Pith. sign in

REVIEW 3 major objections 6 minor 52 references

First Positronium Lifetime Imaging with Scandium-44 on a Long Axial Field-of-view PET/CT

T0 review · 3 major / 6 minor · reviewed 2026-08-15 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read Scandium-44 does not improve positronium lifetime imaging over iodine-124 on this scanner because its 1157 keV prompt photon is unresolved and random coincidences dominate.

desk verdict A clean first measurement of 44Sc positronium lifetimes on a clinical LAFOV PET/CT that delivers a useful negative result, though the isotope comparison driving the conclusion is confounded by unmatched activity concentrations. read the letter →

arxiv 2506.13460 v2 pith:WJL4XZ2R submitted 2025-06-16 physics.med-ph

Lorenzo Mercolli , William M. Steinberger , Pascal V. Grundler , Anzhelika Moiseeva , Saverio Braccini , Maurizio Conti , Pawe{l} Moskal , Narendra Rathod
show 7 more authors
Axel Rominger Hasan Sari Roger Schibli Robert Seifert Kuangyu Shi Ewa {L}. Stępień Nicholas P. van der Meulen
This is my paper · ORCID
classification physics.med-ph
keywords scandium-44positroniumlifetimeimagingortho-positroniumlongaxialfield-of-viewPET/CTthree-photoneventspromptgammacountstatisticsNEMAphantom
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper asks whether scandium-44 ($^{44}\mathrm{Sc}$), which emits a prompt gamma ray in nearly every positron decay, can supply the count statistics needed for ortho-positronium (oPs) lifetime imaging on a commercial long axial field-of-view PET/CT. The authors scanned a water-filled NEMA phantom containing $^{44}\mathrm{Sc}$, selected three-photon events with the scanner's prototype feature and software, and fitted oPs lifetimes in the phantom spheres and in $4\times4\times4$ mm$^3$ voxels. All fitted lifetimes agree with the known water value, so the measurement chain works. The decisive result is statistical: a single-voxel peak signal-to-background ratio of about 12.6, against 55.5 reported for $^{124}\mathrm{I}$, and background-region relative errors above 20% even inside the spheres. The paper concludes that $^{44}\mathrm{Sc}$ cannot outperform $^{124}\mathrm{I}$ for oPs lifetime imaging under this methodology, because the 1157 keV prompt photon is not resolved by the detector and creates excess random three-photon coincidences.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing quantity is the positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) spectrum, in which the 1157 keV nuclear gamma of $^{44}\mathrm{Sc}$ starts a clock and the two 511 keV annihilation photons stop it; the oPs lifetime $\tau_3$ is extracted by a Bayesian fit. The spectrum's peak signal-to-background ratio (pSBR) carries the argument: about 12.6 for $^{44}\mathrm{Sc}$ in a single voxel here, compared with 55.5 reported for $^{124}\mathrm{I}$. The mechanism behind the low ratio is the scanner's energy discrimination, which collects every photon above 726 keV into one final bin, so the 1157 keV prompt photon cannot be rejected and unresolved hits swell the random background.

What would settle it

Run $^{44}\mathrm{Sc}$ in the same phantom at the same 252 kBq/ml activity concentration and 15-minute scan duration used for the $^{124}\mathrm{I}$ reference: if the voxel pSBR stays near 12.6 and the $\tau_3$ error remains several times larger, the unresolved 1157 keV photon is confirmed as the cause; if its statistics match $^{124}\mathrm{I}$, the comparison is confounded by count rate.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

This is the first oPs lifetime imaging study with $^{44}\mathrm{Sc}$ on a long axial field-of-view PET/CT, and its central finding is that the isotope's favorable decay data do not translate into usable count statistics. In the three smallest phantom spheres the fitted oPs lifetimes are $2.65\pm0.50$, $1.39\pm0.20$, and $1.76\pm0.18$ ns, and a single $4\times4\times4$ mm$^3$ voxel in the largest sphere gives $1.79\pm0.57$ ns; all are consistent with the literature water value of $1.839\pm0.015$ ns. The relative standard deviation in the time-difference background (time differences below $-2.7$ ns) stays above 20% even for voxels inside the spheres, and the average per-voxel uncertainty on $\tau_3$ across a slice is 0.53 ns. The authors conclude that, given the scanner's limited energy resolution and the current three-photon event selection, $^{44}\mathrm{Sc}$ does not seem able to outperform $^{124}\mathrm{I}$ in count statistics for oPs lifetime imaging.

Load-bearing premise

The central comparison assumes the $^{44}\mathrm{Sc}$ and $^{124}\mathrm{I}$ scans are directly comparable, even though the $^{124}\mathrm{I}$ reference used about six times higher activity concentration (252 kBq/ml versus 40.68 kBq/ml) and a different scan duration (15 minutes versus 20 minutes).

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • On this scanner and with this event selection, $^{124}\mathrm{I}$ remains the better radionuclide for oPs lifetime imaging, in spite of its far lower prompt-gamma branching ratio per positron.
  • Clinical translation of $^{44}\mathrm{Sc}$ for positronium imaging will require hardware or event selection that can reject the unresolved 1157 keV photon, rather than simply more activity.
  • $^{43}\mathrm{Sc}$, whose 372.9 keV prompt photon falls inside the detector's energy range, avoids this specific random-coincidence mechanism but offers no count-statistics advantage over $^{124}\mathrm{I}$.
  • Random-coincidence estimation or time-thresholding reconstruction, as already proposed for other protocols, is a plausible route to recovering precision from $^{44}\mathrm{Sc}$ data.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • A matched-activity, matched-duration head-to-head of $^{44}\mathrm{Sc}$ and $^{124}\mathrm{I}$ on the same scanner would separate isotope physics from count-rate differences, since the comparison here uses 40.68 kBq/ml over 20 minutes versus 252 kBq/ml over 15 minutes.
  • If the detector were upgraded to resolve 1157 keV photons, $^{44}\mathrm{Sc}$'s roughly 94% prompt-gamma-per-positron branching ratio would make it the strongest candidate for oPs lifetime imaging, reversing the present conclusion.
  • The practice of discarding voxels with more than 20% background error, used in the $^{124}\mathrm{I}$ study, may need to be replaced with explicit random-coincidence subtraction when high-energy prompt emitters are used.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Signed reviews

No signed human review yet.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 6 minor

Summary. This manuscript reports the first positronium lifetime imaging measurement with 44Sc on a commercial long-axial field-of-view PET/CT. A NEMA image-quality phantom filled with 41.7 MBq of 44Sc in water was scanned on a Biograph Vision Quadra for 20 minutes in singles mode. Three-photon events were selected with prototype software, and positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) spectra were fitted with a Bayesian procedure. The oPs lifetime is determined in the six phantom spheres and in 4x4x4 mm^3 voxels; the values are reported to be compatible with the literature water value (1.839 ns), though with large uncertainties. The main conclusion is that, because the Quadra cannot resolve the 1157 keV prompt photon of 44Sc, random three-photon coincidences dominate, and 44Sc does not outperform 124I in count statistics for oPs lifetime imaging under the present methodology.

Significance. The paper provides a useful and honest negative result for the emerging field of positronium lifetime imaging: it documents a scanner-specific limitation that will inform radionuclide selection and detector design. The strengths are the clear description of the measurement protocol, the external literature check on the oPs lifetime, the transparent reporting of large statistical uncertainties, and the explicit limitation of the conclusion to the given methodology. If the comparative claim is substantiated, the paper will help prevent futile clinical studies with 44Sc on this class of scanners.

major comments (3)
  1. [§4 Discussion, pSBR comparison] The central conclusion that 44Sc cannot outperform 124I rests on a cross-paper comparison with Ref. [49] that is not normalized for acquisition conditions. The 44Sc measurement used 40.68 kBq/ml for 20 min in NEMA spheres, whereas the 124I reference used 252 kBq/ml for 15 min in water tubes. The pSBR and τ3 uncertainty are count-rate dependent quantities: the true 3γE rate scales approximately linearly with activity, while the accidental-coincidence background scales with a higher power of the singles rates. The manuscript acknowledges the concentration difference but does not correct for it, so the observed gap (pSBR 12.6 vs 55.5; τ3 error about four times larger) cannot be unambiguously attributed to the unresolved 1157 keV photopeak rather than to the different count rates and geometry. I request either a matched-count-rate comparison, a quantitative model of the activity and scan-time dependence, or an explicit sensitivity analysis.
  2. [§2 Method / §3 Results] The paper does not report the basic count-statistics quantities needed to evaluate the central claim: the number of selected 3γE events, the estimated random-coincidence fraction, or the pSBR for each ROI. Reporting these values for the spheres and voxels would allow the reader to see how the background grows with the prompt-photon window and to compare with Ref. [49] on a like-for-like basis. As written, the random-coincidence mechanism is inferred from a single pSBR comparison rather than demonstrated from measured singles or coincidence rates.
  3. [§3 Results, Table 2] The statement that all measured oPs lifetimes are consistent with the literature water value deserves a more careful statistical treatment. The value for s2 is 1.39 ± 0.20 ns, about 2.25 standard deviations below the reference 1.839 ± 0.015 ns; with six spheres plus one voxel, this may still be a plausible fluctuation, but a multiple-comparison or systematic-uncertainty discussion would strengthen the validation claim.
minor comments (6)
  1. [Table 1] Table 1 is difficult to read: the rows for 82Rb and 124I are split across lines, and the BRγ/β+ values for 82Rb are unclear. A single row per nuclide with an additional footnote would improve clarity.
  2. [Fig. 1 caption] The Fig. 1 caption says 'The absence attenuation correction'; this should read 'The absence of attenuation correction'.
  3. [General text] In the text, 'spheres1' (Fig. 1 legend) and 'the spheres4 has a volume' (Discussion) are grammatically awkward; these should be rephrased as 'sphere s1' and 'sphere s4 has a volume'.
  4. [§4 Discussion] The typo '4.8, %' should be corrected to '4.8%'.
  5. [§2 Method] The fitting priors are taken from Ref. [49] without being restated; since the lifetime validation depends on the fit, a short statement of the priors or a prior-sensitivity check would improve reproducibility.
  6. [References] Ref. [25] is a preprint; if a peer-reviewed version exists, it should be cited instead.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 2.0 of 10

No load-bearing circularity; only a minor self-citation for the 124I benchmark and fit priors, which does not force the conclusion.

full rationale

The paper's derivation chain is not circular. The oPs lifetimes in Table 2 are obtained by fitting the measured PAL spectra; the Bayesian priors are taken from the authors' earlier work (Refs. [25, 33, 49]), but the lifetimes are then checked against the independent literature value for water (Ref. [53]), so the central measurement does not reduce to its priors. The headline negative result about count statistics rests on the measured pSBR (12.6 vs 55.5), on the quoted tau3 uncertainties, and on the physical argument that the 1157 keV prompt photon lies beyond Quadra's 726 keV resolved energy range; these are measured event rates and detector properties, not a parameter that was fit and then renamed a prediction. The 124I comparator is a self-citation (Ref. [49]) and the acquisition conditions differ in activity concentration and scan time, which is a legitimate comparability and validity concern but not a circularity concern, because the 124I values are an external empirical benchmark rather than an input to the 44Sc fit. No uniqueness theorem, no ansatz-only citation, and no definitional identification of input and output are present. The paper explicitly bounds its conclusion to 'the given methodology' and points to alternative event-selection methods, so the claim is not presented as an inevitable consequence of the cited priors. Overall, there is no load-bearing circularity; at most a minor self-citation that does not force the conclusions.

Assumptions & free parameters 3 free parameters · 4 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on a standard PAL spectral analysis with priors from the authors' prior work, on the IAEA decay data, and on the background estimation window. No new physical entities are introduced. The main free parameters are the fit components of the PAL model; none are ad hoc inventions.

free parameters (3)
  • τ3 (ortho-positronium lifetime) = e.g., 1.79 ± 0.57 ns for the voxel; values in Table 2
    The target of the measurement; fitted from each PAL spectrum with the Bayesian procedure of Ref [49].
  • τ1, τ2 (shorter PAL lifetimes) = not reported
    Components of the PAL model used in the fit; their values are not central to this report.
  • BR1, BR2, BR3 (branching ratios) = e.g., for s1: BR1 0.072, BR2 0.659, BR3 0.269
    Fitted in the same Bayesian procedure; priors defined in Ref [49].
assumptions (4)
  • domain assumption PAL spectrum can be described by a multi-exponential model with Bayesian priors from Ref [49]
    The oPs lifetime is extracted with the same fitting procedure as Refs [25,33,49]; if the model or priors are inappropriate, the extracted lifetimes could be biased. Invoked in Section 2.
  • domain assumption Background in the PAL spectrum is represented by time differences less than -2.7 ns
    Section 2: 'The PAL spectrum background was determined from time differences smaller than -2.7 ns.' This assumes no genuine signal in that region; contamination would bias the fit.
  • domain assumption 44Sc nuclear decay data (Table 1) accurately describe branching ratios and energies
    Taken from IAEA; the claim that 44Sc has a very high prompt-photon branching ratio of 94.3% per positron depends on these data.
  • domain assumption The literature value 1.839 ± 0.015 ns for water (Ref [53]) is correct
    Used as ground truth to claim compatibility of measured lifetimes; if wrong, the validation argument weakens.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of First Positronium Lifetime Imaging with Scandium-44 on a Long Axial Field-of-view PET/CT." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/WJL4XZ2R

@misc{pith2026250613460,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: First Positronium Lifetime Imaging with Scandium-44 on a Long Axial Field-of-view PET/CT},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/WJL4XZ2R}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2506.13460}
}
read the original abstract

Purpose: 44Sc has been successfully produced, synthesized, labeled and first-in-human studies were conducted some years ago. The decay properties of 44Sc, together with being close to a clinical implementation, make it an ideal candidate for in vivo positronium lifetime measurements. In this study, we investigate the count statistics for ortho-positronium (oPs) measurements with 44Sc. Method: A NEMA image quality phantom was filled with 41.7 MBq of 44Sc dissolved in water and scanned on a commercial long-axial field-of-view PET/CT. Three-photon events were identified using a prototype feature of the scanner and dedicated software. The lifetime of oPs was determined in the phantom spheres and in 4x4x4 mm^3 voxels. Results: All measured oPs lifetimes are compatible, within the uncertainties, with the literature values for water. The oPs lifetime is 2.65+-0.50, 1.39+-0.20 and 1.76+-0.18 ns in the three smallest spheres of the phantom and 1.79+-0.57 ns for a single voxel in the central region of the largest sphere. The relative standard deviation in the background regions of the time difference distributions, i.e., for time differences smaller than -2.7 ns, is above 20% - even for voxels inside the phantom spheres. Conclusions: Despite the favorable physical properties of 44Sc, the count statistics of three-photon events remains a challenge. The high prompt-photon energy causes a significant amount of random three-photon coincidences with the given methodology and, therefore, increases the statistical uncertainties on the measured oPs lifetime.

Review history (2 revisions) →

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

52 extracted references · 26 canonical work pages

  1. [49]

    Positronium Lifetime Imaging with the Biograph Vision Quadra using 124I

    Lorenzo Mercolli et al. “Positronium Lifetime Imaging with the Biograph Vision Quadra using 124I”. In:arxiv.org (2025). doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2501.04145. arXiv: 2501.04145 [physics.med-ph]. url: https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.04145

    work page Pith review arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.2501.04145 2025

  2. [1]

    Characterization of Lattice Defects in Metallic Materials by Positron AnnihilationSpectroscopy:AReview

    J. Čížek. “Characterization of Lattice Defects in Metallic Materials by Positron AnnihilationSpectroscopy:AReview”.In: Journal of Materials Science & Technology 34.4 (Apr. 2018), pp. 577–598.issn: 1005-0302.doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2017.11.050. (Visited on 01/29/2025)

    doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2017.11.050 2018

  3. [2]

    Positron Annihilation As A Method To Characterize Porous Materials

    David W. Gidley, Hua-Gen Peng, and Richard S. Vallery. “Positron Annihilation As A Method To Characterize Porous Materials”. In:Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 36.1 (2006), pp. 49–79.doi: 10.1146/annurev.matsci.36.111904.135144

    arXiv 2006

  4. [3]

    Perspective of Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy in Polymers

    Y. C. Jean et al. “Perspective of Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy in Polymers”. In: Macromolecules (Washington, DC, U. S.) 46.18 (2013), pp. 7133–7145.doi: 10.1021/ma401309x

    work page doi:10.1021/ma401309x 2013

  5. [4]

    Positronium Chemistry in Porous Materials

    Y. Kobayashi et al. “Positronium Chemistry in Porous Materials”. In:Radiat. Phys. Chem. 76.2 (2007), pp. 224–230.issn: 0969-806X. doi: 10.1016/j.radphyschem. 2006.03.042

    work page doi:10.1016/j.radphyschem 2007

  6. [5]

    Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy

    Wolfgang Schmidt. “Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy”. In:Handbook of Porous Solids. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2008. Chap. 2.13, pp. 506–532.isbn: 978-3-527- 61828-6. doi: 10.1002/9783527618286.ch15

    work page doi:10.1002/9783527618286.ch15 2008

  7. [6]

    Interaction of Positron Beams with Surfaces, Thin Films, and Interfaces

    Peter J. Schultz and K. G. Lynn. “Interaction of Positron Beams with Surfaces, Thin Films, and Interfaces”. In:Rev. Mod. Phys. 60.3 (June 1988), pp. 701–779. doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.60.701

    doi:10.1103/revmodphys.60.701 1988

  8. [7]

    Positron Annihilation Spectroscopies

    K. Süvegh and T. Marek. “Positron Annihilation Spectroscopies”. In:Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry. Ed. by Attila Vértes et al. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2011, pp. 1461–1484. isbn: 978-1-4419-0720-2. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0720-2_27 . (Visited on 01/29/2025)

    work page doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0720-2_27 2011

Show all 52 references
  1. [8]

    Defect Identification in Semiconductors with Positron Annihilation: Experiment and Theory

    Filip Tuomisto and Ilja Makkonen. “Defect Identification in Semiconductors with Positron Annihilation: Experiment and Theory”. In:Rev. Mod. Phys. 85.4 (Nov. 2013), pp. 1583–1631.doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.85.1583

    2013 doi

  2. [9]

    Positronium in medicine and biology

    Paweł Moskal et al. “Positronium in medicine and biology”. In:Nature Reviews Physics 1.9 (2019), pp. 527–529.doi: 10.1038/s42254-019-0078-7

    2019 doi

  3. [10]

    Colloquium: Positronium physics and biomedical applications

    Steven D. Bass et al. “Colloquium: Positronium physics and biomedical applications”. In: Rev. Mod. Phys. 95 (2 May 2023), p. 021002.doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.95. 021002. url: https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.95.021002. 11

    2023 doi

  4. [11]

    Experimental Uses of Positronium and Potential for Biological Applications

    A. Hourlier, F. Boisson, and D. Brasse. “Experimental Uses of Positronium and Potential for Biological Applications”. In:IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences 8.6 (2024), pp. 581–594. doi: 10 . 1109 / TRPMS . 2024 . 3407981

    2024

  5. [12]

    Positronium Imaging: History, Current Status, and Future Perspec- tives

    P Moskal et al. “Positronium Imaging: History, Current Status, and Future Perspec- tives”. In: IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences in print, arXiv:2503.14120 (2025). arXiv: 2503 . 14120 [physics.med-ph]. url: https : //arxiv.org/abs/2503.14120

    2025 arXiv

  6. [13]

    Positronium Imaging

    Pawel Moskal. “Positronium Imaging”. In:2019 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC) . 2019, pp. 1–3.doi: 10.1109/NSS/ MIC42101.2019.9059856

    2019

  7. [14]

    Detection of atomic scale changes in the free volume void size of three-dimensional colorectal cancer cell culture using positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy

    Eneko Axpe et al. “Detection of atomic scale changes in the free volume void size of three-dimensional colorectal cancer cell culture using positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy.” In: PloS one 9 (1 2014), e83838. issn: 1932-6203. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083838. epublish

    2014 doi

  8. [15]

    Feasibility study of the positronium imaging with the J-PET tomograph

    P. Moskal et al. “Feasibility study of the positronium imaging with the J-PET tomograph”. In: Physics in Medicine & Biology 64 (5 Mar. 2019), p. 055017.issn: 1361-6560. doi: 10.1088/1361-6560/aafe20. epublish

    2019 doi

  9. [16]

    Oxygen sensing ability of positronium atom for tumor hypoxia imaging

    Kengo Shibuya et al. “Oxygen sensing ability of positronium atom for tumor hypoxia imaging”. In: Communications Physics 173 (2020). doi: 10.1038/s42005- 020- 00440-z

    2020 doi

  10. [17]

    Interaction of positronium with dissolved oxygen in liquids

    P. S. Stepanov et al. “Interaction of positronium with dissolved oxygen in liquids”. In: Physical chemistry chemical physics: PCCP 22 (9 Mar. 2020), pp. 5123–5131. doi: 10.1039/c9cp06105c

    2020 doi

  11. [18]

    Positronium imaging with the novel multiphoton PET scanner

    Paweł Moskal et al. “Positronium imaging with the novel multiphoton PET scanner”. In: Science Advances 7 (42 Oct. 2021), eabh4394.issn: 2375-2548. doi: 10.1126/ sciadv.abh4394

    2021

  12. [19]

    Positronium as a biomarker of hypoxia

    Paweł Moskal and Ewa Ł. Stępień. “Positronium as a biomarker of hypoxia”. In:Bio- Algorithms and Med-Systems 17.4 (2021), pp. 311–319.doi: doi:10.1515/bams- 2021-0189

    2021 doi

  13. [20]

    Positronium Lifetime Image Reconstruction for TOF PET

    Jinyi Qi and Bangyan Huang. “Positronium Lifetime Image Reconstruction for TOF PET”. In: IEEE transactions on medical imaging 41 (10 Oct. 2022), pp. 2848–2855. issn: 1558-254X. doi: 10.1109/TMI.2022.3174561. ppublish. 12

    2022

  14. [21]

    Developing a novel positronium biomarker for cardiac myxoma imaging

    Paweł Moskal et al. “Developing a novel positronium biomarker for cardiac myxoma imaging”. In: EJNMMI Physics 10 (1 Mar. 2023), p. 22. issn: 2197-7364. doi: 10.1186/s40658-023-00543-w. epublish

    2023 doi

  15. [23]

    Quantification of radicals in aqueous solution by positronium lifetime: an experiment using a clinical PET scanner

    Sodai Takyu et al. “Quantification of radicals in aqueous solution by positronium lifetime: an experiment using a clinical PET scanner”. In:Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 63.8 (Aug. 2024), p. 086003.doi: 10.35848/1347-4065/ad679a. url: https://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ad679a

    2024 doi

  16. [24]

    Positronium image of the human brain in vivo

    Paweł Moskal et al. “Positronium image of the human brain in vivo”. In:Science Advances 10.37 (2024), eadp2840. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adp2840 . url: https: //www.medrxiv.org/content/early/2024/02/03/2024.02.01.23299028

    2024 doi

  17. [25]

    In Vivo Positronium Lifetime Measurements with a Long Axial Field-of-View PET/CT

    Lorenzo Mercolli et al. “In Vivo Positronium Lifetime Measurements with a Long Axial Field-of-View PET/CT”. In:medRxiv (2024). doi: 10.1101/2024.10.19. 24315509. eprint: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/early/2024/10/22/2024. 10.19.24315509.full.pdf . url: https://www.medrxiv.o...

    2024 doi

  18. [26]

    PositroniumimaginginJ-PETwith an iterative activity reconstruction and a multi-stage fitting algorithm

    RomanY. Shopa andKamilDulski. “PositroniumimaginginJ-PETwith an iterative activity reconstruction and a multi-stage fitting algorithm”. In:Bio-Algorithms and Med-Systems 19.1 (2023), pp. 54–63

    2023

  19. [27]

    High-resolution Positronium Lifetime Tomography by the Method of Moments

    B. Huang and J. Qi. “High-resolution Positronium Lifetime Tomography by the Method of Moments”. In:Physics in Medicine and Biology 69 (2024), 24NT01.doi: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad9543

    2024 doi

  20. [28]

    Enhanced positronium lifetime imaging through two-component reconstruction in time-of-flight positron emission tomography

    Zhuo Chen et al. “Enhanced positronium lifetime imaging through two-component reconstruction in time-of-flight positron emission tomography”. In:Frontiers in Physics 12 (2024). doi: 10.3389/fphy.2024.1429344

    2024

  21. [30]

    Fast High-resolution Lifetime Image Reconstruction for Positron Lifetime Tomography

    B. Huang et al. “Fast High-resolution Lifetime Image Reconstruction for Positron Lifetime Tomography”. In:Communications Physics 8 (2025), p. 181. 13

    2025

  22. [31]

    A Statistical Reconstruction Algorithm for Positronium Lifetime Imaging Using Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography

    H.-H. H.-H. Huang et al. “A Statistical Reconstruction Algorithm for Positronium Lifetime Imaging Using Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography”. In:IEEE Trans. Radiat. Plasma Med. Sci. 9 (2025), p. 478. doi: 10 . 1109 / TRPMS . 2025 . 3531225

    2025

  23. [32]

    Performance assessment of the 2gamma positronium imaging with the total-body PET scanners

    Pawel Moskal et al. “Performance assessment of the 2gamma positronium imaging with the total-body PET scanners”. In:EJNMMI Physics 7.44 (2020). doi: 10. 1186/s40658-020-00307-w

    2020

  24. [33]

    Positronium lifetime validation measurements using a long-axial field-of-view positron emission tomography scanner

    William M. Steinberger et al. “Positronium lifetime validation measurements using a long-axial field-of-view positron emission tomography scanner”. In:EJNMMI Physics 11 (2024), p. 76.doi: 10.1186/s40658-024-00678-4

    2024 doi

  25. [34]

    Clinical performance of long axial field of view PET/CT: a head-to-head intra-individual comparison of the Biograph Vision Quadra with the Biograph Vision PET/CT

    Ian Alberts et al. “Clinical performance of long axial field of view PET/CT: a head-to-head intra-individual comparison of the Biograph Vision Quadra with the Biograph Vision PET/CT”. In:European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging 48.8 (2021), pp. 2395–2404

    2021

  26. [35]

    Performance Characteristics of the Biograph Vision Quadra PET/CT System with a Long Axial Field of View Using the NEMA NU 2-2018 Standard

    George A. Prenosil et al. “Performance Characteristics of the Biograph Vision Quadra PET/CT System with a Long Axial Field of View Using the NEMA NU 2-2018 Standard”. In:Journal of nuclear medicine 63 (3 Mar. 2022), pp. 476–484. issn: 1535-5667. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.121.261972

    2018 doi

  27. [37]

    Prospects and clinical perspectives of total-body PET imaging using plastic scintillators

    Pawel Moskal and Ewa Stepien. “Prospects and clinical perspectives of total-body PET imaging using plastic scintillators”. In:PET Clinics 15 (2020), pp. 439–452. doi: 10.1016/j.cpet.2020.06.009

    2020 doi

  28. [38]

    Estimating the efficiency and purityfor detecting annihilation and promptphotons for positronium imagingwith J-PET using toy Monte Carlosim- ulation

    Manish Das et al. “Estimating the efficiency and purityfor detecting annihilation and promptphotons for positronium imagingwith J-PET using toy Monte Carlosim- ulation”. In: Bio-Algorithms and Med-Systems 19.1 (Dec. 2023), pp. 87–95.issn: 1896-530X. doi: 10.5604/01.3001.0054.1938

    2023

  29. [39]

    Promising prospects for 44Sc-/47Sc-based theragnostics: application of 47Sc for radionuclide tumor therapy in mice

    Cristina Müller et al. “Promising prospects for 44Sc-/47Sc-based theragnostics: application of 47Sc for radionuclide tumor therapy in mice”. In:Journal of Nuclear Medicine 55 (10 Oct. 2014), pp. 1658–1664.issn: 1535-5667. doi: 10.2967/jnumed. 114.141614. ppublish. 14

    2014 doi

  30. [40]

    Scandium-44 DOTATOC PET/CT: First in-human molecular imaging of neuroendocrine tumors and possible perspectives for Theranostics

    Aviral Singh et al. “Scandium-44 DOTATOC PET/CT: First in-human molecular imaging of neuroendocrine tumors and possible perspectives for Theranostics”. In: Journal of Nuclear Medicine 56.supplement 3 (2015), pp. 267–267.issn: 0161-5505. url: https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content...

    2015

  31. [41]

    Clinical Translation and First In-Human Use of [ 44Sc]Sc- PSMA-617forPETImagingofMetastasizedCastrate-ResistantProstateCancer

    Elisabeth Eppard et al. “Clinical Translation and First In-Human Use of [ 44Sc]Sc- PSMA-617forPETImagingofMetastasizedCastrate-ResistantProstateCancer”.In: Theranostics 7 (18 2017), pp. 4359–4369.issn: 1838-7640.doi: 10.7150/thno.20586. epublish

    2017 doi

  32. [42]

    44Sc-PSMA-617 for radiotheragnostics in tandem with 177Lu-PSMA-617-preclinical investigations in comparison with 68Ga-PSMA-11 and 68Ga-PSMA-617

    Christoph A. Umbricht et al. “44Sc-PSMA-617 for radiotheragnostics in tandem with 177Lu-PSMA-617-preclinical investigations in comparison with 68Ga-PSMA-11 and 68Ga-PSMA-617”. In:EJNMMI research 7 (1 Dec. 2017), p. 9.issn: 2191-219X. doi: 10.1186/s13550-017-0257-4. ppublish

    2017 doi

  33. [43]

    Scandium and terbium radionuclides for radiotheranostics: current state of development towards clinical application

    Cristina Müller et al. “Scandium and terbium radionuclides for radiotheranostics: current state of development towards clinical application”. In:British Journal of Radiology 91.1091 (June 2018), p. 20180074.issn: 0007-1285. doi: 10.1259/bjr. 20180074

    2018 doi

  34. [44]

    From Bench to Bedside—The Bad Berka Experience With First-in-Human Studies

    Jingjing Zhang et al. “From Bench to Bedside—The Bad Berka Experience With First-in-Human Studies”. In: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine 49.5 (2019). From Basic Science to Clinical Imaging, pp. 422–437.issn: 0001-2998. doi: 10.1053/j. semnuclmed.2019.06.002

    2019 doi

  35. [45]

    Developments toward the Implementation of 44Sc Production at a Medical Cyclotron

    Nicholas P. van der Meulen et al. “Developments toward the Implementation of 44Sc Production at a Medical Cyclotron”. In:Molecules 25.20 (2020). issn: 1420-

    2020

  36. [46]

    First Phantom-Based Quantitative Assessment of Scandium-44 Using a Commercial PET Device

    Thiago V. M. Lima et al. “First Phantom-Based Quantitative Assessment of Scandium-44 Using a Commercial PET Device”. In:Frontiers in Physics 8 (2020). issn:2296-424X. doi: 10.3389/fphy.2020.00241. url: https://www.frontiersin. org/article/10.3389/fphy.2020.00241

    2020

  37. [47]

    Fifty Shades of Scandium: Comparative Study of PET Capabilities Using Sc-43 and Sc-44 with Respect to Conventional Clini- cal Radionuclides

    Thiago V. M. Lima et al. “Fifty Shades of Scandium: Comparative Study of PET Capabilities Using Sc-43 and Sc-44 with Respect to Conventional Clini- cal Radionuclides”. In:Diagnostics 11.10 (2021). issn: 2075-4418. doi: 10.3390/ diagnostics11101826. url: https://www.mdpi.com/20...

    2021

  38. [48]

    New Radionuclides and Technological Advances in SPECT and PET Scanners

    Nicholas P. van der Meulen, Klaus Strobel, and Thiago Viana Miranda Lima. “New Radionuclides and Technological Advances in SPECT and PET Scanners”. In: Cancers 13.24 (2021). issn: 2072-6694. doi: 10.3390/cancers13246183. url: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/24/6183

    2021 doi

  39. [50]

    The Metamorphosis of Radionuclide Production and Devel- opment at Paul Scherrer Institute

    P. V. Grundler et al. “The Metamorphosis of Radionuclide Production and Devel- opment at Paul Scherrer Institute”. In:CHIMIA 74.12 (Dec. 2020), p. 968.doi: 10.2533/chimia.2020.968 . url: https://chimia.ch/chimia/article/view/ 2020_968

    2020 doi

  40. [51]

    Novel Irradiation Methods for Theranostic Radioisotope Production With Solid Targets at the Bern Medical Cyclotron

    Saverio Braccini et al. “Novel Irradiation Methods for Theranostic Radioisotope Production With Solid Targets at the Bern Medical Cyclotron”. In:22nd Interna- tional Conference on Cyclotrons and their Applications (CYC2019) . 2020, TUA02. doi: 10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2019-TUA02

    2020 doi

  41. [52]

    Activity Measurement of 44Sc and Calibration of Activity Measurement Instruments on Production Sites and Clinics

    Frederic Juget et al. “Activity Measurement of 44Sc and Calibration of Activity Measurement Instruments on Production Sites and Clinics”. In:Molecules 28.3 (2023). issn: 1420-3049. doi: 10.3390/molecules28031345

    2023 doi

  42. [53]

    Measurement of positron lifetime to probe the mixed molecular states of liquid water

    Katsushige Kotera, Tadashi Saito, and Taku Yamanaka. “Measurement of positron lifetime to probe the mixed molecular states of liquid water”. In:Physics Letters A 345.1 (2005), pp. 184–190.issn: 0375-9601. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.physleta.2005.07.018 . url: https://www....

    2005

  43. [54]

    SPLIT: Statistical Positronium Lifetime Image Reconstruc- tion via Time-Thresholding

    Bangyan Huang et al. “SPLIT: Statistical Positronium Lifetime Image Reconstruc- tion via Time-Thresholding”. In:IEEE transactions on medical imaging 43 (6 June 2024), pp. 2148–2158.issn: 1558-254X. doi: 10.1109/TMI.2024.3357659. ppublish. 16

    2024

  44. [3049]

    url: https://www.mdpi.com/1420- 3049/25/20/4706

    doi: 10.3390/molecules25204706 . url: https://www.mdpi.com/1420- 3049/25/20/4706

    doi

Pith tools

Reviewed August 15, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.