Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It

As of 7 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 100 of 148 outbound references and 5 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2505.24119.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2505.24119 v1

Coverage vector

measured 100 of 148 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:24.573733Z

measured 105 of 105 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00

measured 5 of 5 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-06T12:25:21.984374Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-07-04T18:10:00.756352Z

Reference resolution

100 of 148 outbound references displayed

verified exact7
verified fuzzy0
unresolved93
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 51e1d115-b7a2-4afb-b216-54b5d196d471 · outbound

This paper cites write newline.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It write newline

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:12.806997Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 616a3ad8-c699-44a6-96e6-1e04a6f505f5 · outbound

This paper cites @esa (Ref.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It @esa (Ref

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:12.933128Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 737e1d50-a02a-43be-b03d-258a5b77a921 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Unresolved cited work

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:13.070922Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 20b73ef0-a946-4ed6-a1a4-c82352d7f166 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Unresolved cited work

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:13.220872Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation eb0d7f95-d1bd-4727-b0e9-9c855cbfcbbc · outbound

This paper cites The multilingual alignment prism: Aligning global and local preferences to reduce harm.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It The multilingual alignment prism: Aligning global and local preferences to reduce harm

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:13.348571Z

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Observation d41d132b-f7af-4542-9f4f-bc2c847ee1f4 · outbound

This paper cites Why knowledge distillation amplifies gender bias and how to mitigate from the perspective of D istil BERT.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Why knowledge distillation amplifies gender bias and how to mitigate from the perspective of D istil BERT

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:13.456374Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 61d6aa76-1b4f-4a12-998a-cb6e243f91e6 · outbound

This paper cites Jailbreaking LLM s with A rabic transliteration and A rabizi.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Jailbreaking LLM s with A rabic transliteration and A rabizi

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:13.611568Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation b71c0400-90b9-4c37-ba07-85d19b9dd3e7 · outbound

This paper cites PaLM 2 Technical Report.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It PaLM 2 Technical Report

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:13.761746Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 0d1cbc67-e62a-4ab9-8b73-d7ef4d75dfb6 · outbound

This paper cites Foundational Challenges in Assuring Alignment and Safety of Large Language Models.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Foundational Challenges in Assuring Alignment and Safety of Large Language Models

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:13.874731Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 629f2f15-ae3f-4a77-944f-77c0d6d68ce1 · outbound

This paper cites Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:14.011410Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation dadf6ce2-3b5f-4f0e-bfeb-244e3d827dc0 · outbound

This paper cites Growing up in a multilingual community: Insights from language socialization.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Growing up in a multilingual community: Insights from language socialization

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:14.134258Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation cbae965c-d0c7-4969-b219-24ad96e225dd · outbound

This paper cites Open Problems in Machine Unlearning for AI Safety.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Open Problems in Machine Unlearning for AI Safety

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:14.232219Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 8df3cf61-909d-456c-9645-a47db64c28bb · outbound

This paper cites The dark side of language models: Exploring the potential of llms in multimedia disinformation generation and dissemination.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It The dark side of language models: Exploring the potential of llms in multimedia disinformation generation and dissemination

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:14.374461Z

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Observation 2522f322-ce0e-43d8-9fa8-1dddc2c2799e · outbound

This paper cites The \#benderrule: On naming the languages we study and why it matters.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It The \#benderrule: On naming the languages we study and why it matters

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:14.559818Z

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Observation 2ca35eaa-84ba-4795-873e-527d224f4617 · outbound

This paper cites On achieving and evaluating language-independence in nlp.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It On achieving and evaluating language-independence in nlp

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:14.726903Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation a4b9554c-1306-43f5-be3f-ad2cea117d92 · outbound

This paper cites International ai safety report 2025.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It International ai safety report 2025

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:14.846008Z

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Observation 3c4a7bba-4b5f-413b-8aad-f10a190ea32c · outbound

This paper cites S ee GULL multilingual: a dataset of geo-culturally situated stereotypes.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It S ee GULL multilingual: a dataset of geo-culturally situated stereotypes

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:14.989289Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 4c02b775-2776-4ab8-8815-c2f4d5e75f5e · outbound

This paper cites Ai auditing: The broken bus on the road to ai accountability.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Ai auditing: The broken bus on the road to ai accountability

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:15.161815Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation df050226-da7e-4a25-815c-751da200b16e · outbound

This paper cites Systematic inequalities in language technology performance across the world`s languages.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Systematic inequalities in language technology performance across the world`s languages

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:15.328653Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 61418aa8-c539-466b-b0af-e937238df2d6 · outbound

This paper cites Language contamination helps explains the cross-lingual capabilities of E nglish pretrained models.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Language contamination helps explains the cross-lingual capabilities of E nglish pretrained models

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:15.443199Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c8a0e7e9-b445-418d-bec7-3a99b10c8d07 · outbound

This paper cites Offensive words in chinese dialects.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Offensive words in chinese dialects

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:15.586061Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation de4453be-b683-4009-b077-e6136a082176 · outbound

This paper cites Speak Easy: Eliciting Harmful Jailbreaks from LLMs with Simple Interactions.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Speak Easy: Eliciting Harmful Jailbreaks from LLMs with Simple Interactions

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:15.653336Z

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Observation 3d80b9c4-ef2f-4cca-87c7-4dfdec963b4a · outbound

This paper cites Gonzalez, Ion Stoica, and Eric P.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Gonzalez, Ion Stoica, and Eric P

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:15.732986Z

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Observation b2c98cd4-770f-4725-b0d9-07127430656b · outbound

This paper cites Command A: An Enterprise-Ready Large Language Model.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Command A: An Enterprise-Ready Large Language Model

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:15.783211Z

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Observation bf3739dc-b0e4-4c80-933b-d5faf1b54620 · outbound

This paper cites Multilingual holistic bias: Extending descriptors and patterns to unveil demographic biases in languages at scale.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Multilingual holistic bias: Extending descriptors and patterns to unveil demographic biases in languages at scale

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:15.871540Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4e1f2ed6-5cec-49f4-b454-9943f6e04560 · outbound

This paper cites Multilingual holistic bias: Extending descriptors and patterns to unveil demographic biases in languages at scale.

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:15.940873Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 8267fe64-7f77-45fc-88b0-71bcbece723e · outbound

This paper cites Toxicity in multilingual machine translation at scale.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Toxicity in multilingual machine translation at scale

Reference 27

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:30.328424Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation d00cd476-491e-4cc2-97ee-74d2b1c41a9d · outbound

This paper cites Overview of the shared task on machine translation gender bias evaluation with multilingual holistic bias.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Overview of the shared task on machine translation gender bias evaluation with multilingual holistic bias

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:16.167678Z

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Observation 45b7565f-9d14-4ea2-a7cf-453fe8a8d013 · outbound

This paper cites Risk Taxonomy, Mitigation, and Assessment Benchmarks of Large Language Model Systems.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Risk Taxonomy, Mitigation, and Assessment Benchmarks of Large Language Model Systems

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:16.325876Z

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Observation d384d3e5-94b0-4771-a6f4-e6aa0d4160f3 · outbound

This paper cites Aya Vision: Advancing the Frontier of Multilingual Multimodality.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Aya Vision: Advancing the Frontier of Multilingual Multimodality

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:16.433857Z

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Observation da4604b7-a307-4d68-8f36-2a306bbb5566 · outbound

This paper cites A systematic review of translation and cross-cultural adaptation of instruments for the selection of assistive technologies.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It A systematic review of translation and cross-cultural adaptation of instruments for the selection of assistive technologies

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:16.533841Z

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Observation 1c72dfc9-a4ff-4f58-8f74-e4b4b70d49f7 · outbound

This paper cites Emerging Security Challenges of Large Language Models.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Emerging Security Challenges of Large Language Models

Reference 32

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:32.429547Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 3ea1aa87-1a30-473e-92b8-4e5f89d509d8 · outbound

This paper cites Multilingual jailbreak challenges in large language models.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Multilingual jailbreak challenges in large language models

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:16.831103Z

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Observation e7f58f3c-8905-4358-a400-96dc16f4b69a · outbound

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The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It o rklund, and Henrik Bj \

Reference 34

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:30.199051Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 169d5098-7717-4221-8c80-4834509368f8 · outbound

This paper cites The emotional force of swearwords and taboo words in the speech of multilinguals.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It The emotional force of swearwords and taboo words in the speech of multilinguals

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:17.099381Z

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Observation 4f9cddce-7aa6-4b29-9320-08d10e160296 · outbound

This paper cites Attacks, defenses and evaluations for LLM conversation safety: A survey.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Attacks, defenses and evaluations for LLM conversation safety: A survey

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:17.249938Z

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Observation f3801be5-8378-428e-8606-20937460b356 · outbound

This paper cites Reducing privacy risks in online self-disclosures with language models.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Reducing privacy risks in online self-disclosures with language models

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:17.383368Z

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Observation d052dcc3-1d99-464d-9805-8a80885d1031 · outbound

This paper cites From one to many: Expanding the scope of toxicity mitigation in language models.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It From one to many: Expanding the scope of toxicity mitigation in language models

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:17.504203Z

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Observation 6d010448-1c1d-41ae-a2c1-95130241cf2d · outbound

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The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Language: The cultural tool

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:17.666565Z

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Observation 17f57367-3c25-4802-bc84-68d70fbc7eae · outbound

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The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Sociocultural factors that determine language choice in a multilingual society

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:17.796987Z

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Observation f8009d52-807a-41c0-841c-28e8d4dfe84e · outbound

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The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Can AI relate: Testing large language model response for mental health support

Reference 41

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:17.907523Z

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Observation 5bd3405e-4f01-4cd4-aea6-d33511186eeb · outbound

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The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Code-switching

Reference 42

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:18.048732Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 7e1c755c-734f-4340-9b1c-b8c0a6af8a11 · outbound

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The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Regulation and NLP ( R eg NLP ): Taming large language models

Reference 43

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The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Language translation & cross-cultural adaptation guideline

Reference 44

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:18.290136Z

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Observation 91a852e8-a45c-4c40-aa23-d1fed1c9e40f · outbound

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The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It The Llama 3 Herd of Models

Reference 45

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:18.411240Z

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The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Studying Large Language Model Generalization with Influence Functions

Reference 46

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:18.546969Z

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Observation 87506f66-df2f-47ce-a3e4-7b48fdf1c126 · outbound

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The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Deliberative Alignment: Reasoning Enables Safer Language Models

Reference 47

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:18.665783Z

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Observation 487e9b97-4c1a-48e5-9d39-d1ce5961fcd4 · outbound

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The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Guerreiro, Duarte M

Reference 48

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:18.785294Z

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Observation dd446c42-aea7-4d56-a1e4-1f067c8c076d · outbound

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The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Care: Aligning language models for regional cultural awareness

Reference 49

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:18.936399Z

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Observation defe0f5e-6c52-449f-a29c-e7f4dbb68bbd · outbound

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The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Model merging and safety alignment: One bad model spoils the bunch

Reference 50

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:19.048477Z

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Observation 6285eca5-1934-4db0-8429-068c0a11cd1c · outbound

This paper cites Active learning for robust and representative LLM generation in safety-critical scenarios.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Active learning for robust and representative LLM generation in safety-critical scenarios

Reference 51

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:19.184278Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 7e59be4e-c80a-407f-98bc-38adb3892b44 · outbound

This paper cites TuBA: Cross-Lingual Transferability of Backdoor Attacks in LLMs with Instruction Tuning.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It TuBA: Cross-Lingual Transferability of Backdoor Attacks in LLMs with Instruction Tuning

Reference 52

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:19.323506Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a1d7c90b-a348-4039-be4b-967631ebd28d · outbound

This paper cites Language in culture; conference on the interrelations of language and other aspects of culture.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Language in culture; conference on the interrelations of language and other aspects of culture

Reference 53

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:19.464070Z

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Observation 008a1799-70e8-42eb-acbd-25d15ba65f96 · outbound

This paper cites T rust A gent: Towards safe and trustworthy LLM -based agents.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It T rust A gent: Towards safe and trustworthy LLM -based agents

Reference 54

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:19.597193Z

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Observation 807e4c5b-4838-4994-83f5-c603f0cbfdfe · outbound

This paper cites A Survey on Large Language Models with Multilingualism: Recent Advances and New Frontiers.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It A Survey on Large Language Models with Multilingualism: Recent Advances and New Frontiers

Reference 55

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:19.717678Z

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Observation 9235683c-3ab3-4048-907f-a5c3afa2a7ec · outbound

This paper cites MERaLiON-TextLLM: Cross-Lingual Understanding of Large Language Models in Chinese, Indonesian, Malay, and Singlish.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It MERaLiON-TextLLM: Cross-Lingual Understanding of Large Language Models in Chinese, Indonesian, Malay, and Singlish

Reference 56

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:32.056607Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 30e0b36f-7a44-4eb9-af61-b4ba08981cdd · outbound

This paper cites Polyglotoxicityprompts: Multilingual evaluation of neural toxic degeneration in large language models.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Polyglotoxicityprompts: Multilingual evaluation of neural toxic degeneration in large language models

Reference 57

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:19.929046Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b05dc424-5d68-43ba-ac7a-a20c44e3dc4b · outbound

This paper cites Safe RLHF-V: Safe Reinforcement Learning from Multi-modal Human Feedback.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Safe RLHF-V: Safe Reinforcement Learning from Multi-modal Human Feedback

Reference 58

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:20.076306Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 36244bda-8f11-4a3c-8f77-6c4fed867af8 · outbound

This paper cites u tze, J \.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It u tze, J \

Reference 59

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:20.235262Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b78cfc23-4555-46ec-9f6a-92ba93fa6f44 · outbound

This paper cites The relationship between culture and language.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It The relationship between culture and language

Reference 60

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:20.377266Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation dadcb9f7-4139-4c41-ab8a-e7860b4be7bb · outbound

This paper cites The state and fate of linguistic diversity and inclusion in the NLP world.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It The state and fate of linguistic diversity and inclusion in the NLP world

Reference 61

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:20.479394Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8d695c7c-41cf-46cc-8e41-f9394563ba21 · outbound

This paper cites Towards safe multilingual frontier AI.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Towards safe multilingual frontier AI

Reference 62

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:20.563741Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6fc0cd02-47bf-4a3e-8ca6-85c72853a6b6 · outbound

This paper cites a si, Atte Oksanen, and Pekka R \.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It a si, Atte Oksanen, and Pekka R \

Reference 63

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:20.670738Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bd827001-5f22-48f8-8d86-f315492dbdc6 · outbound

This paper cites Banana Bending: Asian-Australian and Asian-Canadian Literatures.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Banana Bending: Asian-Australian and Asian-Canadian Literatures

Reference 64

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:20.771630Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 79e31604-314d-477a-8493-4496a9af3ccb · outbound

This paper cites Comparative study of multilingual idioms and similes in large language models.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Comparative study of multilingual idioms and similes in large language models

Reference 65

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:20.903048Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 77e3f800-c9fb-4e0e-abf7-3b973bb5fc57 · outbound

This paper cites L ife T ox: Unveiling implicit toxicity in life advice.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It L ife T ox: Unveiling implicit toxicity in life advice

Reference 66

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:29.961112Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 7384b7fb-14b5-4bd5-8c07-f3f87201838b · outbound

This paper cites The prism alignment dataset: What participatory, representative and individualised human feedback reveals about the subjective and multicultural alignment of large language models.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It The prism alignment dataset: What participatory, representative and individualised human feedback reveals about the subjective and multicultural alignment of large language models

Reference 67

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:21.068074Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 64623f34-035e-45aa-b38e-bd6660f9945e · outbound

This paper cites Untangling hate speech definitions: A semantic componential analysis across cultures and domains.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Untangling hate speech definitions: A semantic componential analysis across cultures and domains

Reference 68

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:21.136750Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8deed776-fa16-4105-ad57-a8195416292a · outbound

This paper cites Language and culture.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Language and culture

Reference 69

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:21.202410Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f58eed35-e36a-4741-87e9-07eaf5920b54 · outbound

This paper cites D\'ej\`a Vu: Multilingual LLM Evaluation through the Lens of Machine Translation Evaluation.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It D\'ej\`a Vu: Multilingual LLM Evaluation through the Lens of Machine Translation Evaluation

Reference 70

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:21.278210Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0276d684-4b4f-4178-8686-d83e59baa78a · outbound

This paper cites LLM -based synthetic datasets: Applications and limitations in toxicity detection.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It LLM -based synthetic datasets: Applications and limitations in toxicity detection

Reference 71

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:21.377864Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 211d32bb-4dbe-4dda-a7c1-c4f77be5fff0 · outbound

This paper cites Specific versus General Principles for Constitutional AI.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Specific versus General Principles for Constitutional AI

Reference 72

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:21.447285Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 41e70d9d-ad99-4615-8b52-f7b86d65158a · outbound

This paper cites C3ai: Crafting and evaluating constitutions for constitutional ai.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It C3ai: Crafting and evaluating constitutions for constitutional ai

Reference 73

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:21.543409Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f31fff6f-2dda-4f41-8736-86caf7e135b6 · outbound

This paper cites Ai value alignment: How we can align artificial intelligence with human values.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Ai value alignment: How we can align artificial intelligence with human values

Reference 74

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:21.642305Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 212698ae-2077-42f7-bd6c-2951ad69ffc9 · outbound

This paper cites Preference tuning for toxicity mitigation generalizes across languages.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Preference tuning for toxicity mitigation generalizes across languages

Reference 75

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:21.763988Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7745b8cb-beb6-4f46-9ae1-25b4f624afce · outbound

This paper cites Beyond Single-Turn: A Survey on Multi-Turn Interactions with Large Language Models.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Beyond Single-Turn: A Survey on Multi-Turn Interactions with Large Language Models

Reference 76

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:21.915386Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 28df8f69-88a0-4eaf-9c6f-bb07ba0b6969 · outbound

This paper cites MaLA-500: Massive Language Adaptation of Large Language Models.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It MaLA-500: Massive Language Adaptation of Large Language Models

Reference 77

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:22.060872Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 86af2a50-ed85-41be-86b9-2390d8c629bb · outbound

This paper cites Systematicity, compositionality and transitivity of deep NLP models: a metamorphic testing perspective.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Systematicity, compositionality and transitivity of deep NLP models: a metamorphic testing perspective

Reference 78

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:22.140560Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 36d8c2a0-77ca-47ec-bbdf-bc1a3c030dd4 · outbound

This paper cites Translation and cultural adaptation of the survey instruments.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Translation and cultural adaptation of the survey instruments

Reference 79

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:22.199426Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a7e9aebd-bf32-49b5-9a34-1331f38eade4 · outbound

This paper cites Language and culture.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Language and culture

Reference 80

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:22.245761Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c295a380-18f9-457d-8eb0-2f17484320c3 · outbound

This paper cites Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of yoruba version of the short-form 36 health survey.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of yoruba version of the short-form 36 health survey

Reference 81

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:22.297819Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 988e6fce-7a85-466c-93a0-11c97f078dd9 · outbound

This paper cites COVID -19 in B ulgarian social media: Factuality, harmfulness, propaganda, and framing.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It COVID -19 in B ulgarian social media: Factuality, harmfulness, propaganda, and framing

Reference 82

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:22.360739Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 44666680-0793-4742-be06-75192e1d60d1 · outbound

This paper cites Large language models in healthcare and medical domain: A review.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Large language models in healthcare and medical domain: A review

Reference 83

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:22.447277Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b4e5f02c-2af4-4f5d-b59a-7582dba16130 · outbound

This paper cites An llm-driven chatbot in higher education for databases and information systems.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It An llm-driven chatbot in higher education for databases and information systems

Reference 84

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:22.511905Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 99c81787-e02b-4529-834e-4b8ca51e0368 · outbound

This paper cites “i searched for a religious song in amharic and got sexual content instead’’: Investigating online harm in low-resourced languages on youtube.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It “i searched for a religious song in amharic and got sexual content instead’’: Investigating online harm in low-resourced languages on youtube

Reference 85

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:22.619595Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d744b5b1-ff42-45d1-8291-488083961c68 · outbound

This paper cites The zeno`s paradox of low-resource' languages.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It The zeno`s paradox of low-resource' languages

Reference 86

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:22.735090Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8bd3420d-b2e8-484e-991c-3cb9c9750e1c · outbound

This paper cites code switching.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It code switching

Reference 87

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:22.855992Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a707d1d5-2aec-4ef5-beb2-4dd3158f6511 · outbound

This paper cites Niraula, Saurab Dulal, and Diwa Koirala.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Niraula, Saurab Dulal, and Diwa Koirala

Reference 88

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:23.005650Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b5718765-62d7-4330-b367-dc4a33c582c8 · outbound

This paper cites Exposing the limits of zero-shot cross-lingual hate speech detection.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Exposing the limits of zero-shot cross-lingual hate speech detection

Reference 89

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:29.732463Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 3fbd7183-6e72-49f6-b2b5-bd49d6434833 · outbound

This paper cites Towards ai accountability infrastructure: Gaps and opportunities in ai audit tooling.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Towards ai accountability infrastructure: Gaps and opportunities in ai audit tooling

Reference 90

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:23.232135Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3236720b-8dbd-4cf8-b32e-2139af75ea63 · outbound

This paper cites Introducing ChatGPT.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Introducing ChatGPT

Reference 91

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:23.314400Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e79596c7-4ac4-4e76-a918-f08c9296125b · outbound

This paper cites Openai gpt-4.5 system card.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Openai gpt-4.5 system card

Reference 92

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:23.409123Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 03debe68-8f4e-41fb-93a0-08d021473f9d · outbound

This paper cites Gemini goes to M ed school: Exploring the capabilities of multimodal large language models on medical challenge problems & hallucinations.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Gemini goes to M ed school: Exploring the capabilities of multimodal large language models on medical challenge problems & hallucinations

Reference 93

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:29.566379Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 34eeb2f2-0709-4cf8-b501-52eacbcccde1 · outbound

This paper cites Towards multidomain and multilingual abusive language detection: a survey.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Towards multidomain and multilingual abusive language detection: a survey

Reference 94

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:23.654465Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4d648ca8-95f6-4ecc-993d-01abd12d5854 · outbound

This paper cites The Multilingual Divide and Its Impact on Global AI Safety.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It The Multilingual Divide and Its Impact on Global AI Safety

Reference 95

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:23.775161Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e439ac4e-8417-430b-b201-d9bf4e5d4f10 · outbound

This paper cites The brazilian version of start back screening tool-translation, cross-cultural adaptation and reliability.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It The brazilian version of start back screening tool-translation, cross-cultural adaptation and reliability

Reference 96

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:23.910144Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8efdd8de-1ba6-4bcf-bd6c-7b11280e8ecd · outbound

This paper cites Civics: Building a dataset for examining culturally-informed values in large language models.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Civics: Building a dataset for examining culturally-informed values in large language models

Reference 97

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:24.049791Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7b27157b-b202-4d8f-a9dd-08b75d0636cb · outbound

This paper cites Countering hateful and offensive speech online - open challenges.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Countering hateful and offensive speech online - open challenges

Reference 98

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:24.208273Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f705194e-bdc7-4622-908f-517264c58dfa · outbound

This paper cites Towards understanding the fragility of multilingual llms against fine-tuning attacks.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Towards understanding the fragility of multilingual llms against fine-tuning attacks

Reference 99

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:24.416262Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6b9ac04d-f6fa-498d-b142-8cebee39b1c6 · outbound

This paper cites Multilingual Large Language Model: A Survey of Resources, Taxonomy and Frontiers.

The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It Multilingual Large Language Model: A Survey of Resources, Taxonomy and Frontiers

Reference 100

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T12:40:24.573733Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation b0c2cb60-478d-434b-8fe9-97faa93358d3 · inbound

The Problem with Safety Classification is not just the Models cites this paper.

The Problem with Safety Classification is not just the Models The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T12:25:21.984374Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9052e378-89fe-4e1f-b251-4b67082e5254 · inbound

Response-Based Knowledge Distillation for Multilingual Jailbreak Prevention Unwittingly Compromises Safety cites this paper.

Response-Based Knowledge Distillation for Multilingual Jailbreak Prevention Unwittingly Compromises Safety The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It

Reference 50

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-17T01:28:48.794515Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation a107d0f0-79de-4aff-b2be-6745c817da34 · inbound

ROK-FORTRESS: Measuring the Effect of Geopolitical Transcreation for National Security and Public Safety cites this paper.

ROK-FORTRESS: Measuring the Effect of Geopolitical Transcreation for National Security and Public Safety The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-07-12T16:49:32.395383Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bcdfc851-0ae3-4bdf-bef9-8d0e6d9204cf · inbound

SomaliBench Eval: Measuring English-to-Somali Refusal Gaps in Open-Weight Language Models cites this paper.

SomaliBench Eval: Measuring English-to-Somali Refusal Gaps in Open-Weight Language Models The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It

Reference 13

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-06-29T22:34:01.317730Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation e9443d60-1db5-4c22-a45a-6ba17ad0474c · inbound

Multilingual Refusal Alignment for Safer Large Language Models cites this paper.

Multilingual Refusal Alignment for Safer Large Language Models The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It

Reference 70

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-04T18:10:00.758266Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.