Exponential sums and polynomial congruences in two variables: the quasi-homogeneous case

We adapt ideas of Phong, Stein and Sturm and ideas of Ikromov and M\"uller from the continuous setting to various discrete settings, obtaining sharp bounds for exponential sums and the number of solutions to polynomial congruences for general quasi-homogeneous polynomials in two variables. This extends work of Denef and Sperber and also Cluckers regarding a conjecture of Igusa in the two dimensional setting by no longer requiring the polynomial to be nondegenerate with respect to its Newton diagram.