkalidata (2001), revision 2.3.4, 8 Au- gust 2025

    2001

  7. [7]

    D. A. Steck, Rubidium 87 D line data, available online at http://steck.us/alkalidata (2001), revision 2.3.4, 8 Au- gust 2025

    2001

  8. [8]

    M. Zhao, K. Zhang, and L.-Q. Chen, Determination of the atomic density of rubidium-87*, Chin. Phys. B24, 094206 (2015)

    2015

Show all 38 references
  1. [9]

    Tehranchi, S

    M. Tehranchi, S. M. Hamidi, and B. Abaie, Determina- tion of the atomic number density of Rb vapor by using spectral faraday rotation measurements, J. Korean Phys. Soc.62(2013)

    2013

  2. [10]

    on the other hand infers the number density from col- lisional relaxation rates but is usually limited to specific regimes, e.g., high optical depth at substantially elevated temperatures, where direct absorption is impractical. Despite the utility of these approaches, single ...

    2025 arXiv

  3. [11]

    Siddons, C

    P. Siddons, C. S. Adams, C. Ge, and I. G. Hughes, Abso- lute absorption on rubidium D lines: comparison between theory and experiment, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 41, 155004 (2008)

    2008

  4. [12]

    Shang, S

    H. Shang, S. Zou, H. Zhang, and J. Fang, Measurement of rubidium vapor density based on spin-exchange rate, Adv. Quantum Technol.7, 2300301 (2024)

    2024

  5. [13]

    Z. Liu, J. Lu, Z. Hu, X. Li, Y. Yan, D. Zhan, and J. Li, High-precision alkali-atom density measurement and con- trol methods using light absorption for dual-beam serf magnetometers, Chin. Opt. Lett22, 051201 (2024)

    2024

  6. [14]

    Horvatic, D

    V. Horvatic, D. Veza, K. Niemax, and C. Vadla, Determi- nation of the Rb atomic number density in dense rubid- ium vapors by absorption measurements of Rb 2 triplet bands, Spectrochim. Acta Part B At. Spectrosc.63, 210 (2008), honoring Issue A Collection of Papers on Atomic, M...

    2008

  7. [15]

    Natarajan,Modern Atomic Physics(CRC Press, 2015)

    V. Natarajan,Modern Atomic Physics(CRC Press, 2015)

    2015

  8. [16]

    Demtr¨ oder,Laser Spectroscopy: Basic Concepts and Instrumentation, 3rd ed

    W. Demtr¨ oder,Laser Spectroscopy: Basic Concepts and Instrumentation, 3rd ed. (Springer, 2003)

    2003

  9. [17]

    M. B. Plenio and P. L. Knight, The quantum-jump ap- proach to dissipative dynamics in quantum optics, Rev. Mod. Phys.70, 101 (1998)

    1998

  10. [18]

    Breuer and F

    H.-P. Breuer and F. Petruccione,The theory of open quantum systems(Oxford University Press, 2002)

    2002

  11. [19]

    G. T. Purves,Absorption and Dispersion in Atomic Vapours: Applications to Interferometry, Phd thesis, Durham University (2006)

    2006

  12. [20]

    M. O. Scully and M. S. Zubairy,Quantum Optics(Cam- bridge University Press, 1997)

    1997

  13. [21]

    A. M. Fox,Quantum Optics: An Introduction, Vol. 15 (Oxford University Press, 2006)

    2006

  14. [22]

    Downes, Simple python tools for modelling few-level atom-light interactions, J

    L. Downes, Simple python tools for modelling few-level atom-light interactions, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 56, 223001 (2023)

    2023

  15. [23]

    Fleischhauer, A

    M. Fleischhauer, A. Imamoglu, and J. P. Marangos, Elec- tromagnetically induced transparency: Optics in coher- ent media, Rev. Mod. Phys.77, 633 (2005)

    2005

  16. [24]

    C. C. Tannoudji, G. Grynberg, and J. Dupont-Roe, Atom-photon interactions(New York, NY (United States); John Wiley and Sons Inc., 1991)

    1991

  17. [25]

    C. B. Alcock, V. P. Itkin, and M. K. Horrigan, Vapour pressure equations for the metallic elements: 298—2500k, Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly23, 309 (1984)

    1984

  18. [26]

    Carmichael,An Open Systems Approach to Quantum Optics, Lecture Notes in Physics m18 (Springer-Verlag, 1993)

    H. Carmichael,An Open Systems Approach to Quantum Optics, Lecture Notes in Physics m18 (Springer-Verlag, 1993)

    1993

  19. [27]

    Himsworth and T

    M. Himsworth and T. Freegarde, Rubidium pump-probe spectroscopy: Comparison betweenab initiotheory and experiment, Phys. Rev. A81, 023423 (2010)

    2010

  20. [28]

    G. D. Domenico and A. Weis, Tran- sition Strengths of Alkali-Metal Atoms, https://demonstrations.wolfram.com/ TransitionStrengthsOfAlkaliMetalAtoms/(2011), Wolfram Demonstrations Project

    2011

  21. [29]

    R. Bala, J. Ghosh, and V. Venkataraman, A comprehen- sive model for doppler spectra in thermal atomic vapour, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys.55, 165003 (2022)

    2022

  22. [30]

    Singh Grewal and M

    R. Singh Grewal and M. Pattabiraman, Hanle electro- magnetically induced absorption in openF g →F e ≤F g transitions of the 87Rb D2 line, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys.48, 085501 (2015)

    2015

  23. [31]

    Pizzey, J

    D. Pizzey, J. D. Briscoe, F. D. Logue, F. S. Ponciano- Ojeda, S. A. Wrathmall, and I. G. Hughes, Laser spec- 10 troscopy of hot atomic vapors: from ’scope to theoretical fit, New J. Phys.24, 125001 (2022)

    2022

  24. [32]

    Griesser, C

    H. Griesser, C. Perrella, P. Light, and A. Luiten, Spectral broadening of a single-photon transition in the evanes- cent field of an exposed-core fiber, Phys. Rev. Appl.11, 054026 (2019)

    2019

  25. [33]

    T. J. Killian, Thermionic Phenomena Caused by Vapors of Rubidium and Potassium, Phys. Rev.27, 578 (1926)

    1926

  26. [34]

    Sherlock and I

    B. Sherlock and I. Hughes, How weak is a weak probe in laser spectroscopy?, Am. J. Phys77(2009)

    2009

  27. [35]

    M. R. Montero, J. C. Alvarez, and F. J. R. N., Beam- diameter — Development of software for a laser beam profiler, SoftwareX27, 101830 (2024)

    2024

  28. [36]

    I. O. for Standardization, Iso 11146-1:2021(en) lasers and laser-related equipment — test methods for laser beam widths, divergence angles and beam propaga- tion ratios — part 1: Stigmatic and simple astig- matic beams,https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std: iso:11146:-1:ed-2:v1:en(2021)

    2021

  29. [38]

    D. R. H¨ aupl, C. R. Higgins, D. Pizzey, J. D. Briscoe, S. A. Wrathmall, I. G. Hughes, R. L¨ ow, and N. Y. Joly, Modelling spectra of hot alkali vapour in the saturation regime, New J. Phys.27, 033003 (2025). Appendix A: Measurement of transmitted power after commercial vapor ...

    2025

  30. [780]

    Two three-axis mirrors (M1 and M2) are used to align the laser light horizontally and vertically

    operating at 780.24 nm, equipped with an inbuilt 35 dB optical isolator, was used as the light source. Two three-axis mirrors (M1 and M2) are used to align the laser light horizontally and vertically. The laser beam was ini- tially split into two paths using a half-wave plate ...

    2022

Pith tools

Reviewed August 4, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.