Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

ORBIT: Cost-Effective Dataset Curation for Large Language Model Domain Adaptation with an Astronomy Case Study

As of 20 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 19 of 19 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2412.14436.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2412.14436 v1

Coverage vector

measured 19 of 19 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-11T12:18:33.644971Z

measured 19 of 19 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

19 of 19 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy7
unresolved12
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 84c318f7-fe8d-4bbf-be5e-d66ef6ef72bc · outbound

This paper cites This approach allowed review- ers to account for cases where correctness was unclear or when responses were partially cor- rect.

ORBIT: Cost-Effective Dataset Curation for Large Language Model Domain Adaptation with an Astronomy Case Study This approach allowed review- ers to account for cases where correctness was unclear or when responses were partially cor- rect

Reference 1

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:18:34.349787Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 6dd975ca-723b-48fc-b902-8d8becc4289c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

ORBIT: Cost-Effective Dataset Curation for Large Language Model Domain Adaptation with an Astronomy Case Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:18:34.325717Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation a880b8b0-8abf-4ecf-83ec-fc77ece20d54 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

ORBIT: Cost-Effective Dataset Curation for Large Language Model Domain Adaptation with an Astronomy Case Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:18:34.182402Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation e09a59c5-bb4d-4440-acd3-61b8bda78eeb · outbound

This paper cites B.3.2 Recruitment and Voluntary Participation All annotators were graduate students specializ- ing in astronomy.

ORBIT: Cost-Effective Dataset Curation for Large Language Model Domain Adaptation with an Astronomy Case Study B.3.2 Recruitment and Voluntary Participation All annotators were graduate students specializ- ing in astronomy

Reference 4

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:18:34.140477Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 1a3398de-c172-49af-a250-fbbe38d2333d · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4o System Card.

ORBIT: Cost-Effective Dataset Curation for Large Language Model Domain Adaptation with an Astronomy Case Study GPT-4o System Card

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:18:33.270971Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 55631363-7e35-4d38-ae9c-35a9db304c8c · outbound

This paper cites AstroMLab 2: AstroLLaMA-2-70B Model and Benchmarking Specialised LLMs for Astronomy.

ORBIT: Cost-Effective Dataset Curation for Large Language Model Domain Adaptation with an Astronomy Case Study AstroMLab 2: AstroLLaMA-2-70B Model and Benchmarking Specialised LLMs for Astronomy

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:18:33.277621Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3b08145d-ab48-4e4e-a805-204c2dc27641 · outbound

This paper cites Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer.

ORBIT: Cost-Effective Dataset Curation for Large Language Model Domain Adaptation with an Astronomy Case Study Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:18:33.284816Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4a2ff4e0-8b35-4b15-aa2e-50b7fcf6af71 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

ORBIT: Cost-Effective Dataset Curation for Large Language Model Domain Adaptation with an Astronomy Case Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:18:34.303833Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation e07687c0-8305-4730-b4e5-f5ab606e415a · outbound

This paper cites • Clarity: Assess whether the response is well-structured, easy to read, and free of ambiguity.

ORBIT: Cost-Effective Dataset Curation for Large Language Model Domain Adaptation with an Astronomy Case Study • Clarity: Assess whether the response is well-structured, easy to read, and free of ambiguity

Reference 12

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:18:34.261644Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation e0ce44b6-6f87-4a0b-bd29-63bc00db7f88 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

ORBIT: Cost-Effective Dataset Curation for Large Language Model Domain Adaptation with an Astronomy Case Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:18:34.046466Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation f01b755c-0ee6-4446-a876-c2c3715baafa · outbound

This paper cites Runtime: O(1).

ORBIT: Cost-Effective Dataset Curation for Large Language Model Domain Adaptation with an Astronomy Case Study Runtime: O(1)

Reference 19

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:18:34.116449Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 30418b1c-cc6f-46b0-84e9-97402001c28e · outbound

This paper cites Runtime: O(s · d).

ORBIT: Cost-Effective Dataset Curation for Large Language Model Domain Adaptation with an Astronomy Case Study Runtime: O(s · d)

Reference 20

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:18:34.095183Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 2f093c19-e803-4de6-a563-fbcb3f750043 · outbound

This paper cites Runtime: O(d).

ORBIT: Cost-Effective Dataset Curation for Large Language Model Domain Adaptation with an Astronomy Case Study Runtime: O(d)

Reference 21

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:18:34.072675Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 5b19c2de-bcd6-44c8-93e5-8938d21f2eac · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

ORBIT: Cost-Effective Dataset Curation for Large Language Model Domain Adaptation with an Astronomy Case Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:18:34.024894Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation b175f2c6-0dcd-486a-8c64-f9aabfed57fe · outbound

This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models.

ORBIT: Cost-Effective Dataset Curation for Large Language Model Domain Adaptation with an Astronomy Case Study The Llama 3 Herd of Models

Reference 2019

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:18:33.244905Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 955dddb4-31d5-496a-93f5-4953a1831fc3 · outbound

This paper cites Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding.

ORBIT: Cost-Effective Dataset Curation for Large Language Model Domain Adaptation with an Astronomy Case Study Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding

Reference 2021

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:18:33.251151Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 62dce605-d9cb-40f8-a972-95f312a76281 · outbound

This paper cites Transactions of the Associa- tion for Computational Linguistics , 10:50–72.

ORBIT: Cost-Effective Dataset Curation for Large Language Model Domain Adaptation with an Astronomy Case Study Transactions of the Associa- tion for Computational Linguistics , 10:50–72

Reference 2022

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T12:18:34.376100Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 5151a133-208c-41cd-8fb3-0136683b5446 · outbound

This paper cites Data-Juicer: A One-Stop Data Processing System for Large Language Models.

ORBIT: Cost-Effective Dataset Curation for Large Language Model Domain Adaptation with an Astronomy Case Study Data-Juicer: A One-Stop Data Processing System for Large Language Models

Reference 2023

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:18:33.188234Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 54fb5b66-14ac-4d27-9235-9e4611448b72 · outbound

This paper cites Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models.

ORBIT: Cost-Effective Dataset Curation for Large Language Model Domain Adaptation with an Astronomy Case Study Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models

Reference 2024

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:18:33.257607Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.