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Stochastic neighborhood embedding and the gradient flow of relative entropy

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arxiv 2409.16963 v2 pith:UIVEVQK7 submitted 2024-09-25 stat.ML math.CAmath.PR

classification stat.MLmath.CAmath.PR
keywords pointsentropyrelativebehaviordiameterdimensionsembeddingflow
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Dimension reduction, widely used in science, maps high-dimensional data into low-dimensional space. We investigate a basic mathematical model underlying the techniques of stochastic neighborhood embedding (SNE) and its popular variant t-SNE. Distances between points in high dimensions are used to define a probability distribution on pairs of points, measuring how similar the points are. The aim is to map these points to low dimensions in an optimal way so that similar points are closer together. This is carried out by minimizing the relative entropy between two probability distributions. We consider the gradient flow of the relative entropy and analyze its long-time behavior. This is a self-contained mathematical problem about the behavior of a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. We find optimal bounds for the diameter of the evolving sets as time tends to infinity. In particular, the diameter may blow up for the t-SNE version, but remains bounded for SNE.

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  1. Equilibrium Distribution for t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding with Generalized Kernels

    stat.ML 2025-05 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Generalized t-SNE with radial exponential input kernels and integrable output kernels converges to a compactly supported equilibrium measure when perplexity scales as log(nρ).

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