pith. sign in

arxiv: 1907.04136 · v1 · pith:V6SJMRW6new · submitted 2019-06-21 · 💻 cs.OH · cs.SY· eess.SY

Emergency Management Systems and Algorithms: a Comprehensive Survey

Huibo Bi , Erol Gelenbe This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-25 18:16 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 💻 cs.OH cs.SYeess.SY
keywords emergency managementsurveyemergency navigationsearch and rescue planningdisaster responsesystem designalgorithmsoptimisation
0
0 comments X

The pith

This survey consolidates state-of-the-art research on emergency management systems and algorithms from design and engineering perspectives.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper sets out to gather and organize existing studies on emergency management, an area that has grown because disasters now hit dense modern societies more often. It traces the field's history, then examines the core topics of emergency navigation and search-and-rescue planning through the lenses of system architecture and algorithmic methods. The review ends by listing open problems in optimisation, behaviour modelling, computing patterns, data use, energy use and cyber security. A reader would value the work if it reduces duplicated effort and clarifies where new research can have the most effect on disaster response.

Core claim

The paper states that it delivers a comprehensive and systemic review of emergency management research by covering its history and evolution, the two central topics of emergency navigation and emergency search and rescue planning, and the emerging challenges and opportunities in system optimisation, evacuee behaviour modelling and optimisation, computing patterns, data analysis, energy and cyber security.

What carries the argument

The division into system design aspect and algorithm engineering aspect, applied to the two main topics of emergency navigation and emergency search and rescue planning.

If this is right

  • The review identifies concrete directions for system optimisation in emergency settings.
  • It points to the need for better evacuee behaviour modelling and optimisation techniques.
  • It flags requirements in computing patterns, data analysis, energy management and cyber security for future emergency systems.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • A consolidated map of the field could reduce overlap between separate research groups working on similar navigation or planning problems.
  • The listed challenges may guide funding bodies when allocating resources across computing, behavioural science and security for disaster applications.

Load-bearing premise

The chosen papers and topics together cover the full multidisciplinary field without major gaps or selection biases.

What would settle it

Discovery of several recent, highly cited papers on emergency navigation systems or rescue planning algorithms that the survey neither cites nor discusses.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 1907.04136 by Erol Gelenbe, Huibo Bi.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: A tree diagram explaining the structure of Section 2. an evacuation plan to flee residents within 20 miles of the plant when a radiation leakage occurs. The work in [12] designs a real-time emergency monitoring and response system for a nuclear power plant; the response decisions are based on discussions between experts at off-site emergency response centers. With the fast development of information and co… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: A tree diagram explaining the structure of Section 3. the ground plane. The research in [154] designs a wearable antenna integrated with the existing Cospas-Sarsat, a satellite-based search and rescue system that provides distress alert detection and information distribution services by locating and communicating with activated personal locator beacons, to provide emergency alert and location information f… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: A sunburst chart illustrating the potential research directions. The emergence of heuristic based algorithms has offered near-optimal solutions for emergency management in a computationally and time efficient manner at the trade-off of optimality and completeness. However, the setting of key parameters in heuristics could play a vital role in system performance and the perfect parameter settings for one ev… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Owing to the increasing frequency and destruction of natural and manmade disasters to modern highly-populated societies, emergency management, which provides solutions to prevent or address disasters, have drawn considerable research over the last few decades and become a multidisciplinary area. Because of its open and inclusive nature, new technologies always tend to influence, change or even revolutionise this research area. Hence, it is imperative to consolidate the state-of-the-art studies and knowledge to meet the research needs and identify the future research directions. The paper presents a comprehensive and systemic review of the existing research in the field of emergency management from both the system design aspect and algorithm engineering aspect. We begin with the history and evolution of the emergency management research. Then the two main research topics of this area, "emergency navigation" and "emergency search and rescue planning", are introduced and discussed. Finally, we suggest the emerging challenges and opportunities from system optimisation, evacuee behaviour modelling and optimisation, computing patterns, data analysis, energy and cyber security aspects.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 1 minor

Summary. The paper claims to present a comprehensive and systemic review of emergency management research from both system design and algorithm engineering perspectives. It covers the history and evolution of the field, introduces and discusses the main topics of emergency navigation and emergency search-and-rescue planning, and concludes by suggesting emerging challenges and opportunities in system optimisation, evacuee behaviour modelling and optimisation, computing patterns, data analysis, energy, and cyber security.

Significance. If the coverage is thorough and balanced, the survey could consolidate state-of-the-art knowledge in a multidisciplinary area and help identify future research directions. The dual focus on systems and algorithms is a positive structural choice.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: The central claim of a 'comprehensive and systemic review' of existing research lacks any supporting description of the literature selection process (databases searched, keywords, date ranges, inclusion/exclusion criteria, or quality screening). This is load-bearing because the review's value as a reference depends on verifiable coverage without ad-hoc sampling or bias, and no such protocol appears in the described structure.
  2. [Introduction] Introduction (history and evolution section): Without an explicit search methodology or audit trail for the papers selected on history, navigation, and search-and-rescue planning, it is impossible to assess whether the synthesis is representative across the multidisciplinary domain or omits key works.
minor comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: 'systemic' may be intended as 'systematic'; consider standard terminology for surveys.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive feedback. The comments highlight an opportunity to improve transparency regarding literature selection in our survey. We address each point below and will revise the manuscript accordingly.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: The central claim of a 'comprehensive and systemic review' of existing research lacks any supporting description of the literature selection process (databases searched, keywords, date ranges, inclusion/exclusion criteria, or quality screening). This is load-bearing because the review's value as a reference depends on verifiable coverage without ad-hoc sampling or bias, and no such protocol appears in the described structure.

    Authors: We agree that the abstract's claim of a comprehensive review would be strengthened by greater transparency on literature selection. This survey is a narrative review drawing on key works identified through domain expertise and citation networks rather than a formal systematic protocol (as is common in many computer science surveys). In the revised version, we will add a short subsection in the Introduction describing the general selection approach, main publication venues considered, and criteria for relevance to the core topics of emergency navigation and search-and-rescue planning. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Introduction] Introduction (history and evolution section): Without an explicit search methodology or audit trail for the papers selected on history, navigation, and search-and-rescue planning, it is impossible to assess whether the synthesis is representative across the multidisciplinary domain or omits key works.

    Authors: We accept that an explicit description would help readers evaluate representativeness. The history and evolution section was constructed around major milestones and influential papers rather than an exhaustive search. We will revise this section to include a brief paragraph outlining the rationale for paper selection (focus on works that shaped system design and algorithmic approaches) and note the multidisciplinary scope considered. This addition will clarify the synthesis without altering the paper's narrative structure. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: survey paper contains no derivations or self-referential predictions

full rationale

This is a literature review paper with no mathematical derivations, predictions, fitted parameters, uniqueness theorems, or ansatzes. The central claim is simply that the authors have consolidated state-of-the-art studies; no step reduces by construction to its own inputs or to a self-citation chain. The paper is self-contained as an external synthesis against the cited literature.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

The paper introduces no free parameters, axioms, or invented entities as it is a literature survey relying on existing published work.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5705 in / 867 out tokens · 27614 ms · 2026-05-25T18:16:59.959815+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

198 extracted references · 198 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    Moisture regain

    Emergency Search and Rescue Planning Originating from maritime search and rescue operations, search and rescue planning in emergency situations has motivated considerable research over the last several decades owing to the unfortunate increasing threat of both manmade and natural disasters. During a disaster-related emergency evacuation, evacuees may beco...

    work page 2019

  2. [2]

    swarm intelligence

    and planetary exploration [ 176]. The philosophy behind team-based search and rescue is to convert a complex problem into simpler sub-problems that are more efficient to solve. These algorithms are be classified into three types: first, searching algorithms, which are dedicated to search and locate injured evacuees in unknown environments, specifically concen...

    work page 2019

  3. [3]

    smart city

    Emerging Challenges and Opportunities After decades of study and exploration, emergency management has become a mature research field. However, due to its open and inclusive nature, new technologies always tend to influence, change or even revolutionise this research area. In this section we discuss open issues and provide possible directions for future wor...

    work page 2019

  4. [4]

    In the first section, we review the history and evolution of this field, trace its transformation from a reactive manner to a proactive manner

    Conclusion In this paper, we provide a systemic review of the emergency management research. In the first section, we review the history and evolution of this field, trace its transformation from a reactive manner to a proactive manner. We also explore the impact of the development of computer technologies, which has shaped the current research. In the seco...

    work page

  5. [5]

    Emergency management: Principles and practice for local government

    Drabek, T.E.; Hoetmer, G.J. Emergency management: Principles and practice for local government. Washington, DC: International City Management Association 1991

    work page 1991

  6. [6]

    Prevention, preparedness, response, recovery-an outdated concept? Australian Journal of Emergency Management, The 2002, 17, 10

    Cronstedt, M.; others. Prevention, preparedness, response, recovery-an outdated concept? Australian Journal of Emergency Management, The 2002, 17, 10

    work page 2002

  7. [7]

    Introduction to emergency management; Butterworth-Heinemann, 2017

    Haddow, G.; Bullock, J.; Coppola, D.P . Introduction to emergency management; Butterworth-Heinemann, 2017

    work page 2017

  8. [9]

    Autonomous search for mines.Journal of Systems and Software 2005, 74, 255–268

    Gelenbe, E.; Hussain, K.; Kaptan, V . Autonomous search for mines.Journal of Systems and Software 2005, 74, 255–268

    work page 2005

  9. [10]

    An investigation of system design considerations for emergency management decision support

    Belardo, S.; Karwan, K.R.; Wallace, W. An investigation of system design considerations for emergency management decision support. Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE Transactions on 1984, pp. 795–804. Version July 10, 2019 submitted to Electronics 26 of 33

    work page 1984

  10. [11]

    Network models for building evacuation

    Chalmet, L.; Francis, R.; Saunders, P . Network models for building evacuation. Fire Technology 1982, 18, 90–113

    work page 1982

  11. [12]

    Graph processing by which to evacuate a mine

    Hughes, T. Graph processing by which to evacuate a mine. Applied Computing, 1990., Proceedings of the 1990 Symposium on, 1990, pp. 137–141

    work page 1990

  12. [13]

    A telemetric monitoring and analysis system for use during large scale population evacuations

    Southworth, F.; Chin, S.M.; Cheng, P . A telemetric monitoring and analysis system for use during large scale population evacuations. Road Traffic Monitoring, 1989., Second International Conference on, 1989, pp. 99–103

    work page 1989

  13. [14]

    The critical problems of hurricane evacuation and alternative solutions

    Griffith, D. The critical problems of hurricane evacuation and alternative solutions. OCEANS 82, 1982, pp. 990–994

    work page 1982

  14. [15]

    Zorpette, G. Evacuation planning for Lilco’s Shoreham plant: Lack of an approved emergency evacuation strategy may prevent full operation of a $5 billion nuclear power plant on long Island’s north shore. Spectrum, IEEE 1987, 24, 22–24

    work page 1987

  15. [16]

    Emergency Monitoring, Assessment and Response System for Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant

    Serpa, D.P .; Walker, D.M.; Jenckes, T.A. Emergency Monitoring, Assessment and Response System for Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant. Nuclear Science, IEEE Transactions on 1981, 28, 236–241

    work page 1981

  16. [17]

    A distributed decision support system for Building Evacuation

    Filippoupolitis, A.; Gelenbe, E. A distributed decision support system for Building Evacuation. Human System Interactions, 2009. HSI ’09. 2nd Conference on, 2009, pp. 323–330

    work page 2009

  17. [18]

    Wireless sensor networks for emergency navigation

    Tseng, Y.C.; Pan, M.S.; Tsai, Y.Y. Wireless sensor networks for emergency navigation. Computer 2006, 39, 55–62

    work page 2006

  18. [19]

    A highly adaptive distributed routing algorithm for mobile wireless networks

    Park, V .D.; Corson, M.S. A highly adaptive distributed routing algorithm for mobile wireless networks. INFOCOM’97. Sixteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Driving the Information Revolution., Proceedings IEEE. IEEE, 1997, Vol. 3, pp. 1405–1413

    work page 1997

  19. [20]

    Distributed algorithms for guiding navigation across a sensor network

    Li, Q.; De Rosa, M.; Rus, D. Distributed algorithms for guiding navigation across a sensor network. Proceedings of the 9th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking. ACM, 2003, pp. 313–325

    work page 2003

  20. [21]

    Robot planning and control via potential functions

    Koditschek, D.E. Robot planning and control via potential functions. The robotics review 1989, p. 349

    work page 1989

  21. [22]

    Opportunistic communications for emergency support systems

    Gorbil, G.; Gelenbe, E. Opportunistic communications for emergency support systems. Procedia Computer Science 2011, 5, 39–47

    work page 2011

  22. [23]

    Wireless networks in emergency management

    Gelenbe, E.; Gorbil, G. Wireless networks in emergency management. Proceedings of the first ACM international workshop on Practical issues and applications in next generation wireless networks. ACM, 2012, pp. 1–6

    work page 2012

  23. [24]

    Resilient emergency evacuation using opportunistic communications

    Gorbil, G.; Gelenbe, E. Resilient emergency evacuation using opportunistic communications. In Computer and Information Sciences III; Springer, 2013; pp. 249–257

    work page 2013

  24. [25]

    Opportunistic networking: data forwarding in disconnected mobile ad hoc networks

    Pelusi, L.; Passarella, A.; Conti, M. Opportunistic networking: data forwarding in disconnected mobile ad hoc networks. Communications Magazine, IEEE 2006, 44, 134–141

    work page 2006

  25. [26]

    Autonomous navigation systems for emergency management in buildings

    Filippoupolitis, A.; Gorbil, G.; Gelenbe, E. Autonomous navigation systems for emergency management in buildings. GLOBECOM Workshops (GC Wkshps), 2011 IEEE, 2011, pp. 1056–1061

    work page 2011

  26. [27]

    CoWiSMoN: A framework for cognitive wireless sensor mobile network system for emergency rescue management

    Zubair, S.; bnt Fisal, N.; Yerima, S.; Salihu, B.; Salihu, Y. CoWiSMoN: A framework for cognitive wireless sensor mobile network system for emergency rescue management. Adaptive Science and Technology (ICAST), 2011 3rd IEEE International Conference, 2011, pp. 237–241

    work page 2011

  27. [28]

    Indoor Emergency Evacuation Service on Autonomous Navigation System using Mobile Phone

    Inoue, Y.; Sashima, A.; Ikeda, T.; Kurumatani, K. Indoor Emergency Evacuation Service on Autonomous Navigation System using Mobile Phone. Universal Communication, 2008. ISUC ’08. Second International Symposium on, 2008, pp. 79–85

    work page 2008

  28. [29]

    iMouse: An Integrated Mobile Surveillance and Wireless Sensor System

    Tseng, Y.C.; Wang, Y.C.; Cheng, K.Y.; Hsieh, Y.Y. iMouse: An Integrated Mobile Surveillance and Wireless Sensor System. Computer 2007, 40, 60–66

    work page 2007

  29. [30]

    Multicloud-Based Evacuation Services for Emergency Management

    Dong, M.; Li, H.; Ota, K.; Yang, L.; Zhu, H. Multicloud-Based Evacuation Services for Emergency Management. Cloud Computing, IEEE 2014, 1, 50–59

    work page 2014

  30. [31]

    An Integrated Building Fire Evacuation System with RFID and Cloud Computing

    Chu, L.; Wu, S.J. An Integrated Building Fire Evacuation System with RFID and Cloud Computing. Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (IIH-MSP), 2011 Seventh International Conference on, 2011, pp. 17–20

    work page 2011

  31. [32]

    Enabling Cloud Computing in Emergency Management Systems

    Qiu, M.; Ming, Z.; Wang, J.; Yang, L.T.; Xiang, Y. Enabling Cloud Computing in Emergency Management Systems. IEEE Cloud Computing 2014, 1, 60–67

    work page 2014

  32. [33]

    Emergency Navigation without an Infrastructure

    Gelenbe, E.; Bi, H. Emergency Navigation without an Infrastructure. Sensors 2014, 14, 15142–15162

    work page 2014

  33. [34]

    Simulating dynamical features of escape panic

    Helbing, D.; Farkas, I.; Vicsek, T. Simulating dynamical features of escape panic. Nature 2000, 407, 487–490. Version July 10, 2019 submitted to Electronics 27 of 33

    work page 2000

  34. [35]

    Simulation of the kin behavior in building occupant evacuation based on cellular automaton

    Yang, L.; Zhao, D.; Li, J.; Fang, T. Simulation of the kin behavior in building occupant evacuation based on cellular automaton. Building and Environment 2005, 40, 411–415

    work page 2005

  35. [36]

    A review of the methodologies used in evacuation modelling

    Gwynne, S.; Galea, E.; Owen, M.; Lawrence, P .J.; Filippidis, L.; others. A review of the methodologies used in evacuation modelling. Fire and Materials 1999, 23, 383–388

    work page 1999

  36. [37]

    Modeling crowd evacuation of a building based on seven methodological approaches

    Zheng, X.; Zhong, T.; Liu, M. Modeling crowd evacuation of a building based on seven methodological approaches. Building and Environment 2009, 44, 437–445

    work page 2009

  37. [38]

    Statistical mechanics of cellular automata

    Wolfram, S. Statistical mechanics of cellular automata. Reviews of modern physics 1983, 55, 601

    work page 1983

  38. [39]

    Situated Cellular Agents: a model to simulate crowding dynamics

    Bandini, S.; Manzoni, S.; Vizzari, G. Situated Cellular Agents: a model to simulate crowding dynamics. IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems: Special Issue on Cellular Automata 2004, E87-D(3), 669–676

    work page 2004

  39. [40]

    Cellular automaton simulation of pedestrian counter flow considering the surrounding environment

    Yu, Y.; Song, W. Cellular automaton simulation of pedestrian counter flow considering the surrounding environment. Physical Review E 2007, 75, 046112

    work page 2007

  40. [41]

    CA Crowd Modeling for a Retirement House Evacuation with Guidance

    Spartalis, E.; Georgoudas, I.G.; Sirakoulis, G.C. CA Crowd Modeling for a Retirement House Evacuation with Guidance. In Cellular Automata; Springer, 2014; pp. 481–491

    work page 2014

  41. [42]

    Study of Influence of Groups on Evacuation Dynamics Using a Cellular Automaton Model

    Müller, F.; Wohak, O.; Schadschneider, A. Study of Influence of Groups on Evacuation Dynamics Using a Cellular Automaton Model. Transportation Research Procedia2014, 2, 168–176

    work page

  42. [43]

    Social force model for pedestrian dynamics

    Helbing, D.; Molnar, P . Social force model for pedestrian dynamics. Physical review E 1995, 51, 4282

    work page 1995

  43. [44]

    Microscopic dynamics of pedestrian evacuation

    Parisi, D.; Dorso, C. Microscopic dynamics of pedestrian evacuation. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 2005, 354, 606–618

    work page 2005

  44. [45]

    Basics of modelling the pedestrian flow

    Seyfried, A.; Steffen, B.; Lippert, T. Basics of modelling the pedestrian flow. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 2006, 368, 232–238

    work page 2006

  45. [46]

    The statistics of crowd fluids

    Henderson, L. The statistics of crowd fluids. Nature 1971, 229, 381–383

    work page 1971

  46. [47]

    Simulation of pedestrian crowds in normal and evacuation situations

    Helbing, D.; Farkas, I.J.; Molnar, P .; Vicsek, T. Simulation of pedestrian crowds in normal and evacuation situations. Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics 2002, 21, 21–58

    work page 2002

  47. [48]

    Conservative logic; Springer, 2002

    Fredkin, E.; Toffoli, T. Conservative logic; Springer, 2002

    work page 2002

  48. [49]

    Scaling of pedestrian channel flow with a bottleneck

    Tajima, Y.; Takimoto, K.; Nagatani, T. Scaling of pedestrian channel flow with a bottleneck. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 2001, 294, 257–268

    work page 2001

  49. [50]

    Spatio-temporal distribution of escape time in evacuation process

    Takimoto, K.; Nagatani, T. Spatio-temporal distribution of escape time in evacuation process. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 2003, 320, 611–621

    work page 2003

  50. [51]

    Simulation of pedestrian flows by optimal control and differential games

    Hoogendoorn, S.; HL Bovy, P . Simulation of pedestrian flows by optimal control and differential games. Optimal Control Applications and Methods 2003, 24, 153–172

    work page 2003

  51. [52]

    A game theory based exit selection model for evacuation.Fire Safety Journal 2006, 41, 364–369

    Lo, S.M.; Huang, H.C.; Wang, P .; Yuen, K. A game theory based exit selection model for evacuation.Fire Safety Journal 2006, 41, 364–369

    work page 2006

  52. [53]

    Modeling evacuees’ exit selection with best response dynamics

    Ehtamo, H.; Heliövaara, S.; Hostikka, S.; Korhonen, T. Modeling evacuees’ exit selection with best response dynamics. In Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2008; Springer, 2010; pp. 309–319

    work page 2008

  53. [54]

    Modeling cooperative and competitive behaviors in emergency evacuation: A game-theoretical approach

    Zheng, X.; Cheng, Y. Modeling cooperative and competitive behaviors in emergency evacuation: A game-theoretical approach. Computers & Mathematics with Applications 2011, 62, 4627–4634

    work page 2011

  54. [55]

    Agent-based modeling: Methods and techniques for simulating human systems

    Bonabeau, E. Agent-based modeling: Methods and techniques for simulating human systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2002, 99, 7280–7287

    work page 2002

  55. [56]

    Searching efficient plans for emergency rescue through simulation: the case of a metro fire

    Zarboutis, N.; Marmaras, N. Searching efficient plans for emergency rescue through simulation: the case of a metro fire. Cognition, Technology & Work2004, 6, 117–126

    work page

  56. [57]

    Computational models of collective behavior

    Goldstone, R.L.; Janssen, M.A. Computational models of collective behavior. Trends in cognitive sciences 2005, 9, 424–430

    work page 2005

  57. [58]

    A multi-agent based framework for the simulation of human and social behaviors during emergency evacuations

    Pan, X.; Han, C.S.; Dauber, K.; Law, K.H. A multi-agent based framework for the simulation of human and social behaviors during emergency evacuations. Ai & Society 2007, 22, 113–132

    work page 2007

  58. [59]

    Self-organized queuing and scale-free behavior in real escape panic

    Saloma, C.; Perez, G.J.; Tapang, G.; Lim, M.; Palmes-Saloma, C. Self-organized queuing and scale-free behavior in real escape panic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2003, 100, 11947–11952

    work page 2003

  59. [60]

    Symmetry breaking in escaping ants

    Altshuler, E.; Ramos, O.; Núñez, Y.; Fernández, J.; Batista-Leyva, A.; Noda, C. Symmetry breaking in escaping ants. The American Naturalist 2005, 166, 643–649

    work page 2005

  60. [61]

    Evacuation simulation models: Challenges in modeling high rise building evacuation with cellular automata approaches

    Pelechano, N.; Malkawi, A. Evacuation simulation models: Challenges in modeling high rise building evacuation with cellular automata approaches. Automation in construction 2008, 17, 377–385

    work page 2008

  61. [62]

    Streaming, disruptive interference and power-law behavior in the exit dynamics of confined pedestrians

    Perez, G.J.; Tapang, G.; Lim, M.; Saloma, C. Streaming, disruptive interference and power-law behavior in the exit dynamics of confined pedestrians. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 2002, 312, 609–618. Version July 10, 2019 submitted to Electronics 28 of 33

    work page 2002

  62. [63]

    Simulation of pedestrian dynamics using a two-dimensional cellular automaton

    Burstedde, C.; Klauck, K.; Schadschneider, A.; Zittartz, J. Simulation of pedestrian dynamics using a two-dimensional cellular automaton. Physica A 2004, 295, 507–525

    work page 2004

  63. [64]

    A model describing collective behaviors of pedestrians with various personalities in danger situations

    Zheng, M.; Kashimori, Y.; Kambara, T. A model describing collective behaviors of pedestrians with various personalities in danger situations. Neural Information Processing, 2002. ICONIP ’02. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on, 2002, Vol. 4, pp. 2083–2087 vol.4

    work page 2002

  64. [65]

    Applications of counterpropagation networks

    Hecht-Nielsen, R. Applications of counterpropagation networks. Neural networks 1988, 1, 131–139

    work page 1988

  65. [66]

    A continuum theory for the flow of pedestrians

    Hughes, R.L. A continuum theory for the flow of pedestrians. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 2002, 36, 507–535

    work page 2002

  66. [67]

    Pedestrian flows and non-classical shocks

    Colombo, R.M.; Rosini, M.D. Pedestrian flows and non-classical shocks. Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 2005, 28, 1553–1567

    work page 2005

  67. [68]

    On kinematic waves

    Lighthill, M.J.; Whitham, G.B. On kinematic waves. II. A theory of traffic flow on long crowded roads. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. The Royal Society, 1955, Vol. 229, pp. 317–345

    work page 1955

  68. [69]

    The Riemann problem for general systems of conservation laws.Journal of Differential Equations 1975, 18, 218–234

    Liu, T.P . The Riemann problem for general systems of conservation laws.Journal of Differential Equations 1975, 18, 218–234

    work page 1975

  69. [70]

    The quantum mechanics of many-body systems; Courier Corporation, 2013

    Thouless, D.J. The quantum mechanics of many-body systems; Courier Corporation, 2013

    work page 2013

  70. [71]

    Simulation of competitive egress behavior: comparison with aircraft evacuation data

    Kirchner, A.; Klüpfel, H.; Nishinari, K.; Schadschneider, A.; Schreckenberg, M. Simulation of competitive egress behavior: comparison with aircraft evacuation data. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 2003, 324, 689–697

    work page 2003

  71. [72]

    Game theory, 1991

    Fudenberg, D.; Tirole, J. Game theory, 1991. Cambridge, Massachusetts 1991, 393

    work page 1991

  72. [73]

    Non-cooperative games

    Nash, J. Non-cooperative games. Annals of mathematics 1951, pp. 286–295

    work page 1951

  73. [74]

    Motion sketch: Acquisition of visual motion guided behaviors

    Nakamura, T.; Asada, M. Motion sketch: Acquisition of visual motion guided behaviors. IJCAI, 1995, Vol. 95, pp. 126–132

    work page 1995

  74. [75]

    Primer on decision making: How decisions happen; Simon and Schuster, 1994

    March, J.G. Primer on decision making: How decisions happen; Simon and Schuster, 1994

    work page 1994

  75. [76]

    A review of building evacuation models ; US Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2005

    Kuligowski, E.D.; Peacock, R.D.; Hoskins, B. A review of building evacuation models ; US Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2005

    work page 2005

  76. [77]

    Large scale simulation for human evacuation and rescue

    Gelenbe, E.; Wu, F.J. Large scale simulation for human evacuation and rescue. Computers & Mathematics with Applications 2012, 64, 3869–3880

    work page 2012

  77. [78]

    Future research on cyber-physical emergency management systems

    Gelenbe, E.; Wu, F.J. Future research on cyber-physical emergency management systems. Future Internet 2013, 5, 336–354

    work page 2013

  78. [79]

    A negative exponential solution to an evacuation problem; National Bureau of Standards, Center for Fire Research, 1984

    Francis, R. A negative exponential solution to an evacuation problem; National Bureau of Standards, Center for Fire Research, 1984

    work page 1984

  79. [80]

    EVACNET+: a computer program to determine optimal building evacuation plans

    Kisko, T.M.; Francis, R.L. EVACNET+: a computer program to determine optimal building evacuation plans. Fire Safety Journal 1985, 9, 211–220

    work page 1985

  80. [81]

    Evacuation planning: a capacity constrained routing approach

    Lu, Q.; Huang, Y.; Shekhar, S. Evacuation planning: a capacity constrained routing approach. InIntelligence and Security Informatics; Springer, 2003; pp. 111–125

    work page 2003

Showing first 80 references.