Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models

As of 7 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 31 of 31 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2506.17180.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2506.17180 v1

Coverage vector

measured 31 of 31 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:31.684757Z

measured 31 of 31 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

31 of 31 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy19
unresolved12
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation c955ac35-2da0-4220-bc05-89b0955cb2b4 · outbound

This paper cites Assessment in science education: A study of teaching effectiveness.

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models Assessment in science education: A study of teaching effectiveness

Reference 1

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:36.856619Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 6c8dde00-4a1f-49cc-b6f3-e5def3c6f121 · outbound

This paper cites Cbse assessment framework for science, maths and social science classes 9 and 10, 2020.

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models Cbse assessment framework for science, maths and social science classes 9 and 10, 2020

Reference 2

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:36.643752Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation f70a2faf-7ce5-4f9d-9d97-80effefa7046 · outbound

This paper cites Bloom, Max D.

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models Bloom, Max D

Reference 3

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:36.467416Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation cc3aac27-7414-47c1-af97-732c5a7629cf · outbound

This paper cites Anderson, David R.

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models Anderson, David R

Reference 4

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:36.304831Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 4e0c1e0d-557a-4186-b9a5-aec58b7c7245 · outbound

This paper cites Malalgoqa: Pedagogical evaluation of counterfactual reasoning in large language models and implications for ai in education.

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models Malalgoqa: Pedagogical evaluation of counterfactual reasoning in large language models and implications for ai in education

Reference 5

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:36.115224Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 5fa84c2e-fb64-4a47-ba99-f6ef48232ab1 · outbound

This paper cites Thinking, Fast and Slow.

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models Thinking, Fast and Slow

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:28.419985Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 299d020f-5a79-4b5d-bbbf-7ddbf98535b0 · outbound

This paper cites Dual-process theories of higher cognition: Advancing the debate.

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models Dual-process theories of higher cognition: Advancing the debate

Reference 7

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:35.916792Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation ebf56e91-d8d5-4222-b94a-f513544a5419 · outbound

This paper cites Bowman, Gabor Angeli, Christopher Potts, and Christopher D.

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models Bowman, Gabor Angeli, Christopher Potts, and Christopher D

Reference 8

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:35.740210Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation ddecb367-5cf1-4aaa-993a-984ad2228a55 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:35.621043Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation c2bccd31-ea7c-4933-9deb-3f9c479135be · outbound

This paper cites SQuAD: 100,000+ questions for machine comprehension of text.

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models SQuAD: 100,000+ questions for machine comprehension of text

Reference 10

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:35.456528Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation b4ec3bf0-a908-4e57-a880-2bf82157f0a2 · outbound

This paper cites Hutchinson, and Richard G.

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models Hutchinson, and Richard G

Reference 11

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:35.200748Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 77217a69-f736-4e16-8949-2b0be8431aa2 · outbound

This paper cites CommonsenseQA: A question answering challenge targeting commonsense knowledge.

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models CommonsenseQA: A question answering challenge targeting commonsense knowledge

Reference 12

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:34.960660Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 6c0ef4bf-850f-47b7-b6fc-291edba5b592 · outbound

This paper cites WinoGrande: An adversarial Winograd schema challenge at scale.

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models WinoGrande: An adversarial Winograd schema challenge at scale

Reference 13

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:34.641689Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation c78751fa-86a9-4360-a5a7-7734acbf13ae · outbound

This paper cites FEVER: A large-scale dataset for fact extraction and verification.

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models FEVER: A large-scale dataset for fact extraction and verification

Reference 14

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:34.476987Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 591bbfb5-3252-403c-af8e-d41d352e88e8 · outbound

This paper cites Fact or Fiction: Verifying Scientific Claims.

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models Fact or Fiction: Verifying Scientific Claims

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:29.816345Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 35b332ff-9fc1-4faa-aa6b-2531285d7808 · outbound

This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models.

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models The Llama 3 Herd of Models

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:29.937166Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 32d3aeae-e6f9-4c04-9e40-fdcf7673f323 · outbound

This paper cites Qwen2.5 Technical Report.

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models Qwen2.5 Technical Report

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:30.032234Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f3837aa7-8513-464a-bf76-ca83285f287d · outbound

This paper cites Qwen3 Technical Report.

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models Qwen3 Technical Report

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:30.125545Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 96a14359-8ee3-4192-b5b0-ed03107b1a3a · outbound

This paper cites Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technology.

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technology

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:30.266416Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ff585210-453b-490f-8e1d-f95af7e25606 · outbound

This paper cites Phi-4 Technical Report.

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models Phi-4 Technical Report

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:30.385458Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6b1b6237-cd99-4231-83e4-e464c67bf3dd · outbound

This paper cites When one model casts doubt on another: A levels-of-analysis approach to causal discounting.

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models When one model casts doubt on another: A levels-of-analysis approach to causal discounting

Reference 21

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:34.297459Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 055c84a6-a36c-421e-ae31-884271148fc2 · outbound

This paper cites The most common error is incorrectly classifying option (b) as option (a) (176-214 instances across models).

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models The most common error is incorrectly classifying option (b) as option (a) (176-214 instances across models)

Reference 22

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:34.094387Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 871c92f1-1083-405e-a5ba-60a540d572f7 · outbound

This paper cites Even the largest model, Qwen3-32B, misclassifies option (b) as option (a) in 195 cases (27.1% of all true (b) cases).

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models Even the largest model, Qwen3-32B, misclassifies option (b) as option (a) in 195 cases (27.1% of all true (b) cases)

Reference 23

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:33.847413Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation fe6cdd58-1579-48e2-95e8-1f11e5c126c6 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:33.658462Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 4f8b2fdb-3e17-4b0c-99bd-2b73f6e7ca35 · outbound

This paper cites Model family differences suggest that some design and training strategies may better support causal reasoning, particularly in complex domains.

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models Model family differences suggest that some design and training strategies may better support causal reasoning, particularly in complex domains

Reference 25

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:33.339491Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation b4062b7d-825e-4ea3-841f-3f0893eead36 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:33.017115Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 47c042e4-5365-4b94-8326-4dc3c76dc8b1 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:32.804755Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation d5df085c-b832-4137-8289-6784299fc9e8 · outbound

This paper cites These t-tests determine whether the differences in similarity are statistically significant or could have occurred by chance.

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models These t-tests determine whether the differences in similarity are statistically significant or could have occurred by chance

Reference 28

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:32.563860Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 58740287-4290-4ce3-8d25-b045a34a1198 · outbound

This paper cites Yes" versus all cases where it predicted.

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models Yes" versus all cases where it predicted

Reference 29

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:32.318389Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 82369732-23bf-4c32-b2c9-944a32f473f5 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:32.123936Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation b7dd928c-1127-47ae-bb7d-6a017bf98679 · outbound

This paper cites This pattern represents a fundamental confusion of correlation (semantic similarity) with causation (explanatory relationship).

CLEAR-3K: Assessing Causal Explanatory Capabilities in Language Models This pattern represents a fundamental confusion of correlation (semantic similarity) with causation (explanatory relationship)

Reference 31

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:34:31.976303Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.