Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-11T10:39:13.256643Z
Paper Citation Record · LEDGER
As of 12 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 71 of 71 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2412.16423.
A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.
Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-11T10:39:13.256643Z
One-hop event checks from named stored sources.
Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00
Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links
A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.
Source: cited_works
71 of 71 outbound references displayed
External citation measurements
No source-named external measurement is stored.
Observation d1eeb4de-c2f3-4f37-86c2-c27f937f0898 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Gomez, Lukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin
Reference 1
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 81db22d7-d1ea-4232-b0fe-54a1b127ee97 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Improving language understanding by generative pre-training, 2018
Reference 2
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 4bcc0013-8f80-4ac4-aaa0-7ff8eadd77a8 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Language models are unsupervised multitask learners, 2019
Reference 3
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 0e8122a4-ab52-463d-96fc-78034520fb8d · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Language Models are Few-Shot Learners
Reference 4
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 1d063789-c323-4e4f-a2d5-93faaa4f723e · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine GPT-4 Technical Report
Reference 5
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 0b353ace-93d3-4bc9-87ac-420e32bd3c62 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models
Reference 6
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation c72f57bd-4418-432c-86a4-20c1a8226200 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Unified Scaling Laws for Routed Language Models
Reference 7
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 17c08c8e-5951-4a30-be33-4375da47a5c5 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models
Reference 8
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 4a89cac9-5775-4fd0-b8a8-2f5552578621 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models
Reference 9
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 7b7d298f-4615-48db-ae55-032c7754644a · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine The Llama 3 Herd of Models
Reference 10
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation bc9de67c-0ff6-4f4e-8259-70c297eb1bb7 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathways
Reference 11
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 4f2b2d5a-71c4-4c1d-b431-2a4303985a9c · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine PaLM 2 Technical Report
Reference 12
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 78f1e7b1-f1bc-4b1d-a572-d78a803bb3f4 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine The Falcon Series of Open Language Models
Reference 13
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation a8dc0f50-cd08-4fa3-9869-b4b0edd4f566 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technology
Reference 14
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 94247994-af51-4578-8f19-cd4c4d7b4825 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Gemma 2: Improving Open Language Models at a Practical Size
Reference 15
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 0a9b2815-cb2e-4997-a078-71449732d887 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Qwen Technical Report
Reference 16
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 0b4605ce-e2f9-4a44-b369-fb1b3ce0c8d8 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Qwen2 Technical Report
Reference 17
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 7d2ed9a7-c46a-42fb-af2f-08c9b09e4faa · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine The claude 3 model family: Opus, sonnet, haiku anthropic
Reference 18
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation cbf40da3-4e27-4863-aba0-aa07d0a9a394 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine c4ai-command-r-plus (revision 432fac1), 2024
Reference 19
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 3bb3252c-7739-4755-8e41-32409a42b651 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine MedAlpaca -- An Open-Source Collection of Medical Conversational AI Models and Training Data
Reference 20
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation c174b541-ef20-4dd8-94be-d29cef10a521 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine MEDITRON-70B: Scaling Medical Pretraining for Large Language Models
Reference 21
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 41595a1a-adec-4342-8b9a-f523030e6bd4 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Adapting large language models via reading comprehension
Reference 22
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 35d18cd9-cbc0-4658-a6b4-3242d772fbcb · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Me LLaMA: Foundation Large Language Models for Medical Applications
Reference 23
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 5d8d85bb-7e4f-41ad-8784-dee45759fc1a · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Capabilities of Gemini Models in Medicine
Reference 24
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation b329100d-55eb-4fd0-ad09-cc32b2e20ce2 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine https://tech.preferred.jp/ja/blog/llama3-preferred-medswallow-70b/
Reference 25
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 7d10fd7e-389a-4812-9b4b-f991d6a603da · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Textbooks Are All You Need
Reference 26
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 96e01cf9-8ee2-4733-9a31-386abbb9c11b · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Textbooks Are All You Need II: phi-1.5 technical report
Reference 27
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 15bdc825-a308-4a28-a63f-48c584e9e5f6 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Phi-3 Technical Report: A Highly Capable Language Model Locally on Your Phone
Reference 28
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 34a31617-50cd-4a69-832e-85b7dcd749e3 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Wiki-40b: Multilingual language model dataset, 2020
Reference 29
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 9d54e3cf-5532-49ae-9f3c-3cdb68704da8 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine A monolingual approach to contextualized word embeddings for mid-resource languages
Reference 30
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 94e23ef3-d8a1-4236-baac-391deb451489 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Random forests, 2001
Reference 31
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation d14e8a9b-ecce-4cc5-95b7-f1cc57461e9d · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Elyza-japanese-llama-2-7b, 2023
Reference 32
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 114067cc-729a-4815-a09a-6f67ef5490d3 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine elyza/llama-3-elyza-jp-8b, 2024
Reference 33
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 7ed5e0bf-a439-44da-a54c-3b1a42a8e2e6 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Japanese stablelm instruct alpha 7b v2
Reference 34
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation d6e486f1-7cbd-4503-b5fd-9e6be76efc00 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Tokenizerの違いによる日本語 bertモデルの性能評価
Reference 35
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation da4f1951-5397-4c16-9183-5bb8b0e2420f · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine 日本語 gptを用いたトークナイザの影響の調査
Reference 36
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 1ef62143-dc18-406d-a36e-6ea40132b4ef · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine 日本語tokenizerの違いは下流タスク性能に影響を与えるか? 言語処理学会第 29 回年 次大会, 2023
Reference 37
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation f2a479f4-d5f6-4aba-82c4-81463f864977 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Mecab: Yet another part-of-speech and morphological analyzer, 2006
Reference 38
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 71dc6ac9-f980-42d1-b00c-ce37c10da179 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine J-medic: A japanese disease name dictionary based on real clinical usage
Reference 39
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation b04fd036-90bc-4816-8812-ad47f96d47ae · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Subword Regularization: Improving Neural Network Translation Models with Multiple Subword Candidates
Reference 40
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 38a01a1e-e6e2-4eaf-86ce-4ec5a6211e39 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine RoFormer: Enhanced Transformer with Rotary Position Embedding
Reference 41
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation d870d6bf-f7ab-4c69-a36c-ad634cc81328 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine On Layer Normalization in the Transformer Architecture
Reference 42
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 0caf0547-241e-4453-a35e-2df0af2e1f27 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine A Study of BFLOAT16 for Deep Learning Training
Reference 43
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation c1fdf9e4-b470-49d0-bf9d-0cc942d2f3b1 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Gaussian Error Linear Units (GELUs)
Reference 44
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 311170ea-5d94-4f0e-a6ee-6a378613da1b · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Sigmoid-Weighted Linear Units for Neural Network Function Approximation in Reinforcement Learning
Reference 45
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation eea3255e-b91c-4756-9d75-e3b36df570eb · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Rectified linear units improve restricted boltzmann machines
Reference 46
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation c7efce8a-392d-4dc1-b318-235e93a12787 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Layer Normalization
Reference 47
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation bfa6a62a-8e99-4fd6-9c4e-7ea26d8f34de · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Root Mean Square Layer Normalization
Reference 48
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 51a9d31f-f6a3-487e-864d-5abe630d88f5 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine GQA: Training Generalized Multi-Query Transformer Models from Multi-Head Checkpoints
Reference 49
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 4a26e3c6-3473-4a8d-9a9b-2e7dc797a5d1 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Fast Transformer Decoding: One Write-Head is All You Need
Reference 50
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 6614e3d3-6635-4f6c-b57a-432754d6d3a9 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Megatron-LM: Training Multi-Billion Parameter Language Models Using Model Parallelism
Reference 51
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation e2c958ff-23a6-4503-94e2-22a7247e9011 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Transformers without Tears: Improving the Normalization of Self-Attention
Reference 52
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation ddb73ce6-27b2-4e9e-a0ec-878948fd8ead · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Spike No More: Stabilizing the Pre-training of Large Language Models
Reference 53
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 36971bae-8b5b-4cf6-910b-f816dd3656ce · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Understanding the difficulty of training deep feedforward neural networks
Reference 54
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 5c384ed7-9ff4-4940-8329-6d898e982cf2 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Models
Reference 55
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation a83da540-a1cf-475f-8226-c76a0d8027e3 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine To repeat or not to repeat: Insights from scaling llm under token-crisis
Reference 56
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 4ee7718f-f647-4621-b589-afdbce40607a · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine FlashAttention: Fast and Memory-Efficient Exact Attention with IO-Awareness
Reference 57
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation e7d91509-4508-403c-bbcd-922ca04efdaf · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Deepspeed: System optimizations enable training deep learning models with over 100 billion parameters
Reference 58
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 477182ab-a284-43c1-a5c6-2f301c004475 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Zero: Memory optimizations toward training trillion parameter models
Reference 59
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation a43dddb2-933b-486e-9d75-1c8d10d556ef · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Improving neural networks by preventing co-adaptation of feature detectors
Reference 60
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 705a9c5d-4b9c-45a7-9b33-d14d3e47c041 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Decoupled Weight Decay Regularization
Reference 61
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 43bde543-35c3-4297-bf4b-a1b818a52fa8 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Finetuned language models are zero-shot learners closed-book qa
Reference 62
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 5fa8c98b-852d-4078-a128-9b04b94821e8 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Jmed-llm: Japanese medical evaluation dataset for large language models
Reference 63
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 09c55050-6339-41d1-90a7-c01c1bb53df2 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine NEFTune: Noisy Embeddings Improve Instruction Finetuning
Reference 64
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 11dc413d-02cc-4f53-8575-97b11226bca3 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Evaluating GPT-4 and ChatGPT on Japanese Medical Licensing Examinations
Reference 65
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 30230f99-cb9c-460c-9483-7cb091d77973 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales
Reference 66
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 6ec42609-61eb-4fd4-aa2b-0768e5b43ec3 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine https://speakerdeck.com/fta98/ri-ben-yu-yi-liao-llmping- jia-bentimakunogou-zhu-toxing-neng-fen-xi
Reference 67
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 0f4c283a-7548-43ac-9254-64b4610e6197 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine The Curse of Recursion: Training on Generated Data Makes Models Forget
Reference 68
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation fa54500e-8c51-4e05-9268-799d3ab17e3d · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Visualizing data using t-sne
Reference 69
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 0c2a9cf6-d1fa-46cb-b96f-0befd4f8109c · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine UMAP: Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection for Dimension Reduction
Reference 70
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 4af789d2-8ded-4c0a-a012-901cd8565cc1 · outbound
Technical Report: Small Language Model for Japanese Clinical and Medicine Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space
Reference 71
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
No inbound Pith citation observations are available.